UNIT 9

DEFINITION, EXEMPLIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION,

and ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Objectives:
1. To identify a text organization of definition and exemplification
2. To identify the adjective clauses
3. To identify a text organization of classification

1. Definition and Exemplification

a. Definition
The purpose of a paragraph of definition is to define, explain, or clarify the
meaning of something. Because of the nature of definition, it may involve
analysis, comparison and contrast.
A paragraph of definition provides the meaning or an example of a term or
concept. Paragraphs of definition often begin with a single-sentence dictionary
definition as a topic sentence and then go on to provide further explanation or
examples.
The following are the common signal words for definitions:
This is referred to as X is/are known as X is/are
X can be defined as X refers to X means
This means that In other words X is/are called

Sample Passage
Education theory can refer to either a normative or a descriptive theory
of education. In the first case, a theory means a postulation about what
ought to be. It provides the "goals, norms, and standards for conducting
Line the process of education." In the second case, it means "a hypothesis
5 or set of hypotheses that have been verified by observation and
experiment." A descriptive theory of education can be thought of as a
conceptual scheme that ties together various "otherwise discrete
particulars.”

b. Exemplification
It is often useful in definitions to give examples; this action is known as
exemplification (or exemplifying) and it is commonly used throughout academic
writing.
The following are the common signal words for exemplifications:
an example for example This is analogous to
an instance for instance such as
an illustration

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Sample Passage
Some of the most fascinating works of modern architecture are
associated with cities. In capitals such as Brasilia, monumental modern
structures determine the appearance of the city. Such buildings,
Line however, are not the only structures created by architects. They also
5 create buildings that are used by all of us in our everyday lives. Houses,
stores, shopping malls, schools, and factories, for example, are usually
built according to an architect’s instructions. Architects also design
sports arenas, museums, hotels, and theaters, an example of which is
the Opera House in Sydney, Australia, designed by the Danish architect
10 Jorn Utzon. This building and others like it remind us of sculpture more
than of the tall towers of cities

2. Grammar points: Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is often used in definitions to list their characteristics. It is a
dependent clause, which modifies a noun, describes, identifies, or gives further
information about a noun. (It is also called a relative clause). A dependent clause
is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

Examples:
A chair is a piece of furniture that has a back and a single seat.
(independent clause) (dependent clause)
Mariculture is a type of agriculture that specializes marine plants and animals.
(independent clause) (dependent clause)

The patterns of Adjective Clauses

1. Using Subject Pronouns: WHO, WHICH, THAT
Examples:
a. I thanked the librarian who helped finish my report.
b. I thanked the librarian that helped finish my report.
2. Using Object Pronouns: WHOM, WHICH, THAT
Examples:
a. The man whom/that I saw was Mr. Jones.
b. The movie which/that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
3. Using WHOSE (possession)
Examples:
a. The student whose composition I read is a good writer.
b. I am from a country whose history goes back thousands of years.
4. Using WHERE
Examples:
a. The building where he lives is very old.
b. The building which/that he lives in is very old.

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5. Using WHEN
Examples:
a. Monday is the day when we learn English.
b. Monday is the day on which we learn English.
c. Monday is the day that we learn English.
6. Using EXPRESSIONS of QUANTITY
Examples:
a. In my class there are 50 students, some of whom are from Bogor.
b. John gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
c. The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor
study habits.

Sample Passage
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary
education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the
completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a
Line high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to
5 include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as
vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main
institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are
sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally
results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.

1. An adjective clauses that is used to identify (distinguish one person or thing

from another) is called restrictive clauses.
Example: Judges are people who prefer a structured and predictable
environment.

2. An adjective clauses that is not used to identify something but simply adds
extra information is called nonrestrictive clauses.
Example: Whales, which were once plentiful, are now in danger of
extinction.

3. An adjective clause can often be reduced to adjective phrases when the

relative pronoun of the adjective clause is the subject of the clause.
Example: Anyone who is interested in cinema should experience this film.
Anyone interested in cinema should experience this film.

The dictionary which is on the table is mine.

The dictionary on the table is mine.

I bought a new book that contains descriptions of illuminated

manuscripts.

I bought a new book containing descriptions of illuminated

manuscripts.

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Exercise 1
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being.
In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit,
and usually means to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in "good
Line health" or "healthy"). In 1946 the World Health Organization (WHO)
5 defined health in its broader sense as "a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity." Although this definition has been subject to controversy, in
particular as having a lack of operational value and the problem created
by use of the word "complete", it remains the most enduring.
10 Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International
Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of
Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the
components of health.

Read the above paragraph and answer the following questions.

1. What is the definition of health?
2. How many definitions of health does the text mention?
3. What words are used to show each definition?
4. Is there any exemplification given in the text?
5. What words are used to show examples?

Exercise 2
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary
education comprises the formal education that occurs during
adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically
Line compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional,
5 selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university,
vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this
period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools,
gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools.
The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to
10 another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education
also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally
around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education
occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada
and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes
15 referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used.
The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge,
to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.
The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not
happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and
20 technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of
electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job
demand, high schools were created and the curriculum focused on
practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or

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 skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both the employer
25 and the employee, because this improvement in human capital caused
employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the
employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees
with just primary educational attainment.

a. Underline the signal markers for definition and exemplification. (if there is any)

b. Underline the adjectives clauses found in the passage above.

c. Underline the noun clauses found in the passage above. (If there is any).

Exercise 3
It is common knowledge that forecasting is an attempt by
meteorologists to determine what weather will be in the future. Hindcasting
is the opposite of forecasting, an attempt to determine what weather was
Line like in the past. Meteorologists, experts who study the earth’s atmosphere
5 and its changes, wish that records of weather had been kept in full for at
least a few millennia, but it has been only in the last century that detailed
records of the weather have been kept. Thus, meteorologists need to
hindcast the weather, and they do so by using all sorts of information from
other fields as diverse as archeology, botany, geology, literature, and art.
10 These pieces of information from other fields that are used as a basis for
drawing conclusions about what the weather must have been like at some
point in the past are called proxies.

Complete the table below with the information from the text.

Concept/term Definition Signal marker

Forecasting

Hindcasting

Meteorologists

Proxies

3. Classifications
Classification means the grouping of items to show relationship between
them. Items that are classified together have something in common; that is
something must apply to all the items in that group or category. Therefore,
paragraphs that divide people, places, or things into categories are called
paragraph of classification.

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The following are the signal words commonly used in classification:
X consists of to classify
comprises to sub-classify
X may be classified according to … to divide into
may be divided on the basis of … to sub-divide into
may be sub-divided depending on … to categorize
may further be sub-divided to sub-categorize
to fall into
Sample Passage
Three of the vertebrate classes are fish. The most primitive of these is
Agnatha. It consists of jawless fish that do not have scales. These are
the lampreys and hagfish. Fish that have skeletons consisting of hard
Line rubber-like cartilage rather than bone are members of the class
5 Chondrichthyes. These are the sharks and rays. All of the bony fish are
members of the class Osteichthyes. Tuna, bass, salmon, and trout are
examples of Osteichthyes

Exercise 1
Organisms may be divided into three groups based on how they obtain
food. These groups are producers, decomposers, and consumers.
Organisms that contain chlorophyll are producers. Thus, green plants are
Line producers. Animals that eat other animals and plants are consumers.
5 Microbes, one-celled organisms that cause the decay of dead plants and
animals, are decomposers. Since decomposers cannot make their own
food, they are also consumers.

Indicate whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE.

1. The topic of the above passage is how to obtain food.
2. The topic sentence is the first sentence.
3. The controlling idea is three groups.
4. The text above has a text organization of classification.
5. Green plants are producers.
6. Microbes are consumers.
7. Animals are decomposers.
8. Microbes have one cell.

Exercise 2
Like birds, mammals are endothermic, or warm blooded. They are
able to maintain a relatively constant body temperature regardless of
external environmental conditions mainly by using internal physiological
Line mechanisms. In other words, they are homoeothermic, or stable in
5 core body temperature, as a result of endothermy. All of the living
species of insects, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are ectothermic, or
cold blooded. They keep their body temperature in a normal range

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 mainly by avoiding exposure to environmental temperature extremes.
For instance, reptiles usually remain in shaded areas on hot days to
10 prevent fatal overheating. On cold nights, their lowered body
temperature can cause them to become sluggish and inactive. In
contrast, endothermic animals are able to remain active at night and
often in the winter when the air temperatures are especially cold. They
can also move about in the heat of very warm days. This ability most
15 likely provided an advantage for the early small mammals in surviving
alongside dinosaurs and other large reptiles, which apparently were
mostly ectothermic.

Read the above passage and the answer the following questions briefly
1. What is being classified in the passage?
2. What is the principle of classification?
3. What does endothermic mean?
4. What are the examples of endothermic?
5. What is homoeothermic?
6. What is the cause of homoeothermic?
7. What is ectothermic?
8. What examples of ectothermic are given in the passage?
9. How do reptiles prevent themselves from overheating?
10. What make reptiles sluggish and inactive?

Reading 3
Goats are considered small livestock animals, compared to bigger
animals such as cattle, camels and horses, but larger than micro-
livestock such as poultry, rabbits, cavies, and bees. Each recognized
Line breed of goats has specific weight ranges, which vary from over 300 lbs
5 for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to 45 to 60 lbs for smaller
goat does. Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have
different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the size range are miniature
breeds such as the African Pigmy, which stand 16 to 23 inches at the
shoulder as adults.
10 Most goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes
depending on the breed. Goats have horns unless they are "polled"
(meaning, genetically hornless) or the horns have been removed,
typically soon after birth. There have been incidents of polycerate
goats (having as many as eight horns) although this is a genetic rarity
15 thought to be inherited. The horns are most typically removed in
commercial dairy goat herds to reduce the injuries to humans and other
goats. Unlike cattle, goats have not been successfully bred to be
reliably polled as the genes determining sex and those determining
horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically polled goats
20 results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring,
which are typically sterile. Their horns are made of living bone
surrounded by keratin and other proteins, and are used for defense,
dominance, and territoriality.

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 Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach
25 consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the
abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed
ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in
contrast to cattle, which have four teats.

Choose the best answer based on the passage above.

1. The topic of the above passage is ……
A. Description of goats
B. Processes of breeding goats
C. Differences between goats and other ruminants
2. The topic sentence of the third paragraph is …… sentence.
A. the first B. the second C. the last
3. The controlling idea of the last paragraph is……
A. ruminants B. an udder C. even-toed ungulates
4. The word “polled” (line 11) most probably means ……
A. without horns B. with horns C. with two horns
5. The prefix “poly” in the word “polycerate” (line 13) means …….
A. more than eight B. less than eight C. many
6. In commercial dairy goats, the horns are removed ……
A. to make them tamed
B. to reduce hurting others
C. to make injuries
7. According to the passage, the word ‘ruminants’ means ……
A. having four stomachs
B. having a stomach consisting of four chambers
C. having a chamber

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 Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(UNIT 9)

A. DEFINITION
Exercise 1
Read the following four texts and answer the questions that follow.

Text I
Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to
its cause, symptoms, and treatment. A bacterium, called Vibrio cholera,
is the causative agent of cholera. It can be spread through contaminated
Line food, water, or feces. Cholera patients may exhibit different symptoms
5 that can vary from mild to severe. Some symptoms are watery diarrhea
and loss of water and salts. Oral or intravenous replacement of fluids
and salts as well as specific antibiotics is a possible treatment for
cholera. Patients can be treated with an oral dehydration solution or, in
severe cases, an intravenous fluid.

Text II
The term protein quality refers to the ratio of essential amino acids
in a protein in comparison with the ratio required by the body. A high
quality protein contains essential amino acids in a ratio that matches
Line human requirements. A protein which is lacking or low in one or more
5 essential amino acids is termed a low quality protein. The essential
amino acids which are in the shortest supply are called the ‘limiting’
amino acid. In general, animal proteins tend to be of a high quality while
vegetable proteins tend to be of a low quality. The exception is soy
protein, which is quite of a high quality.

Text III
Defining the city is a difficult task. We usually use vague phrases,
such as “a place larger than a village or town” to describe a city. The
word urban also has a vague connotation. For example, Webster’s New
Line Collegiate Dictionary defines urban as “of, relating to, characteristics of,
5 constituting a city.” Being more specific with either the term city or urban
can lead to arbitrary distinctions, but generally a city can be described
as a concentration of people with a distinctive way of life in terms of
unemployment patterns and lifestyles. A high degree of specialized land
uses and a wide variety of social, economic, and political institutions that
10 coordinate the use of the facilities and resources in the city make them
very complex machines.
When strong interconnections, in terms of work trip commuting,
exist between two or more metropolitan areas that share a common
boundary, the region is defined as a consolidated metropolitan statistical
15 area (CMSA). Each of the metropolitan areas within this designation is
then called a Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA).

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Text IV
Pitt defines development as the perceived increased effectiveness
of social and economic activities and functions of the society or situation
and in the range of options open to people. Therefore, development
Line should be seen as the perceived improvement in the quality of life
5 although this means fewer goods and services.

A. Complete the following table based on the reading texts above.

TEXT NO TERM MARKERS MEANING
I. 1.
2.
II. 1.
2.
3.
III. 1.
2.
3.
4.
IV 1.

B. Underline the adjective, noun, and adverb clauses found in the texts above if any

Exercise 2
The canines are the long, sharp teeth found in the front corners of
the upper and lower rows of teeth, between the incisors and bicuspids.
Because they are long and strong and deeply rooted, they have several
Line functions. First, even though canines do not chew food, they guide the jaw
5 during the chewing process. Second, they shape the face. They can also
serve as anchors for other teeth when a dentist puts in bridge work. And
finally, as the name "canine" suggests, they work like the teeth of a dog to
cut and tear food-and to bite."

Answer the following questions based on the passage above.

1. What term is being defined? What does it mean?
2. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
3. Is it a statement of intent or opinion?
4. What are the functions of canines?
5. What are the signal words found in the paragraph?

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B. EXEMPLIFICATIONS
Exercise 1
Read the following passage and underline all the signal words for exemplification.
There are 27 main orders of birds, for example, falcon-like birds. Each
order may be divided into families, such as falcons, and each family may
be sub-divided into genera: eagles are an example. Finally, each genus
may further be sub-divided into a number of species, e.g. golden eagle.

Exercise 2
a. Read the following text. What do the underlined words mean?
b. Circle the signal words for definition.
c. Underline the signal words for exemplifications.

There are about 109 basic building blocks of matter. These are
called elements. Out of these, 92 occur naturally, for example, iron, gold,
oxygen, and hydrogen. The smallest particle of an element is the atom
Line of the element. Each element has its own characteristic properties.
5 Substances, such as water, carbon dioxide, salt, sugar, which are
made up of two or more elements, are called compounds. The smallest
particle of a compound is a molecule. A molecule contains two or more
atoms combined together. There are millions of compounds around us.
Most elements do not occur in a free state in nature. They occur in
10 the combined form as molecule.

Exercise 3
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Different types of relationships exist between living things. One type
of relationship is parasitism, in which one partner benefits while the other
loses. A very different type of relationship is symbiosis, in which both
Line partners benefit.
5 An example of a parasitic relationship exists between the stone crab
and sacculina, a type of barnacle. The sacculina attaches itself to the
stone crab. It then eats into the crab, and the stone crab becomes
disabled.
An example of symbiotic relationship exists between the hermit crab
10 and the calliactic anemone. The anemone attaches itself to the crab, but it
is not a parasite because it does not harm the crab; it feeds on food that
is dropped by the crab. The anemone even helps the crab by protecting
the crab from other predators with its tentacles.

a. Answer the following questions.

1. What is parasitism?
2. What is symbiosis?
3. What is the example of a parasitic relationship?
4. Where in the passage does the author describe such a relationship
mentioned in number 3?

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 5. What is the example of a symbiotic relationship?
6. Where in the passage does the author describe such a relationship
mentioned in number 3?

b. Choose the best answer.

1. The subject of this passage is __________.
A. two different kinds of relationship among living things
B. parasitic relationship
C. relationship that are mutually beneficial to living things
D. symbiosis
2. Which of the following is NOT true about parasitic relationships?
A. There are two partners in a parasitic relationship.
B. One partner in a parasitic relationship hurts the other.
C. The stone crab can be part of a parasitic relationship.
D. A parasitic relationship is usually symbiotic.
3. According to the passage, what does sacculina eat?
A. The stone crab C. Barnacles
B. Food dropped by the crab D. Other parasites
4. The calliactic anemone ____________.
A. is a parasite C. eats into the hermit crab
B. harms the hermit crab D. assist the hermit crab
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. All crabs are involved in parasitic relationships.
B. All crabs are involved in symbiotic relationships.
C. Some crabs are involved in symbiotic relationships, while others are not.
D. Crabs are involved in neither parasitic nor symbiotic relationship.

C. CLASSIFICATIONS

Exercise 1
Read the following carefully. Then complete the diagram below.

The Classification of Birds

Birds are instantly recognizable creatures. Perhaps, it is their ability
to fly that causes this. Some people might consider that their shape was
the most distinguishing feature. Everyone, however, agrees on the
Line characteristics that a bird possesses: two wings, feathers, two legs, a
5 toothless bill or beak, warm blood, and it lays eggs.
The modern system of classifying birds is like a pyramid, with the
base formed by 8,514 different species. A convenient definition of
species is: an interbreeding group of birds which do not normally mate
with other such groups.
10 The next division above the species is the genus, a group of species
showing strong similarities. The scientific name of a bird gives the genus
first, the species. Thus, the scientific (Latin) name of the golden eagle is
“Aquila chrysaetos” (eagle, golden). When there are strong points of
similarities between one genus and another, these related genera are

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 15 grouped together and are said to belong to the same family. The names
of 215 families of birds always end in “idae”. The golden eagle, for
instance, is one of the “Falconidae” (falcon family).
Families with broadly similar characteristics are grouped together into
27 orders, whose names end in “iformes”. The golden eagle falls into the
20 order of “Falconiformes” (falcon-like birds). The larger order is
“Passeriformes” or perching birds. This contains 63 families, and more
species than all the rest put together. The feet are designed so that they
can grip a perch, with three toes in front and one behind. In addition, all
are known as song-birds. Two large families within this order are
25 sparrows, with 155 species, and crows, with 100 species.
Finally the orders make up the class “Aves” (birds). This system of
classification has enabled scientists to differentiate 8,514 species of birds.
Placing a bird at the right family depends upon a number of features.
Among them are external characteristics, such as the shape of the beak
30 and feet, and the color pattern of the feathers. However, at the level of
order, the next higher category, distinctions are based on such features
as the structure of the skull, the arrangement of the muscles in the legs,
and the condition of the young at the time of hatching.

a. Complete the following table.

The Classification of Birds

Classification division or Example of classification of Number of the

categories Golden Eagle (in English) for division
each division
1. …………………. Falcon-like 27
Family Falcon 2. ……………..
Genus 3. ……………………….. ---
4. …………………… Golden Eagle 8541

b. Answer the questions that follow.

1. What is the definition of a bird?
2. What is the definition of a species?
3. What are the two criteria that are used in assigning birds to the order of
Passeriformes?
4. What are the two examples of families of birds from the order of
Passeriformes?
5. What are the general characteristics of families of birds?
6. What are the general characteristics of order of birds?

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Exercise 2
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
The Earth is a solid sphere. It is made up of three concentric spheres
or layers. These are called the core, the mantle, and the crust. The solid
sphere is surrounded by a gaseous sphere, which is called the
Line atmosphere.
5 We know most about crust of the Earth which is the outermost
sphere. This layer is very thin compared with the diameter of the whole
Earth. It is only about 10 km thick under the ocean and about 30 km thick
on land. It consists of rock which contains a lot of minerals. These are
usually in compounds called oxides, containing oxygen, or sulfides,
10 containing sulfur.
The mantle is much thicker than the crust. It is about 30 km thick. It
consists mainly of rocks, but we do not know much about their
composition.
The core, which is situated inside the mantle, seems to be divided
15 into two parts. The inner core is about 2,800 km in diameter. We believe
that it is mainly composed of iron, but it also contains about 10 % nickel.
The layer surrounding the inner core is called the outer core and is
approximately 200 km thick. It is probably composed of molten iron and
nickel. However, the metals in the inner core seem to be rigid, and
20 therefore, solid. This is because they are under very high pressure, which
caused solidification in spite of the high temperatures at the center of the
Earth.

a. Complete the following table based on passage above.

Layers Contents

1. The crust

2. The mantle

3. The core:
a. …………… …………………………………………………………………
b. …………… …………………………………………………………………

b. Answer the following questions.

1. What do the underlined words mean? (Circle their meanings)
2. What are the signal words of ‘classification” found in the above passage?
3. What relationship does the signal word “however” in paragraph 4 show?
4. What relationship does the signal word “therefore” in paragraph 4 show?
5. What relationship does the signal word “because” in paragraph 4 show?

c. Underline the adjective, noun, adverb clauses found in the passage above if
any.

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Exercise 3
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
An alga is a primitive form a life, a single-celled or simple multiple-
celled organism that is able to conduct the process of photosynthesis. It is
generally found in water but can also be found elsewhere, growing on
Line such surfaces as rocks or trees. The various types of algae are classified
5 according to pigment.
Blue-green algae, or Cyanophyta, can grow at very high
temperatures and under high-intensity light. This type of algae is the
oldest form of life with photosynthetic capabilities. Fossilized remains of
blue-green algae more than 3.4 billion years old have been found in parts
10 of Africa.
Green algae, or Chlorophyta, is generally found in fresh water. It
reproduces on the surfaces of enclosed bodies of water such as ponds or
lakes and has the appearance of a fuzzy green coating on the surface of
the water.
15 Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, grows in shallow, temperate water. This
type of algae is the largest in size and is most recognizable as a type of
seaweed. Its long stalks can be enmeshed on the ocean floor, or it can
float freely on the ocean’s surface.
Red algae, or Rhodophyta, is a small, delicate organism found in the
20 deep waters of the subtropics. This type of algae has an essential role in
the formation of coral reefs: it secretes lime from the seawater to foster
the formation of limestone deposits.

Complete the following table based on the passage above.

NO. TYPES OF ALGAE LOCATION
1. Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta)
2. Green algae, or Chlorophyta
3. Brown algae, or Phaeophyta
4. Red algae, or Rhodophyta
Choose the best answer.
1. What is the author’s main purpose?
A. To show what color algae is.
B. To differentiate the various classification of algae.
C. To describe where algae is found.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about algae?
A. All types of algae have one cell only.
B. It can be found out of water.
C. It can use photosynthesis.
3. Algae remnants found in Africa are ___________.
A. still flourishing B. extremely old C. photogenic
4. Brown algae would most likely be found _____________.
A. on trees B. near green algae C. in the ocean
5. According to the passage, red algae is ____________.
A. fragile B. sturdy C. huge

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