CITATIONS TYPES

MARIAN ALESON
SOURCE: (Adiningrum & Tika, 2010;
Mansourizadeh & Ahmad, 2011;)
Types of Citations (length)

Short quote:
As plagiarism is often seen as an academic offence, the
treatment of plagiarisers is mostly through “catch and
punish” (Devlin, 2006, p. 46), thus the focus is how to deal
with students when caught.

According to Diamond (1998), “Because technology

begets more technology, the importance of an invention’s
diffusion potentially exceeds the importance of the
original invention” (p. 301).
Types of Citations (length)

Long quote:
In relation to students from non-English speaking backgrounds, Scollon
(1995, p.6) argues:
“The apparent difficulty that at least some non-native writers Indentation
of English have incorrectly using reference, quotation, and
paraphrase, and in avoiding plagiarism, might be better
construed as reflecting a different ideological base. That is,
some of this difficulty should be understood not as an inability
to learn something simple, but rather as unconscious resistance Typeface
to an implicit ideology…”
TYPES OF CITATIONS: SYNTACTIC CRITERIA

• INTEGRAL CITATION
• VERB-CONTROLLING: The name of the author is introduced by using a
lexical verb.
Swales defined the term move in his seminal book of genre theory (1990).

• INTEGRAL-NAMING: The name of the author is introduced by a noun

phrase.
This concept was defined by Swales (1990)

• NON-INTEGRAL CITATION
• The name of the cited author is not mentioned in the citation.
The procedure has been replicated in various studies, proving its validity (Hoff,
2017; Chistoff, 2016)
FUNCTIONS of CITATIONS

1. Attribution: to provide acknowledgement for the source of

information or research finding. It was the dominant citation
function in the novice writers’ papers.
It is a basic citation function.

2. Support: to provide evidence for the significance of the topic; to

support writer’s arguments; to justify the procedures and materials; to
justify the results of the study.

3. Reference: to introduce a source for further information, it helps the

author when the space in a paper is limited.
FUNCTIONS of CITATIONS II

4. Establishing links between sources: sources with similar

findings; sources with similar focus; sources with similar arguments.

5. Identification: to identify the actor or the agent in the cited

sentence.

6. Comparison of one’s own findings with other sources:

to compare similarities or dissimilarities.
 LATIN ACRONYMS
• cf → compare
• et al. → et allia
• e.g. → exempli gratia
• i.d. -> id.est
• errata -> list of mistakes
• ibid. -> Íbidem
• N.B. → Nota Bene
• op.cit. → in the work cited
• passim → in several places
• sic. → original mistake
• supra/infra -> above/below
• viz. → namely, see
• Ídem/eadem -> the same author
Swales & Feak (1994, p. 236)
 • Mansourizadeh, K., & Ahmad, U. K. (2011).
Citation practices among non-native expert and
novice scientific writers. Journal of English for
Academic Purposes, 10(3), 152–161.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2011.03.004

Bibliography • Swales, John M., and Christine B Feak. 1994.

Academic Writing for Graduate Students Essential
Tasks and Skills : A Course for Nonnative Speakers
of English. English for Specific Purposes. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press.