3 Course Manual - English, CSS-III

General English IV Semester
Title of the Paper- Communication & Soft Skills -III

UNIT- I (Listening & Speaking Skills)
CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS (FORMAL & INFORMAL

EXPRESSIONS)
1. INTRODUCING ONESELF & OTHERS
FORMAL INFORMAL
Good Morning/ Afternoon/ Evening. I’m Hi! I’m …..
……….
May I introduce myself? I’m ………., Hello, you must be ….., I’m …….
Regional Sales Manager, Vishal
Enterprises Excuse me, you’re ……..., aren’t you? I’m
…..
I’d like to introduce myself. I’m…..
Aren’t you …..? I’m ……. Remember me?
Allow me to introduce my self. I’m…… Kiran, meet Mukul
Good morning Mr. Sahni, May I introduce
MR Lal, our new marketing manager? Kiran, this is Mukul
Let me introduce our new marketing

Manager, ……
It gives me great pleasure to introduce this

evening’s guest/ speaker, Mr. Lal
Responding to Introductions
INFORMAL FORMAL
Hi/ Hello! It’s a great pleasure to meet you
Hello, how do you do? Delighted to meet you
Hi, Hello, I’m Kiran I’m very glad to meet you
Yes, I’m/ it is
Yes, I am. I’m Kiran. Nice meeting you
Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

I’m not Kiran. I’m Kavita
I’m Meena. Good to meet you
Example:
Mr Shah : Good Morning! I’m Sultan Shah from Bombay
Computer Centre
Mr Fernandes : Good morning! Mr Shah, please have your seat.
Mr Shah : Thank you
Mr Fernandes : Is this your first visit to Hyderabad?
Mr Shah : No, I’ve come here on many occasions in
connection with my work. Recently we set up a
quality control system at a local hospital. By the
way, I do hope arrangements have been made for
our stay.
Mr Fernandes : Yes, we have made the arrangements for your
stay in our Guest rooms. By the way how many of
you are going to stay here? Will two three
bedrooms be sufficient for you?
Mr Shah : That’s fine. We are five at present, but two or
three may join us later.
Mr Fernandes : certainly. When can we expect all your team
members?
Mr Shah : They will be here by the end of this month
Mr Fernandes : How long will you stay here?
Mr Shah : It will take at least a month for us to complete the
work
Mr Fernandes : Well, I will allot two people to assist you in your
work
Mr Shah : Thank you. I look forward to my stay here.
2. ASKING QUESTIONS AND GIVING POLITE REPLIES

Some Expressions of Some Polite Question forms:
Politeness:
If it is not inconvenient Would you mind if I …….?
If you don’t mind……. Would you mind helping………?
I don’t know if you will agree with me….. Would you like to have………. ?
I would be happy if ………….. Could I speak to ……..please?
Suggestion Would you like me to get you the

newspaper?
Request Could you open the window, please?
Offering help Would you like me to carry your bag?
Inviting Would you like to come to the party?
Permission May I use your phone?
Example:
Mr Prasad : Could you put me through to the Principal.
Please?
Receptionist : May I know your name, please?
Mr Prasad : Prasad
Receptionist : Sorry, I am not able to hear you. Would you
please repeat your name?
Mr Prasad : Prasad, Arun Prasad
Receptionist : Please hold on, you may talk to his secretary
Mr Prasad : Hello! I am Arun Prasad from Mehta Electricals
Control, Nagpur.
Receptionist : What can I do for you sir?
Mr Prasad : Could you please arrange a meeting with the
Principal to discuss our contract? Please tell me
whether he is free this Tuesday.
Receptionist : Sorry sir, he is not free on Tuesday.
Mr Prasad : How about Thursday or next Monday?
Receptionist : Certainly sir. You are free to choose any day
from these two days.
Mr Prasad : Make it Monday, please.

Receptionist : Certainly sir, I will fix it on Monday.
3. COMPLAINING AND APOLOGISING

Some patterns of Apology, Complaint Accepting
Complaint That’s quite all right……………
I am sorry to bring to your notice…….. Please don’t worry………….
I am afraid I have got a complaint…….. It doesn’t matter at all…….
I am not sure how to say this, but……… Forget it…….
Would you mind listening to my Please don’t feel bad about it ……….
complaint….. There is no need to apologise……….
I’m afraid I’ve got something to tell That’s really not necessary…………….
you……
I’m not at all satisfied……..
I take strong exception to………….
I really must object to…….
I wish to complain in the strongest terms
about………..
I’m sorry to have to say this, but……
I’m sorry to bother you, but………
Apology
Sorry, my fault………
Please accept my apology for……….
It was foolish/silly/careless/stupid of me……
Please forgive me / I’m extremely sorry for…
I can’t tell you how sorry I am………..
I feel bad about……..
Excuse me / pardon me…….
I’m so awfully / terribly sorry…….
Example:
Joseph : Sir, we would like to talk to you for a minute
Hotel Proprietor : By all means. What can I do for you?
Joseph : We are regular customers of your hotel. We come
here practically every evening. We would like to
bring to your notice the rude behavior of one of
your waiters.
Hotel Proprietor : let me have the details. I shall certainly do what is
needed
Ramesh : We have been sitting here for well over 20
minutes and he has not even bothered to attend on
us.
Joseph : We called him twice but he said rudely, ‘I shall
come only when I am free’

Hotel Proprietor : I am extremely sorry for his behavior
Ramesh : The other day when we ordered snacks, he
deliberately delayed our order. We had to wait
nearly an hour. We are most unhappy about the
service.
Hotel Proprietor : I do apologise for his behavior. I shall talk to him.
Please be seated. I will send someone else to attend
on you.
4. PERSUADING PEOPLE TO DO SOMETHING
Some expressions used for Persuasion:

Why don’t you……?
I think you would do well to……?
The most sensible thing to do would be…….
I think it would be a pity if you didn’t……….
I’m hoping I can persuade you to change you mind?
Are you sure you can’t …….?
Why don’t you think about it?
I think you should……
Think about it again……..
Example:
Professor : Hello, Mr Prasad, what can I do for you?
Arun : I’ve come here to consult you about something.
I’ve got a good job and would like to resign my
present post.
Professor : Really? Aren’t you happy here?
Arun : Of course I am. It is a pleasure to work with you,
madam. I like the college too.
Professor : Then why do you want to leave the job?
Arun : I’ve been offered a job in an industrial firm
Professor : Why don’t you wait a little? Pay revision is
expected next month
Arun : I have been offered a much higher salary, madam.
Professor : I know that the salary is very attractive there. But
money is not the only consideration. You have a
good image in college. The students also like you
very much. Do you think you would be happy there
without your family?
Arun : I am allowed to take my family
Professor : I don’t think you would be happy in the industry
after having spent more than a decade teaching. The
most sensible thing would be to weigh the pros and
cons of accepting the foreign assignment. I am also
retiring by the academic year. Don’t you think you
have a good chance of becoming the Head? I think
it would be a pity if you didn’t consider these facts.
Of course, I don’t want to stand in your way.
Arun : Well madam, what you say may be true. You are
my well-wisher. Let me think it over again. Perhaps
I could meet you on Monday?

5. Taking the Initiative
Some expressions used for making suggestions:

May I suggest…?
Let me………
Would you mind if………..?
Shall we…..
Why don’t you/we………?
Could we………..?
How about ………..?
I think we should………
What about………….?
Example:
General Manager : Now we come to the last item on our agenda. The
Head Office has sanctioned the purchases of a car. I
would like to have your suggestion.
Charles : That’s great! We have been trying to get this
sanction for the past two years
Sunil : Why don’t we go in for a dieselized Ambassador?
It can easily accommodate five people
Abbas : That’s a good suggestion. But what about a Tata
Sumo? It has certain advantages. For site inspection
we generally travel 50-100km, and to many other
places we go in groups of six or seven. The Tata
Sumo would be more comfortable.
Sunil : Won’t it cost more?
Abbas : No doubt it costs 3.5 lakhs but traveling in a Sumo
won’t be so arduous. Moreover, we could drive it
even on a rough road.
Sunil : I haven’t travelled in a Sumo, though my friends
have always preferred it. But there is a problem.
The head office has sanctioned us only Rs 3 lakhs
and a Suma costs more than that!
Charles : That’s a good idea. I agree with Mr Abbas. The
Sumo is a vehicle for all occasions. We can request
the Head Office to release more funds for the car.
Manager : Well! If all of you agree on this point, I shall write
to the Head Office. Thank You.
6. Seeking Permission

Some expressions for seeking permission
Do you mind If I………?
Would it be possible……?
If you don’t mind, I’d like to….
Would you have any objection to my……./
Could I please……..?
Is it all right if I……../
Some expressions for giving permission:

Yes, of course
Oh, sure
Yes, certainly
By all means. Go ahead
That’s perfectly all right
I can’t see any objection
Some expressions for refusing permission:

I’m afraid it’s not possible
I’m sorry I can’t let you
I’m sorry I’m not supposed to
Sorry, but you can’t
Permission will not be granted, I’m afraid.
Example:
Prabhakar : Excuse me, sir. Would you mind if I come in an
hour late tomorrow?
Head of the Department : Not at all. But do you have a lecture during the
first hour?
Prabhakar : Yes sir, I do, but I can make alternative
arrangements with Mr. Sharma
Head of the Department : Yes, please do that
7. Inviting Friends and Colleagues

Some expressions for inviting people
Would you like to …….?
I would like to invite………
Why don’t you………?
Would you mind……?
How about……….?
Would you care to……….?
Some expressions for accepting an Invitation:

Thank you
What a wonderful/ splendid idea!
That sounds like a good idea
We would be delighted
That would give me the greatest pleasure
Sure, thanks
Some expressions for declining an invitation

Thank you very much but…..
I am terribly sorry……
Unfortunately…….
I am afraid……..
I regret I shall not be able to attend the party……..
I shan’t be……..
That’s very kind of you……
I would like to, but…….
What a pity!
Example:
Arjun : I’ve bought two tickets for ‘Jurassic Park’. Would
you like to join me?
Anita : Which show?
Arjun : The evening show. We have to be at the theatre at
6p.m.
Anita : I wish I could join you but I have to attend an
important wedding reception. The bridegroom is my
close relative. Thanks a lot for inviting me. I am,
however, happy to go to the noon show
Arjun : But we won’t get tickets. I’ll take Suresh with me
for the evening show, in that case.
8. Praising and complimenting people

Some complimentary expressions:

Congratulations!
I would like to congratulate you…….
Well done!
How nice that…….
Fantastic!
Thank you very much
That’s very kind of you
That is so good of you
Example:
Uncle : Hello Hameed! It’s your uncle calling form
Mumbai
Hameed : Thank you for calling, Uncle! I was rather
impatient to talk to you
Uncle : What about your results?
Hameed : I’ve been trying your number for the past two
hours to tell you that I’ve passed the
examination
Uncle : Congratulations! What is your grade?
Hameed : First class. I have a distinction in three papers.
Uncle : That’s wonderful! Well done.
Hameed : Thank you. Our HOD called me and congratulated
me
Uncle : That’s really nice. Keep up the good work. I’ll see
you in a week
Hameed : Okay, Uncle. Bye!
9. Expressing Sympathy

Some Expressions of Sympathy
I was sorry to learn ……..
I could not believe it when I heard that………
You have my deepest sympathy
I cannot find the words to express my feelings
Example:
Umesh : Ramesh! What’s the matter? You look very upset.
Is anything wrong?
Ramesh : I have lost my purse. I had Rs. 800 in it for paying
the exam fees.
Umesh : That’s really upsetting. How did it happen?
Ramesh : The purse was is in my trouser pocket. The bus
was terribly crowded. Somebody must have taken it
Umesh : I’m really sorry. Can’t you get back your money if
you report the matter to the police?
Ramesh : I have lodged a complaint. But I am not sure I will
get it back
Umesh : I know how you feel.
10.Using the Telephone

Welcoming a call:
Hello! Nice to hear from you
Hello!
Yes, this is Joseph Fernandes
Who is calling, please?
This is 612645. Who would you like to speak to?
Make polite enquiries:
How do you do?

How are you?
How are things?
Example:
Manoj : Hello!
Sheela : Who is calling, please?
Manoj : Manoj Prasad, Purchase Manager from South East
Electricals. Could I speak to Mr Reddy, General
Manager?
Sheela : I am afraid he is in a meeting.
Manoj : Could I speak to his secretary?
Sheela : Certainly, Hold on please. I will put you through
to Mr Reddy’s secretary.

1. You are at your friend’s house; you are feeling thirsty. How will you ask your friend a
glass of water?
a. Would you give me a glass of water?
b. Hey, get me a glass of water
c. Can’t you get me a glass of water
d. Give me a glass of water
2. How will you introduce the chief guest to the audience on the college day?
a. I will introduce our chief guest Mr……
b. This is our chief guest Mr…….
c. Mr…… is our chief guest
d. It gives me pleasure to introduce our chief guest Mr……
3. How would you apologise your friend for your inability to go with her to a movie?
a. I’m extremely sorry
b. Sorry, I forgot
c. Let us try next time
d. It’s not serious, I had some other work
4. How will you introduce your parents to your class teacher? Which one do you think is
more appropriate?
a. Hello, can I introduce my parents
b. Listen, I want to introduce my parents to you
c. Good morning Sir, I would like to introduce my parents to you
5. You are not willing to give your computer to your friend. Which one of the following
will you choose to refuse without hurting the feelings?
a. No, I don’t want to give
b. I won’t give my things to others
c. I’m sorry, I have some urgent work to complete in the system
d. I don’t like it to give you
6. Akah makes a call to Dr. Sreedhar’s secretary to fix an appointment with him. The
secretary couldn’t hear his word’s properly. Which one of the following would the
secretary choose to repeat his words?
a. Why don’t you say it again?
b. Repeat it again
c. It is better if you be louder.
d. Could you please repeat that, Sir?
7. Rakesh makes a call to SRKV College, to enquire about the date of issue of the hall
tickets. Choose an expression of polite enquiry from the following?
a. Can you please tell me the date of issue of hall tickets, mam?
b. Like to know about the date of issue of hall tickets.
c. What is the date of issue of hall tickets, mam?
d. Will you please tell me the date of issue of hall tickets, mam?
8. Mahesh makes a call to the secretary of Sundersan Group of Companies to confirm

his meeting with the General Manager. The General Manager is out of station. Which
one of the following would the secretary choose to convey the information to
Mahesh?

a. I think you can meet him after a week.
b. I’m sorry sir, the General Manager is out of station.
c. Sorry sir, your appointment is cancelled.
d. Can you call me after a week, sir?
9. Dilip makes a call to his old friend after a long time. How would Dilip introduce
himself to the other?
a. May I speak to Dilip?
b. Good Morning, Iam Dilip.
c. Hello, This is Dilip speaking.
d. Hai, How are you?
10. Kranthi makes a call to Asha consultancy’s Managing Director Mr. Ramalal Reddy.
As the Managing Director is on another line, the secretary makes a request to Kranthi
to hold the line for a few minutes. Which one of the following suits the situation?
a. Can you please hold on for a few minutes, sir?
b. Hold the line for few minutes.
c. The line is busy, call later
d. Will you wait for a few minutes, sir?
11. Which one of the following expressions would you choose to introduce yourself at a
job interview?
a. Hello, I am ….
b. Hai I am
c. Aren’t you ….
d. Good morning sir May I introduce myself
12. Naren called the Hospital receptionist for an appointment. Which of the following
expression would be best suitable for this purpose?
a. Fix an appointment for me
b. It’s your duty to give me the appointment
c. Would you fix an appointment for me
d. I don’t know you have to fix an appointment for me
13. You failed to complete your project on time. How would you apolozise to your team
leader?
a. Sorry, I could not complete it on time
b. Don’t feel bad I couldn’t complete it
c. I’ll complete it within two days
d. I am extremely sorry, that I could not complete the project on time
14. One of your cousins has damaged your bike. He apolozised for his mistake. Which of
the following expressions would be best suitable for you to accept the apologies?
a. I am worried about it
b. I cannot express how unhappy I am
c. I am in a deep trouble

d. Forget it, it’s not a big problem
15. Arun was not interested to watch a movie, but his cousin wanted him to accompany
him for the film. Which of the following would his cousin choose to persuade him to
enjoy the outing?
a. Come on let’s go to the movie
b. My friends love to watch movies with me
c. You should come. It’s my order
d. I think you would relax for some time if you come to the movie
16. In the executive committee body meeting Suresh wanted to give an idea to the
management. As a sales manager, how would he initiate his idea to the management?
a. This idea would be the best idea
b. My idea would create wonders in the sales
c. The best way is to listen to me
d. May I suggest an alternative solution
17. You have gone late to the class. Which of the following would you choose to ask
permission to get inside the class?
a. Let me come in
b. May I please come in
c. Allow me inside
d. I must come in
18. You are not willing to give your bike to your friend. Which of the following would
you choose to refuse without hurting his feelings?
a. No, I don’t want to give
b. I don’t like to give my things to others
c. I’m sorry, I have to drop my father at the station
d. It’s better not to ask me
19. Pradeep, the sales manager of Maruthi Publications has come to the Department of
English to introduce the new arrivals on Soft Skills. Which of the following would he
choose to introduce himself to the Head of the Department?
a. Hai, Everyone
b. Hello, Everyone
c. Good morning sir, I am Pradeep from …
d. Let me introduce myself. I am….
20. Which one of the following expressions would Tanav, the call centre employee
choose to reply to a phone call, where the voice was not clearly audible?
a. Wait, I cannot hear you
b. What can’t you see that your voice is audible?
c. Come on, once again repeat it

d. Would mind repeating it once again sir
21. Hi, how are you?

a. Fine, thanks. And you?
b. I’m Mike.
c. Not too bad.
22. Meet my friend Jack.

a. Nice to meet you.
b. What time?
c. How do you do?
23. How was your flight?

a. It was all right.
b. Yes, of course.
c. The plane was a bit late, but it didn’t matter.
24. Would you like to look around the company?

a. No, it’s none of my business.
b. That’d be lovely.
c. Yes, I’d love to.
25. Would you prefer red or white wine?

a. Yes, of course.
b. I don’t want.
c. I don’t mind.

Talk show
A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which

one person (or group of people) discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host.
Usually, guests consist of a group of people who are learned or who have great experience in
relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. Other times, a
single guest discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts. A call-in
show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home, in their cars, etc. Sometimes,
guests are already seated but are often introduced and enter from backstage. There have
been many notable talk show hosts; in many cases, the shows have made their hosts famous.
There are several major formats of talk shows. Generally, each subgenre predominates during
a specific programming block during the broadcast day.
 Breakfast chat or early morning shows : A general alternate between news summaries,
political coverage, feature stories, celebrity interviews, and musical performances.
 Late morning chat shows: Two or more hosts or a celebrity panel, and focus on
entertainment and lifestyle features.
 Daytime tabloid talk shows : Generally featuring a host, a guest or a panel of guests,
and a live audience that interacts extensively with the host and guests. These shows may
feature celebrities, political commentators, or "ordinary" people who present unusual or
controversial topics.
 "Lifestyle" or self-help programs: Generally, feature a host or hosts who are medical
practitioners, therapists, or counselors, and guests who seek intervention, describe
medical or psychological problems, or offer advice.
 Evening panel discussion shows: Which focus on news, politics, or popular culture.
 Late-night talk shows: Celebrity guests who talk about their work and personal lives as
well as their latest films, TV shows, music recordings, or other projects they'd like to
promote to the public. The hosts are often comedians who open the shows with comedy
monologues.
 Sunday morning talk shows: A staple of network programming in North America.
These shows feature elected political figures and candidates for office, commentators,
and journalists.
Sample Talk Show
THE DAILY TALK TALKSHOW SCRIPT (Intro) Host: Hello Prasad and hello world!

Welcome to “The Daily Talk”! Host: I came upon this inspiring social service organization
called Naandi Foundation. Some of you might have heard of it, but for the benefit of the
doubt, let’s look at this clip. (Naandi CLIP) Host: With the help of our special guests, we will
be discussing about Naandi Foundation its role and position statements. Let’s have a round of
applause to the representatives...
Sample Format of a Talk show

Introduction by moderator or host: Good morning / afternoon/ evening. Indian students
recently have been very concerned about disturbances at the private schools. I'm
_____________ and you're watching _________________. Today/tonight we'll be talking
about _______________.
To better understand these __________(events,) we'll talk with ____________________,

who is___________; as well as______________________, who_______________________.
Finally, for a perspective from a _____________________, we'll also
have_______________________on our show.
We're going to start with _______________. Mr/Mrs.__________________, tell us
__________.
1st Guest: Well, ________________________________________________________.
Host's response: Let's go to ________________________________for a response.
Mr/Mrs._________________, what do you think of ____________'s comment?
2nd guest: Well, ____________________________________________________
1st Guest response to 2nd guest: _______________________________________
Continue in talk show/round table discussion format, involving all guests in a dialogue/debate
that shows different sides of the issues involved:
_____________________________________________________________________.
Concluding Statement by host: ____________________________________________.

Making Presentations
A presentation is a means of communication which can be adapted to various speaking

situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team.
Presentation as performance
Making a presentation puts you on public display. An audience not only listens to your ideas,
but also responds to the way you use your voice and your body. Presentation should be lively,
flexible and in an interesting way.
Points to remember during the presentation:
 grab attention
 stimulate imagination
 inspire confidence
 develop understanding
Steps to make an effective presentation
1. Practise
Be familiar with your material- words and phrases, to inspire your audience’s trust and
confidence. Familiarize with the main thrust of your argument and explore how the individual
elements of your presentation piece together. This will help to focus on the chosen objectives
and avoid distractions when it comes to the actual delivery.
Reading
Reading tends to focus thoughts on notes, thus losing contact with the audience. Reading can
also reduce voice to a monotone, removing energy and enthusiasm from the delivery.
Directly addressing the audience is much more engaging.
2. Assert yourself
An effective presenter needs to be assertive, not aggressive. There are two important Ps.
Posture
It is always important to appear confident . Different postures create different moods. A very
formal, upright and still posture will create a very different atmosphere from a relaxed and
active one. The physical behaviour must match the objectives underpinning in the

presentation. If you want to be either formal or informal, make deliberate choices about the
physical style and stick to these.
3. Contact your audience
One of the key challenges faced by the presenter is to establish links with her/his audience (a
poor presenter appears to be speaking to an empty room). Making contact helps to maintain
an audience's interest and encourages them and makes them believe in you. Contact with your
audience can be made in a number of ways, including:
 eye contact;
 gestures;
 spoken contact;
 use of language.
Eye contact
Eye contact is part of everyday communication and an audience can feel uncomfortable if
they are denied it. Making eye contact with individuals gives them a sense of involvement in
the presentation and helps to convey the objectives on a personal level. Make sure to share
eye contact with all members of a small audience and all areas of a large audience. Regularly
shift focus around the room, but to help involve as many people as possible in the talk.
Gesture
People use their arms and hands in everyday conversation to add emphasis or to help describe
events. Presenters will therefore look rather awkward if hands are kept in the pockets or
rooted firmly at sides. Use gestures to welcome the audience, to add emphasis to the main
points or to indicate an ending. Use open gestures which move away from the body,
extending them out to the audience. Make sure that all gestures are controlled and precise; too
much movement will appear nervous and unfocussed.
4. Use your voice
Voice is a very flexible and powerful tool. It is used in many different ways:
 volume;
 pace;
 Pitch.

Volume
Make sure that your voice is loud enough for your audience to hear clearly. Speaking too
loudly or too quietly can make it difficult for your audience to follow your presentation.
Raise or lower their volume for emphasis.
Pace
Make sure that the speed of delivery is easy to follow. If you speak too quickly or too slowly
the audience will have difficulty following the talk. Keep changing the pace of delivery. A
slightly faster section might convey enthusiasm. A slightly slower one might add emphasis or
caution.
Pitch
The pitch of the voice also varies in day to day conversation and it is important to play on this
when making a presentation. For example, pitch will raise when asking a question; it will
lower when wish to sound severe. Explore different ways of adding emphasis to your main
points. Always try to convey enthusiasm and energy using voice.
5. Breathe
Always remember to breathe steadily and deeply. Feeling nervous or anxious about making a
presentation makes breathing fast and shallow. This will affect the quality of the voice and
the ability to speak clearly for extended periods of time. Try to take a few deep breaths before
making a presentation, making a conscious effort to slow, breathing down and taking in more
air with each breath. During your presentation, use pauses after questions or at the end of
sections to allow comfortable breathing patterns.
How to prepare for an oral presentation?
Gather the relevant material

 From journals, books, magazines, etc.
 From the internet
 Through mail questionnaire
 Through personal interview
Organise the material in proper sequence
 Keeping the objective in mind
 Keeping in mind the nature of audience
 Ensuring that the sequence is logical
 Deciding which points to emphasize
Identify the material for special effects

 Anecdotes
 Stories
 Examples
 Illustrations
Know your audience
 Size
 Age group
 Background, education, job profile, etc.
 Their expectations
Gather information about the venue
 Size
 Seating arrangement
 Facilities available
 If possible, inspire the venue
Prepare material for distribution, if any
 Cases for discussion
 Key points
 Quizzes
 Short exercises (application oriented)
 Keep material hidden from the audience’s view and distribute only at suitable point of
time
To get ready for the performance
 Construct and remember the first few sentences
 Recall the key points
 Construct and remember the last few sentences
 But the final presentation should look spontaneous
Rehearse the presentation
 Simulate the actual presentation
 Get feedback on
 Clarity in expression
 Fluency of speech
 Effectiveness of visuals
 Time management
Sample presentation
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
The topic of my presentation today is ‘How to Make Effective Presentations’. I will be
talking about the three important stages in my presentation- the introduction, the main body
and the conclusion. This presentation will last for about five minutes. If you have any
questions, could you reserve them till the end of the presentation? I ‘ll try and answer them
then.

Let me first talk about how to start your presentation. The introduction to any presentation
is vital……………
Let me now move on to the most important part of a presentation, the body of the
presentation. Present your key ideas………….
Finally, let me talk about how to close a presentation……….
It is time for me to sum up. We discussed how to make effective presentations. First……
In the second part,……. The third part of the presentation focused on ………
Now, if you have any questions, I’ll try and answer them.

INTERVIEW SKILLS
Interview is a type of conversation between two or more people where questions are
asked by the interviewer(s) to obtain information about the interviewee(s).
Job interview is one in which a candidate seeking employment, is interviewed by one or
more interviewers in order to assess and determine his suitability for a position
Tips for facing Interview confidently
 Know the organization
 Know the position
 Keep your papers ready
 Dress well
 Reach early
 Learn to say right things the right way
 Study your own resume
 Anticipate questions
 Prepare a list of questions
 Gather information about the venue
 Be on time
 Maintain eye contact while you engage in conversation with the interviewers
 Be focused. Do not allow your mind to wander
 Look professional
 Be active and show your interest in the interview
Don’ts
 Don’t discuss your financial hardships
 Don’t look at the interviewers casually and carelessly
 Don’t forget to be yourself
 Don’t be in a hurry to answer
 Don’t talk too fast or too slow
 Don’t use long sentences
 Don’t speak too loudly
 Don’t speak too softly. It can be irritating
 Don’t give monosyllabic answers
Different Types of Interviews:

1. Group Interview: In a group interview two or three candidates vying for the same
position. In this type of interview one or more applicants may be asked the same
question

2. Panel Interview: A panel interview involves three or more members of the hiring
organization meeting with the person being considered for the position.
3. Mock Interview: The Mock Interview allows candidates to practice their
interviewing skills
4. Career fair Interview: A conversation during a career fair can be considered a
screening interview. It is generally 2-10 minutes in length with a human resources
representative
5. Site Interview: The site interview takes the place at the employer’s site. It is a
selection interview, following a successful screening interview.
6. Behavioral Interview: A structured interview is a type of interview that is utilized
by many larger organizations. This interview is especially popular when there is more
than one of the same position available within the organization.
A Sample Interview:
Mr Prashant : Come in Navya, do take a seat
Navya : Thank you
Mr Prashant : Tell me something about yourself
Navya : I did my B Tech from Rana College of
Engineering
and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
in 2005 with a G.P.A of 3.75. I’m also a
student Meber of the Instrumentation Society of
India ( ISOI). I wish to pursue a challenging
career in the field of instrumentation in a reputed
organization that provides me opportunities to
grow professionally and personally. I can speak
Telugu, Hindi and English. My hobbies include
gardening, chess, reading and listening to music
Mr Prashant : Good. Now, could you tell me why you think
you would be right for this job?
Navya : Well, I have the qualifications that match the
position and skills that the job requires. The
information I gathered from a friend of mine
who’s working here is that you, encourage quick
learners. This gives me the confidence that I’m
right for this job.
Mr Prashant : Oh, yes. That’s good. Now, this job is a
permanent one, as you know. We need someone
for a very long time. How would that fit with
your long-term plans?

Navya :I’ve always dreamt of working in a reputed
organization like yours, for a considerable
period. I’d love to be associated with y as
studied your organisation’s track record. I am
impressed by the reputation you have
established and the opportunities you offer for
the career growth of your employees.
Mr Prashant : Well, I can’t make any promises, but you do
seem like just the sort of person we’re looking
for. when would you be able to start?
Navya : As soon as you want.
Mr Prashant : How much do you expect us to pay?
Navya : Whatever you think I deserve
Mr Prashant : All right then, we’ll call in a week’s time to let
you know if you are the right candidate
Navya : It’s been a pleasure. Thank you very much.

Group Discussion
Group Discussion: A group discussion can be defined as a formal discussion in which 10 to 12

participants are formed into a leaderless group and are given a specific situation to analyze and
discuss within a given time limit and a panel observes the proceedings and evaluate the members of
the group.
A group discussion can be categorically divided into three phases.

1. Initiation/Introduction
2. Body of the group discussion
3. Summarization/Conclusion
Importance of Initiation in a group discussion
In a group discussion, there may be many people discussing on a topic. Initiation is an attempt to start
or initiate a “talk”. Initiation does not mean you interrupt and not allow others to speak. Initiation also
means take hold of an opportunity to speak.
o Initiation makes other people realize you are well versed with the topic.
o It helps to sustain confidence throughout the discussion.
o Initiation leaves a positive impression.
o Ideal ways to initiate in a group discussion is through: -
i. Quotes and definitions.
ii. Some known facts and figures.
iii. Short stories.
o Initiating a group discussion also covers up the silence later on.
Summarization techniques:
A conclusion represents a final stage, where the entire group decides in favour or against a topic, in
the case of a summarization a candidate summarizes in a nutshell what the group has discussed. The
following points should be kept in mind while summarizing a discussion:
1. No new point should be taken up.
2. A person should not share his or her own viewpoint alone.
3. A summary should not dwell only on one side of the GD.
4. It should be brief and concise.
5. It should incorporate all the important points spoken.

If a candidate has been told by the examiner to summaries a GD, this means it has come to an end. It
is not advisable to add anything once a GD has been summarized. A simple framework for a summary
can be, 'We had a healthy group discussion and, as a group, evaluated this topic from different
perspectives. Some of my friends spoke in favour of the topic and the reasons they gave were
(elaborate), while some good points against the topic were (elaborate). In all, we had a very good
discussion with everyone participating enthusiastically.'
Body Language in a group discussion
One of the most important elements of communication is body language. Our gestures, hand
movements, facial expressions etc come under body language.
When we communicate, it is very essential for us to have the correct body language to avoid offence
to anyone.
o In a group discussion, Positive body gestures are a sign of confidence and security. They are a sign
of active participation and leave a good impression.
o Positive gestures include Walking upright, Shaking hands confidently etc.
o Often body language conveys a lot of messages that words may not.
o A positive body language increases an impact on others.
o Body language helps to build a rapport with others.
o Body language helps to understand what others may try to convey.
o Body language helps to control aggression and conflicts.
o Body language can show you are energetic in a group discussion.
o When communicating, it is important for us to have positive body gestures. Direct and
steady eye contact is the most important of them.
Communication skills in a group discussion
Communication skills are extremely essential in today’s competitive environment. A good

communicator should be able to receive information as sent. Good communication skills in a
group discussion can show you are an active listener.
o It helps to clearly express your ideas.

o Good communication skills help to exchange ideas.
o Good communication skills avoid professional glitches in a team discussion.
o Good communication skills help to avoid misunderstandings.
o It helps to negotiate on various issues in a group discussion.

o It adds a lot of value in a presentation in a group discussion.
o Good communication skills can grab attention of evaluators.
o It can show that you are stable, levelheaded, confident and quite well aware of the
arguments.
o Communication skill is not just about speaking fluently in English. It’s about being
confident and the right attitude.
Cooperation is when two or more people work together to achieve some target.
Cooperation is an essential ingredient in teamwork in a professional environment
o Cooperation in a group discussion gives positive vibes to the environment.

o It motivates the environment.
o Cooperation is important in a team to reduce nervousness.
o It builds confidence.
o Cooperation is the driving force of success in a group discussion.
o Cooperation is not as easy as it may sound. One really needs to adjust according to the other
person and environment. It is a very mutual process.
o One person may be cooperative, but the other person may not be in a discussion. One needs
to keep his calm.
o Cooperation amongst the teammates leads to a positive impression.
o The evaluators feel that members who are cooperating are adjusting and can fit into a
professional environment.
o Cooperation in a group discussion shows that you can work as a team when many people in
a group may have contradicting opinions. Cooperation helps to avoid squabbles and
misunderstandings.
Types of Group Discussion
Topic-based
a. Factual topics
b. Controversial topics
c. Abstract topics
Factual topics: Factual Topics are with regards to practical things, which an ordinary
person appreciates in his day-to-day lifetime. Typically, these are generally about socio-

economic subject areas. They may have been around in the news lately or could be unbound
by period. A factual topic for discussion provides a candidate to be able to prove that he
appreciates and sensitive to his environment.
Examples: The education insurance policy of India, Tourism in India
Controversial topics: Controversial Topics are those that are argumentative throughout
nature. They are intended to generate controversy and be noisy too. Giving a topic like this is
to see how much maturity the student show in selecting the choice and simply keeping his
temper in check, by rationally in addition to logically arguing his standpoint without getting
individual and emotional.
Examples: Reservations should be removed, Women make better managers
Abstract topics: Abstract topics are about intangible points. These topics usually are not
given often pertaining to discussion, but their possibility cannot be ruled out. These kinds of
topics test your current lateral thinking in addition to creativity.
Examples: A is surely an alphabet, Twinkle twinkle little star, The telephone number
10.
Example: CRICKET HAS SPOILED OTHER STREAMS OF INDIAN SPORTS
Rahul Reddy Started: Good Morning everyone, it is my pleasure to be seated with you all
for this exciting discussion. Let's fully participate in this and try to
come up with a concrete end remark. I think, it is not justified to think
cricket as a national obsession. It is the one game through which we
Indians are able to hold our heads high. We won two world cups and
have been on top in tests for two odd years. Whatever it has brought is
quite appreciable. In other sports as well, like Abhinav bindra winning
gold medal in Olympics, Indian hockey team winning 8 gold medals in
past, etc are also highly appreciated. But it is also a fact that it
happened when TV's and internet are on full bloom. But, in 1983, when
India won the world cup, the TV's were just becoming popular. Still,
cricket fever was high on everyone's head. That made it more popular
than any other sport. Every Indian wants to play cricket in streets. It is
in Indian blood and no media is required for cricket.
SmritiNigam Hello everyone, I do agree with my friend here.

Even I don't think that cricket have hurt any other sports. If cricket is
more interesting, full of excitement, inculcating a nation patriotism
feeling, then it is not the "SPORT'S" fault. I think it is just because
cricket has a very interesting format and that is why it has become so
popular and loved by all. It is followed as a religion and the cricketers
are worshiped as God in our country. But also the fame that cricket has

given to India, cannot be ignored. As far as other sports are concerned,
they have not lost their importance. Whether it is tennis, badminton or
hockey they are still very popular. But yes, it is a fact that cricket is
more popular and followed by more people.
Himanshu Good Morning friends, I don't think cricket as a national obsession is a

deterrent to other sports. Cricket has got popularity because of the
legends cricket has given to us like Sunil Gavaskar, Kapil Dev, Sachin
Tendulkar, etc. Just because of the achievement that these peoples have
made in the game of cricket, it is appreciated so much in India.
Recently, if we take an example, when Rajyawardhan Singh Rathore
won silver in Olympics, just after that we won lots of medals in
shooting. So, if we want others game to be equally appreciated, then we
need some great legends in other games too. And I believe that if other
sports will also produce great players then definitely, they will get as
much appreciation as cricket in this country.
MayankAggarwal Hello Friends,
As the topic suggests, that cricket is detriment to other sports, I quite

agree with it. It is because:
1) Cricket game is promoted by the way of advertisement.

2) Cricket sport stars are being seen in most of the advertisements
related to cricket or promotion of any other product from honey to
alcohol and potato chips to insurance.
3) One of the main reasons for the game of cricket being preferred is
when there is a match between India and Pakistan. And the way it is
advertised on the news make cricket not only detriment to other sports
but to national peace.
4) In newspapers, most of the sports page is filled with cricket news,
wherever it is held.
So, along with cricket, the Indian media too, is playing the role of
detriment to other sports of India.
Media has the highest power today in our country. If it wishes, it can
change the shape of sports too.
Abin Thomas Hello everyone, I don't, at all, think that cricket is a detriment to other
sports. But it is the Indian people's supportive spirit towards cricket is
what is destructing other sports. Most people do not even know that
India has teams in Hockey, Rugby, Soccer, Basketball, etc. It feels
mortified extremely, to know that a huge nation like India does not
support its athletes. I hope that we will recognize our athletes of all
games and supports them in their respective sports.
Rahul As I said earlier, according to me cricket is not at all detrimental to any
other sports, it is suppressed by us, we-the people are totally
responsible for that. Well, I think that there is no comparison between 2
sports. Each has its own existence, so how can cricket suppress the
other sports? It is just the matter of fact that Indian people are crazy
about the cricket. So, the comparison lies not in sports but in our

thinking only. Few days ago, the Economic Times conducted a survey
to find out who inspires the people in the field of sports and the results
announced that almost -
43% people inspires with S R Tendulkar
35% people inspires with M S Dhoni
11% people inspires with S. Nehwal
04% people inspires with Vijendra Singh
04% people inspires with A. Bindra
This survey observed that a total of 78% people inspired by the
cricketers, that shows the craziness of the people towards cricket.
Mayank Aggarwal Well, I personally feel that obsession with cricket is a detriment to other
sports. It is all because of the way it is promoted. It is just like in the
case of a movie, if a movie is hyped about, all of us go to watch it. But
on the same time some epic movie just gets neglected because of poor
advertisement. Also, it is not the case that there is less talent in other
sports. If other sports are unable to match up to the expectations, it is
only because of improper training due to lack of finances.
SmritiNigam Well friends, although I like and support cricket a lot, I feel that,
unintentionally only but cricket has come to a point from where it has
become detrimental to other sports. You can see among yourself only,
that how many of us watches other sports played by Indian sportsmen.
Of course, a handful! Why is it so? One definite reason could be the
hype that cricket gets through the media. People not only watch the
match with shear attention but also the pre and post-match shows.
Other main reason is the investment of money either by the
Government and/or, now as we can see, by the business individuals
which lures young minds to have a great profession in cricket. Lastly, I
would say that the Government should definitely see to this and take
necessary measures to allow other sports perpetuate.
AbinThomasConcluded:
Now, if we conclude our discussion I would like to highlight the main
points that were discussed.
First: Majority of us agreed that the Game of Cricket, in itself, is not

spoiling other streams of sports but it's the audience that goes crazy for
its favorite sport.
Second: Media should give as much exposure to other sports as much it

does to cricket.
Third: Government and Corporate people need to fund other sports as

well so that they could get better training and bring home as much
popularity as cricket does.

UNIT-II
[READING & SPEAKING SKILLS]

1. READING SKILLS
Reading is fundamental in developing a good self-image and creative mind.
Good readers are focused readers. They develop certain traits like identifying the purpose of
their reading and deciding their style accordingly, the ability to draw on their background
knowledge as they read, make predictions on what might happen logically/ creatively, use
their imagination and visualize what they read, recognize the text’s structure, the writer’s
voice as well as any confusion in it (if any)
Reading demands different styles depending on the purpose. Sometimes we may use speed
reading techniques like skimming and scanning, sometimes critical reading, intensive reading
or extensive reading methods.
Skimming:
 Skimming is one of the tools we can use to read more on less time.
 It refers to looking only for the general or main ideas and works best with non-fiction
material.
 It does not give a whole picture in detail because we don’t read anything
 In skimming we don’t read everything. What we read is more important than what we
leave out
 The first sentence of each paragraph gives the main idea of the paragraph, it is called
as the topic sentence
 The last few paragraphs may contain a conclusion or summary; we should stop
skimming there and read in detail
 Skimming is useful to locate the information in large texts or articles in a short time
 It is also useful for revision before examination
 In day-to-day activities, it is used for reading the newspapers, magazines and so on
Scanning:
 Scanning is another useful tool for speeding up our reading
 Skimming gives an overall idea of the text and scanning allows to find details and
other information in a hurry.
 Scanning can be done by establishing a purpose and locating the appropriate material
 Scanning material is arranged alphabetically, chronologically, non-alphabetically, by
category, textually.
 Alphabetical information is arranged in order from A to Z, chronological information
in time or numerical order, non-alphabetical order can be arranged as a television
listing or by category and textual as in encyclopedia entry

 Our peripheral vision helps us to scan effectively
 The aim of scanning is to find specific pieces of information
 The important benefit of scanning is its ability to help us become more flexible
readers
Intensive Reading:
 It is sometimes called as ‘narrow reading’. It is not casual reading
 It is used when we want a full understanding of a text.
 It is not like skimming where we guess the meaning of the words from the context
 It is an academic reading where the reader observes and studies the logical
argument and rhetorical pattern, the purpose of the author and his attitude towards
the topic, the emotional, symbolic and social attitude
 Experts call intensive reading as a ‘zoom lens’ strategy.
 It draws attention to grammatical forms, literal and symbolic meanings
 It helps to expand vocabulary and improves comprehensive skills
 It is not used to read very lengthy texts.
Extensive Reading:
 It is the opposite of intensive reading, just as skimming is the opposite of scanning in
speed reading
 It is a pleasurable activity
 Novels, stories, articles, newspapers, web sources could be used for extensive reading
 It is useful to develop a reading habit and gain confidence
 It helps us become independent and motivated readers
 It does not teach particularly any reading skills as intensive reading does because it is
a reading habit which is not supervised and tested.
 It develops automatically language and grammar competence, vocabulary,
background knowledge and confidence.
1. One of the following is a quality which a good reader develops through reading
a. Form a low opinion of themselves
b. Underestimate their abilities
c. Kill their creative and imaginative powers
d. Recognize the text’s structure
2. One of the following is a salient feature of skimming
a. It refers to a fact
b. It is used for daily activities
c. It refers to general and main ideas
d. It locates the appropriate material
3. Topic sentence gives the
a. Synopsis of the topic

b. Throws light on the topic
c. Main idea of the topic
d. Analysis of the topic
4. The following method is useful for the students for revising before the exams
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
c. Intensive reading
d. Extensive reading
5. Using a dictionary to find a meaning of a specific word comes under
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
6. Looking at chapters and sub-headings of a book comes under
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
7. Reading a timetable to find out the arrival of the next train comes under
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
8. Intensive reading is also called as
a. Speed reading
b. Selective reading
c. Narrow reading
d. Academic reading
9. Intensive reading improves
a. Comprehensive skills
b. Academic skills
c. Communication skills
d. Life skills
10. Which one of the following methods cannot be used to read lengthy texts?
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
11. Vocabulary can enrich by
a. Scanning
b. Skimming
c. Extensive reading
d. Intensive reading
12. The method used to read novels is

a. Skimming
b. Scanning
13. Which one of the following clearly shows the difference between skimming and
scanning?
a. Skimming is for pleasure and scanning is serious
b. Skimming refers to general ideas and scanning refers to a specific fact
c. Skimming is speed reading while scanning is slow
d. Skimming is selective reading and scanning is narrow reading
14. The chronological information is arranged in
a. A to Z
b. Numerical order
c. Catalogue
d. Text
15. Out of the four methods employed in reading, one of the following is a pleasurable
activity. What is it?
a. Skimming
b. Scanning
Pick out the suitable meaning for the underlined word

i) The weather condition is very conducive for taking up agriculture works in the
State now.
a. Favourable b. unfavourable c. hostile d. adverse
ii) The Bank Manger G.Sudarshana Rao said sufficient cash had been disbursed to
the 800 branches of various public and private banks.
a. Pay out b. self-contained c. secretive d. detached
iii) The left parties had to be vigilant of the attempts made by the government.
a. Imprudent b. hasty c. keen-eyed d. short-
sighted
iv) It was the wafting smell of coffee that drew all VIPs towards the stall at the Dalit
Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DICCI).
a. hinder b. drift c. continuous d. cease
v) The integration initiative has supplied a long overdue effort towards
rationalization of the number of schools in Rajastan.
a. Justification b. punish c. expel d. Chastise

2. Writing Job Applications
Sample Cover Letter
III/3, Rams Flats

I Main Road, Gandhi Nagar
Adyar, Chennai-600 020
Cell: 9763829209
rmrnagaragan@gmail.com
15 April 2010
The General Manager

Maruti Motors and Technologies
Mahatma Gandhi Road
Cochin-682065
Dear Sir,
Subject: Application for the post of production manager
This is with reference to your advertisement in The Hindu, dated 7 March 2010, for
the job of production manager in your organization.
Currently, I am working as an assistant engineer in the production department of
Hyundai Motors. As assistant engineer in the production department, I am in charge of
leading the team of technical supervisors in the Adyar branch. My job profile requires me to
motivate the supervisors to maintain the highest technical standards as well as provide them
with on the spot technical support. My job demands that I keep in touch with current
developments in the industry.
My ability to work with people and my familiarity with emerging technologies make me
believe that I will be able to contribute favorably to the growth of your organization.
I enclose copies of my school, college and experience certificates.

I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Nagarajan.R

Resume
Kumar Varun
12, Govindaswamy Street
George Town
Vijayawads-530001
Email: Varun283@gmail.com
Cell no: 932948600
Achievements:
a. Educational : (i) B.Sc Computer Science (2013-16)
Andhra Loyola College
Vijayawada.
(ii) Higher Secondary course (2011-2013)

St. John higher Secondary school
Vijayawada.
92% (aggregate); III rank in district
b. Project Profile: Bio-medical instrumentation and signal

processing – a comparative study of the
cardiac and respiratory rates of human
beings and animals leading to the
perfecting techniques in treating acute
respiratory tract problems in asthma
patients.
c. Computer knowledge: C, C++, Turbo, Java.
Co-Curricular activities:
a. Seminars/ Conferences: Attended a three-day All-India Seminar
on Techniques in Programming
(September 1998)
b. Workshops attended: Attended a two-week training in the use

of computer graphics in film making
(December 2015)
Extra-Curricular activities:
(a). Represented the college in Inter
Collegiate Cricket, Tournament.

(b).Conducted a blood donation camp in
college.
(c) Active participant in the English
Association activities and cultural
programmes.
Professional objectives:
(a) To work in the organization with utmost
dedication and commitment.
(b) To assist all senior officials and colleagues.
Career Plan and objectives:
(a) MSC is an indispensable qualification for a
computer graduate. Plan to obtain MSC as a
private candidate.
Personal data:
Place and date of birth : Chennai, 07/02/1995
Languages known : English, Telugu and Hindi
References:
(i) Mr. ………..
Head, Department of ………
Vijayawada.
(ii) Mrs. …………

Lecturer, Department of ………
Vijayawada.

3.E-Mail Correspondence and Blogs
EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE
Email (Electronic mail) is a message sent through the internet, that reaches individuals or
groups anywhere in the world to share thoughts, information, and files of date, spread sheets,
anything that can be stored in a computer.
Warm-up sentences:
 Thank you for giving the details of the proposal. There are, however, just a few points
on which I would like to seek clarification.
 Many thanks for the prompt response. We are happy to note that the production of the
book is in full swing.
 We greatly appreciate the efforts you are making to make the seminar a spectacular
success. The details you have asked for are given below.
End of email with a courteous word, phrase or sentence

 Regards (common in business emails)
 Best wishes (used both in business and personal emails)
 Bye (personal emails)
 It would be a pleasure to hear from you again.
 I would be delighted to be of further help to you.
1. How do you write an email?

1. Write a meaningful subject line.
2. Keep the message focused.
3. Avoid attachments.
4. Identify yourself clearly.
5. Be kind — don't flame.
6. Proofread.
7. Don't assume privacy.
8. Distinguish between formal and informal situations.
2. How to write a formal email?
Steps to make prepare a professional email:
1. Begin with a greeting

2. Thank the recipient
3. State your purpose
4. Add your closing remarks
5. End with a closing

1. Begin with a greeting
Always open your email with a greeting, such as “Dear Kumar”. If your relationship with
the reader is formal, use their family name (eg. “Dear Mrs. Sukumar”). If the relationship is
more casual, you can simply say, “Hi Keerti”. If you don’t know the name of the person you
are writing to, use: “To whom it may concern” or “Dear Sir/Madam”.
2. Thank the recipient

If you are replying to a client’s inquiry, you should begin with a line of thanks. For example,
if someone has a question about your company, you can say, “Thank you for contacting
ABC Company”. If someone has replied to one of your emails, be sure to say, “Thank you
for your prompt reply” or “Thanks for getting back to me”. Thanking the reader puts him
or her at ease, and it will make you appear more polite.
3. State your purpose

If you are starting the email communication, it may be impossible to include a line of thanks.
Instead, begin by stating your purpose. For example, “I am writing to enquire about
…” or “I am writing in reference to …” or “ I would like to let you know that…..”
“With reference to our telephone conversation on Friday I would like to let you know
that…….”
Making a request and asking for information:
Could you please let me know?

If you can attend………
If you are available for a meeting on 12th December?
Could you possibly arrange a meeting with the Manager?
I would like to know if there are any………..
Offering help and giving information:
We are happy to let you know that your article has been selected for publication.
I am glad to inform you that we will be holding our annual conference on 20 th December
2015.
Should you need further information or assistance?
Complaining:
I am writing
to express my dissatisfaction with……
to complain about……..
I regret to say that I was not completely satisfied with the room you provided us.
I would like to receive a full refund and compensation for the damages.
Apologizing

We would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Please accept our apologies for the delay.
Please let us know what we can do to compensate you for the damages caused.
We will make sure that this will not happen again in the future.
Make your purpose clear early in the email, and then move into the main text of your email.
Remember, people want to read emails quickly, so keep your sentences short and clear.
You’ll also need to pay careful attention to grammar, spelling and punctuation so that you
present a professional image of yourself and your company.
4. Add your closing remarks

Before you end your email, it’s polite to thank your reader one more time and add some
polite closing remarks. You might start with “Thank you for your patience and
cooperation” or “Thank you for your consideration” and then follow up with, “If you
have any questions or concerns, don’t hesitate to let me know” and “I look forward to
hearing from you”.
5. End with a closing

The last step is to include an appropriate closing with your name. “Best
regards”, “Sincerely”, and “Thank you” are all professional. Avoid closings such as “Best
wishes” or “Cheers” unless you are good friends with the reader.
Yours faithfully, (when you start with Dear Sir/ Madam)
Yours sincerely, (when you start with the name eg. Dear Ms. Anita)
On Attaching files:
I am attaching my CV for your consideration.
I am sending you the brochure as an attachment.
Please see the statement attached.
Please find the attached file you requested.

Finally, before you click the send button, review and spell check your email one more time to
make sure it’s truly perfect!

Example 1 Personal Email
From: anjanashgal@rediffmail.com
Date: 2.10.2016 10.24
To : kotewalshipa@rediffmail.com
Subject: Dinner on 10th October
Hi Shipa
You would recall that, when we met at Sameer’s birthday party, I had promised to
arrange a meeting between your son Sangam and my son, Ashok Sehgal to discuss the
opening of a branch office of his company in this town.
Ashok is coming tomorrow. It would be nice if you’re come with Sangam at 7.30 p.m
on 10th October. And do stay on to join us for dinner.
Bye
Anjana

Example 2 Formal Email
From: ramaswamyrd@gmail.com
Date: 1.12.2016 9.30
To : kashiwaltr@yahoo.co.in
CC: chugkirti@gmail.com
Subject: Setting up an industrial unit at Kantapura
Dear Mr.Kashiwal
We have gone through your proposal to set up an industrial unit at Kantapura to

manufacture readymade garments. What you have proposed appears to be feasible but
there is one basic aspect on which we would like to comment.
Since the proposed project is export-oriented, the use of good quality cloth for
manufacturing garments its essential. As you know, in recent past, the cost of export-
worthy cotton has gone up considerably. We therefore think that an initial investment
of Rs.1 crore is necessary to start production. If you agree to do so, please also let us
know the sources from which we would be able to raise this amount.
Regards
Sincerely yours
R.D.Ramaswamy
Secretary
State Industrial Development corportation
15 Dr. Ambedkar Marg
Jaipur- 302 004
 Which of the following is poor e-mail etiquette?

a. Keeping the message personal
b. Responding to messages as soon as possible
c. Using lots of capital letters to emphasize certain words
 The tone of a professional email message should be:
a. Conversational
b. Formal
c. Casual – like the tone you use with friends
d. “yo, dude! Whassup?”
 What is the most important thing one should be with every e-mail?
a. Spell check, use full sentence structure and use proper grammar.
b. Have a nice greeting: Hi, Hello, etc.
c. Have a propter sign off: Sincerely, etc.
d. All the above.
 When writing an email message, paragraphs should be:
a. Long
b. Short

c. Indented
d. Invisible- no one can mess it up that way.
 The best way to make several points in an email is
a. Include all the points in the first paragraph
b. Include all the points in the last paragraph
c. Use list with bullets or numbers
d. All the above
 At end of an email message, you should include:
a. Appropriate closing with your name
b. Only your name
c. All the details about yourself
d. A picture of yourself along with your name
 Before sending a mail, you should:
a. Read only the senders address
b. Review the mail and recheck the spell, address, attachments
c. Never overlook the mail again
d. Call the receiver and inform him/her
 One of the following is necessary in email
a. The address of the sender
b. The attachment files
c. The address of the receiver
d. The time of information
 One should only forward e-mail when:
a. You feel it is important
b. You are in a bad mood
c. You feel liking send messages
d. you feel bore
 When your relationship with the receiver is formal, which expression is apt to begin
an email message
a. Dear Anand
b. Hai Varsha
c. Dear Mr. Dinesh
d. M. Sukumar

Blog
Blog is another word for weblog. A weblog is a website that is like a diary or journal. Most
people can create a blog and then write on that blog. Bloggers (a word for people who write
on blogs) often write about their opinions and thoughts. A blog containing video material is
called a video blog or video log, usually shortened to blog.
When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a post, which is a single
piece of writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites.
Blogs can have one or more writers. If they have more than one writer, they are often called
community blogs, team blogs, or group blogs.
This makes blogs good for discussion — if someone writes, someone else can fix it by
writing a comment on that blog or on their own blog but cannot change what the post says,
but the writer of the post can. Not all blog posts need to be talked about or fixed. But if there
are a lot of people interested in a topic, they can start a discussion on the original blog, on
their own blogs, or both.
Different types of blogs:
1. Personal blogs:
The personal blog is an ongoing online diary or commentary written by an individual, rather
than a corporation or organization.
2. Collaborative blogs or group blogs:

A type of weblog in which posts are written and published by more than one author. The
majority of high-profile collaborative blogs are based around a single uniting theme, such as
politics, technology or advocacy.
3. Microblogging:
Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content—which could be text,
pictures, links, short videos, or other media—on the Internet. Friends use it to keep in touch,
business associates use it to coordinate meetings or share useful resources, and celebrities and
politicians (or their publicists) microblog about concert dates, lectures, book releases, or tour
schedules.
Example: Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and, by far the largest, WeiBo.
4. Corporate and organizational blogs:

Blogs used internally, and only available to employees via an Intranet are called corporate
blogs.
Companies use internal corporate blogs enhance the communication, culture and employee
engagement in a corporation.
Internal corporate blogs can be used to communicate news about company policies or
procedures, build employee esprit de corps and improve morale.
Companies and other organizations also use external, publicly accessible blogs
for marketing, branding, or public relations purposes.

5. Aggregated blogs:
Individuals or organization may aggregate selected feeds on specific topic, product or service
and provide combined view for its readers. This allows readers to concentrate on reading
instead of searching for quality on-topic content and managing subscriptions.
6. Reverse blog:
A reverse blog is composed by its users rather than a single blogger. This system has the
characteristics of a blog, and the writing of several authors. These can be written by several
contributing authors on a topic or opened up for anyone to write. There is typically some
limit to the number of entries to keep it from operating like a web forum.
Six steps to create blogs:
1. Understand your audience

2. Start with a topic and a working title
 Changing the topic scope

 Adjusting the time frame
 Choosing a new audience
 Taking a positive/negative approach
 Introducing a new format
3. Write an introduction, make it captivating
Eg: Blink. Blink. Blink

It’s the dreaded cursor-on-a-blank-screen experience all writers – amateur of
professional, aspiring or experienced –know and dread. And nowhere does it plague writers
more than when they’re writing their intros.
4. Organize your content
Sometimes, blog posts can have an overwhelming amount of information -- for the
reader and the writer. The trick is to organize the info, so readers are not intimidated
by the length or amount of content. The organization can take multiple forms --
sections, lists, tips, whatever's most appropriate. But it must be organized!
5. Write
The next step -- but not the last -- is actually writing the content. We couldn't forget about
that, of course. If you find you're having trouble stringing sentences together, you're not
alone. Finding your "flow" can be really challenging for a lot of folks. Luckily, there are a ton
of tools you can lean on to help you improve your writing. Here are a few to get you started:
 Power Thesaurus: Stuck on a word? Power Thesaurus is a crowdsourced tool that

provides users with a ton of alternative word choices from a community of writers.

 ZenPen: If you're having trouble staying focused, check out this distraction-free
writing tool. ZenPen creates a minimalist "writing zone" that's designed to help you
get words down without having to fuss with formatting right away.
 Cliché Finder: Feeling like your writing might be coming off a little cheesy? Identify
instances where you can be more specific using this handy cliché tool.
For a complete list of tools for improving your writing skills, the following resources are
valuable
 How to Write Compelling Copy: 7 Tips for Writing Content That Converts
 How to Write With Clarity: 9 Tips for Simplifying Your Message
 Your Blog Posts Are Boring: 9 Tips for Making Your Writing More Interesting
6. Editing/ Proof reading
The editing process is an important part of blogging -- don't overlook it. A grammar-
conscious co-worker is needed to copyedit and proofread post, and consider enlisting the help
of The Ultimate Editing Checklist. And you need to brush up on your own self-editing skills;
these helpful posts help will help you
 Confessions of a Hub Spot Editor: 11 Editing Tips From the Trenches

 How to Become a More Efficient Editor: 12 Ways to Speed Up the Editorial Process
 10 Simple Edits That'll Instantly Improve Any Piece of Writing
7. Pick up a catchy title
1. Start with your working title.

2. As you start to edit your title, keep in mind that it's important to keep the title accurate
and clear.
3. Then, work on making your title attractive/catchy -- whether it's through strong
language, alliteration, or another literary tactic.
4. If you can, optimize for SEO by sneaking some keywords in there (only if it's natural,
though!).
5. Finally, see if you can shorten it at all. No one likes a long, overwhelming title -- and
remember, Google prefers 65 characters or fewer before it truncates it on its search
engine results pages.
1. A blog is a frequently updated

a. Word document
b. online personal journal or diary
c. blank statement
d. report
2. A personal blog is written by an
a. Group
b. Individual
c. Company
d. All the above

3. Which blog is used by an organization to send messages to its employees via
intranet?
a. Personal blog
b. Corporate blog
c. Collaborative blog
d. Micro blog
4. One who participates in the activities of maintaining a blog is known as a
a. Browser
b. Blogger
c. User
d. podcaster
5. It is important in blog writing
a. Editing/proof reading
b. Catchy title
c. Choosing the audience
d. Adjusting the time
4. Principles of Letter Writing and Sample letters

Letters are divided into two categories:
1. Personal letters and
2. Official letters
Personal Letters: They deal with personal matters; letters that we write to relatives, friends
or acquaintances are all personal letters.

Official Letter
Business Letter: A Business letter is a formal written document through which companies
try to correspond with their customers, suppliers, bankers, shareholders and others. The writer
and the addressee of a business letter may or may not know each other.
They have a margin of at least one inch on all four edges and are written on 8 1/2" x11"(or
metric equivalent) unlined stationery.
The Parts of Letter
1. The Date:
 The address of the sender should be written with date.
Eg:
15 High Street
Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500029
August 12, 2017
 The address along with the date is known as the heading of the letter
 The first line of the heading is street address, door number and name of the
street. After door number, there may or may not be a comma.
Eg: 15(,) High Street
 The second is the name of the locality or the name of the town and pin code or
zonal number Eg: Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad 500029
 The third line is the date. The preferred American style is name of the month,
spelled out in full or in the form of an abbreviation(Jan); date of the month in
digits, without ‘th’, ‘nd’, ‘rd’ and so on followed by a comma; year, in digits:
August 12, 2017 or 8/12/2017 or 8-12-2017 or 8-12-17.
 The preferred British style is: August 12th, 2017 or 12/8/17
 In the British style ‘th’, ‘nd’, ‘rd’ etc are usually written. In the American style
while reading the dates ‘th’, ‘nd’, ‘rd’etc are pronounced but in writing they
are omitted.
 The preferred international style is: 12 August, 2017. This style is followed all
over the world.
 You may use or leave the comma at the end of each line of the address and a
full stop at the end of the last line
15 High Street,
Himayatnagar,
Hyderabad 500029,
August 12, 2017.
Or
15 High Street
Himayatnagar
Hyderabad 500029
August 12, 2017
 In business letters , the name and address of the person to whom the letter is
written is put on the left hand side, above ‘Dear _____’ . If you are addressing

a person by name give the official designation also; if you are applying for a
job give only the designation:
Eg: Mr.K.Lal
Mamager
State Bank of India
Hyderabad
Dear Sir,
___________
(Note: In Business letters after the name of the person ‘Esq’ may also be
added: K.Lal, Esq.)
 Esq is the abbreviation for ‘Esquire’
 Never write both Mr. and Esq: Eg: Mr. K.Lal or K.Lal, Esq.
 Titles and decorations awarded by the State or placed before university
degrees:
Dr.P.K.Menon,M.P., Ph.D
 Messrs (abbreviation for ‘Messieurs’= Gentlemen) is not used when
addressing a company, when the name is impersonal.
Eg: The General Trading Co. Ltd.,
But
Messrs. Lal & Co., Ltd.
2. Salutation:
(i) Personal Letters:

 Common salutations to friends and relatives
Dear Raghu, Dear Father, Dear Mr Sharma,
My dear Raghu My dear son, Dear Mrs Sharma,
My dear daughter, Dear Uncle,
‘Dear________’, will take care of most needs in a personal letter.
 In a personal letter the first name(i.e., the given name is used:
Dear Raghu,
 If you use the last name or the family name, use the title Mr, Mrs,
Miss, Dr, etc Eg: Dear Miss Gupta
 Don’t use title and both names
Dear Miss Sita Sharma or Dear Sita Sharma (both are wrong)
 The salutation may be followed by comma (British style) or a colon (

American style):
Dear Miss Sharma,
Dear Miss Sharma:
(ii) Business Letters:
 Common salutations in formal letters are:
Dear Sir, Gentlemen, My dear Sir,
Dear Madam, Mesdames, My dear Madam,

 If the name is not known, ‘Dear Sir’, is used. If the letter is addressed
to a woman, ‘Dear Madam’ is used.
 If the letter is addressed to an organisation or firm, ‘Dear Sirs’ or
‘Dear Gentlemen’ is used.
 If it is addressed to an all-women organisation, use ‘Dear Mesdames’.
 In a general circular, use ‘Dear Sir or Madam’.
 Official designation after the title may be used in the salutation to
letters addressed to persons in their official capacity:
Dear Mr President,
Dear Mr Governor,
Dear Madam Secretary,
Titles other than Mr, Mrs, Miss, Dr are spelt in full
Dear Professor Sharma,
Dear Ambassador Menon
3. The Body of the Letter

The body of the letter begins on the line below the salutation.
Here are some suggested openings in personal letters:
Thank you for your letter.
It was good to hear from you__________
How good to hear from you __________
Thank you so/very much for _________
I can’t thank you enough for__________
It was really so kind of you to__________
How very kind of you to__________
How can I ever thank you for__________
I hope you are keeping well__________
I have to apologise for__________
I was delighted to hear that__________
What wonderful news!
How are things with you?
I have to apologise for__________
I was very sorry to hear that__________(expressing sympathy)
I am very sorry to have to tell you__________(expressing apology)
Please forgive me, but__________
(Many) Congratulations on__________
Suggested openings in business letters:

Thank you for your letter of August 12
Received your letter of August 12
I should like to order____________
I should like to enquire whether__________
I wish to __________
I wish to apply for the position of __________advertised in the__________
I wish to complain about__________

I have to complain about__________
Would you please__________I wonder if__________
o The body of the letter may be written in paragraphs. The first line of each
paragraph is indented (i.e, you start a little way in from the left hand margin).
o Use short forms like ‘I’ll’, ‘We’d’ only in letters to friends and people known
to you.
4. The Complimentary Close or Subscription

 Common closings of letters to friends and relatives are
Your sincere friend, Yours very sincerely,
Your loving daughter, Yours sincerely,
Your affectionate father, Yours affectionately,
Yours truly,
Yours very truly,
In intimate letters a number of affectionate closings may be used:
Lovely, Fondly, Affectionately, With Love, With lots (and lots) of love,
Yours ever, Ever yours, Much love.
 Common endings in formal letters are:
Yours truly, Yours very truly,
Yours faithfully, Very truly yours,
Yours respectfully, Yours obediently,
Note the following points:
Yours faithfully, (British style in formal business letters)
Yours truly, (British style in letters between people who know each
other by name)
Yours cordially, (British style in a formal letter where there is a desire to
sound respectful)
The words ‘very’ or ‘most’ may be added to the formulas given above
Yours very truly, Yours most respectfully, etc.
 In most cases, American usage prefers to put the adverb before ‘yours’:
Sincerely yours, Cordially yours, etc.[yours do not start with a capital letter]
 Do not write ‘Your’s truly’ ( ‘Your’s with an apostrophe) as ‘yours’ is a
pronoun and does not require an apostrophe. ‘Yours’ must start with a capital
letter.
 To the editor of a newspaper: ‘Yours truly’
 The complimentary close is usually a conventional expression corresponding
in formality with the salutation as shown below:
Salutation Complimentary close

(a) Yours faithfully,
Dear Sir, Or
Dear Sirs, Yours truly,
Dear Madam,
Dear Madams,

(b)
Dear Ram,
Yours sincerely,
Dear Shri Gupta,
Dear Kum Jaiswal,
Dear Smt Shinde,
My dear Shri Gupta,
Yours sincerely,
(c)
Dear Customer,
Dear Reader,
Dear Subscriber,
Dear Member,
Dear Friend,
Dear Editor,
(b)
The signature:
 If the writer is using a letterhead with his name printed at the top, he
need not write it again below his signature.
 Don’t use ‘Mr’ or any other title like ‘Professor’ in writing your name
below the signature
 Don’t include your degrees and titles as part of your signature. (they
may be included after the name (hand-written or typed) below the
signature.
 In cases where the name may not indicate whether the writer is a man
or woman (married or unmarried), the title is used in parenthesis.
(Miss) Sita Sharma
5. Addressing the Envelope

 Should be written on the envelope
 Sender’s address at the upper left corner or on the back of the envelope
 Some common abbreviation used in addresses:
Ave. Avenue Inc. Incorporated
Bldg. Building Mfg. Manufacturing
Co. Company Rd. Road
Corp. Corporation St. Street

Dept. Department Sq. Square
There are various layouts, using which information is given in letters. They are as follows:
1. Full block layout
2. Semi-block layout
3. Simplified layout
Full block layout: Now a days, this letter layout is the most popular layout because it is
very attractive, easy to read and very simple to draft. It saves time because indentation is
not required.
Eg: Letter Head
Date
Addresses
Sub:
Salutation
Main body
Complimentary close
Signature
Enclosure
Semi-block layout: this has become outdated. The heading complimentary close and
signature block are aligned vertically with the right margin. The rest of the elements are left
aligned. Moreover, the salient feature of this style is that each paragraph of the message
begins a few spaces away from the margin.
Simplified layout: This layout follows the following principles:
1. Omits salutation
2. Often includes a subject line in capital letters
3. Omits complimentary close
Incorrect usage Correct Usage

The firm would be glad to present a We would be glad to present a ......
demonstration of the washing machine
for the customer’s benefit
We are happy to receive your request Thank you very much for your enquiry/ request/
for... order
You have paid no attention to our Kindly look into our complaint
complaint
None of your cheques have been received We are yet to receive the payment for the 20
by us laptops sent to you earlier this month
I am sorry to have to point out that we do We are sorry to inform you that due to limited
not have these goods in stock now of stock, we cannot honour your order for the next

time three weeks
I have immense pleasure in informing to You will be glad to know that....
you the fact that...
You have not yet informed me I have not yet been informed
The chairman conducted the meeting in a The meeting was conducted in a routine way
routine way
Types of Business Letters:

 Acknowledgment letter
 Good will letter
 Letter of recommendation
 Credit and collection letter
 Appreciation letter
 Inquiry letter
 Sales letter
 Claim letter
 Request letter
 Adjustment letter
1. Acknowledgement letter: This type of letter is written when you want to
acknowledge someone for his/ her help or support when you were in trouble or
required that person’s monetary help or guidance for the completion of some task. It
speaks volumes about the gratitude that you have.
2. Letter of Recommendation: This type of letter is written to recommend a person for
a job position or admission in a higher degree or a specialized kind of study
programme.
3. Appreciation Letter: this type of letter is written to appreciate someone’s work in an
organization or appreciation letter to another organization.
4. Acceptance Letter: An acceptance letter begins by thanking whoever has sent the
job offer and make it clear that you have decided to accept it.
5. Apology Letter: It is written for a failure in delivering the desired results. If a person
has taken up a task and he/she fails to meet the target, then an apology is generally
offered.
6. Complaint Letter: It is written to tell someone that an error has occurred and that
needs to be corrected as soon as possible.
7. Adjustment Letter: dealing with a complaint is usually not a very happy thing to do.
A letter that deals with a complaint and claim letter is termed as an adjustment letter.
8. Inquiry Letter: a letter of enquiry is written to enquire about a product or service.
9. Permission Letter: these letters are widely used to send and receive messages of
request, or to seek or grant permission for utilizing the resources, facilities or services.
10. Invitation Letter: it is sent by an individual or an organization to invite someone to
attend an event.
11. Rejection Letter: they are written for declining somebody’s request

12. Order Letter: Is used for ordering products. It can be used as a legal document to
show the transaction between the customer and the vendor.
13. Application Letters and Cover Letters: The letter of application is just like a sales
letter in which you market your skills, abilities and knowledge.
A cover letter is primarily a document of transmittal as it identifies that an item is
being sent. It serves as a permanent record of the transmittal for both the writer and
the reader.
14. Sales Letters: they are written to advertise and promote a product.
1. Which one of the following letters is used to correspond with the suppliers?
a. Personal letter
b. Informal letter
c. Business letter
d. Congratulating letter
2. In job application letter, one of the following is missed
a. Inside address
b. Sender’s address
c. Receiver’s address
d. Letter head
3. Mr. Arun was not sure about the gender of the bank manger whom he had to address to
send a letter for an enquiry of his deposit. Which one of the following would be best
suitable in such cases?
a. Dear Madam
b. Dear Sir
c. Dear Madam/Sir
d. None
4. All the formal letters have a margin of
a. One and half inch
b. Two inches
c. Two and half inch
d. One inch
5. One of the following letters is used as a legal document between the vendor and the
customer
a. Order letter
b. Invitation letter
c. Adjustment letter
d. Acknowledgement letter
6. Sales letter is used
a. To order products
b. To invite someone
c. To send and receive messages
d. To advertise and promote
7. A letter that deals with a complaint or a claim is called a

a. Complaint letter
b. Adjustment letter
c. Claim letter
d. Compensation letter
8. One of the following letters mainly focuses on expressing gratitude
a. Invitation letter
b. Sales letter
c. Appreciation letter
d. Acknowledgment letter
9. Permission letter is written to seek permission
a. For utilization of resources
b. For inquiring about a product
c. For complaining on a product
d. For appreciating a product
10. The preferred British style of writing date is
a. August 18th, 1995
b. 8/18/1995
c. 8-18-1995
d. 8-18-95
11. 12-1-1991 is
a. British style
b. American style
c. African style
d. Asian style
12. Esq is the abbreviation of
a. Esquire
b. Esquamulose
c. Esquilax
d. Esquiline
13. The salutation for official designation is
a. Dear Madam
b. My dear Madam
c. Dear Mr President
d. Gentlemen
14. The common salutation for formal letters is
a. Dear sir,
b. Dear Ram,
c. My dear Ram,
d. My dear son,
15. One of the following titles cannot be spelt in full
a. Professor
b. Ambassador
c. General
d. Doctor

16. The order of the sender’s address is
a. Date, street, city
b. City, street, date
c. Date, city, street
d. Street, city, date
17. 1 December 1998 is the preferred style of date in
a. America
b. British
c. International
d. Indian
18. My dear Revanth is a __________ salutation
a. Formal
b. Informal
c. Both formal and informal
d. None
19. Mesdames is the plural form of
a. Sir
b. Gentleman
c. Madam
d. Sirs
20. Which one of the following opening expresses sympathy?
a. Thank you for your letter
b. I hope you are keeping well
c. How are things with you?
d. I was very sorry to hear that from you
21. Which one of the following is a common ending in formal letters?
a. Yours affectionately
b. Yours faithfully
c. Yours lovingly
d. Your sincere friend
22. One of the following ending is used in British style letters between people who know
each other by name
a. Yours sincerely,
b. Yours cordially,
c. Yours truly,
d. Yours cordially
23. Yours truly is the ending used in British style for
a. Formal business letter
b. Informal letter
c. A desire to sound respectful
d. No personal relationship between the addressee and the writer
24. ‘Cordially yours’, ‘yours’ does not start with a capital letter in
a. American usage
b. British usage

c. Indian usage
d. French usage
25. The ending for salutation Dear sir/madam is
a. Yours faithfully
b. Yours sincerely
c. Yours admiringly
d. Yours cordially
INFORMAL LETTER

10, Nethaji Road
Governorpet
Vijayawada
20th November 2016
Dear Sudhakar
I received your letter yesterday. I am happy to hear that you have been successful in the
Group-I exams and that you have been selected for the post of Deputy Collector. At last, you
have made it! I feel proud of you. You have written that there will be training before you are
posted to any place. I hope you will successfully complete the training also.
Ravi is greatly excited to hear the news of your success, perhaps he wants to follow your
example. I am so happy that your letter has given him a new inspiration.
How is Lalitha? Poor girl, she must have gone through a lot of hardship and tension during
your studies and preparation. She deserves to be congratulated first. Therefore, i congratulate
both of you for your success.
Please give my regards to your father and mother. At last, their difficulties have come to an
end now.
Yours lovingly
Divakar
Formal letter
Preeti Caterers
Road No.6
Rampeta

Kakinada-44
15th October 2016
Mr.P.Venugopal
Principal
Government College for Women
Kakinda-6
Dear Mr. Venugopal
Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve lunch on the inaugural day of the
conference.
We are pleased to send you a special menu listing the dishes for the lunch. Please mark the
ones which you would like us to prepare.
We would also like to inform you that our management has decided to give you an additional
discount of 5 per cent on the total expenses.
Yours sincerely
(G. Kuppuswamy)
5.Memorandum
A memorandum (memo) is the most frequently used form of communication within an

organization. It is used between persons who work together closely or are acquainted with

one another and rarely used for communication with the members of other organizations. A
memo is generally brief and to the point, and so the professionals find it a convenient means
of communication in all directions: upward, downward and horizontal.
Downward Memos: They are used to communicate to the sub ordinates in the hierarchy of
the organisation
Upward Memos: They are sent by sub ordinates to their superiors sent by sub ordinates to
their superiors.
Horizontal Memos: They are sent to peer or to people who are hierarchically equivalent in
the organisation.
Letters versus Memos:

 Unlike letters, which are used as a means to reach out to people outside an
organisation, memos are used to send information inside an organisation
 A memo is written in a specific format, which is different from the letter format
 Memos are less formal than letters
 Memos are less structured than letters
 The tone of the memo is more conversational than that of a letter
 Memos contain less background explanation and information than letters
Characteristics of Effective Memos:

 Clarity
 Conciseness
 Unity of theme
 Informal tone
Form and Structure:

The following elements usually constitute the structure of a memo:
 Name of the organisation
 Name/ designation of the receiver
 Name/ designation of the sender
 Reference
 Date
 Subject
 Body
 The signature of the sender
Types of Memorandum:
1. Confirmation memorandum
2. Request memorandum

3. Purchase memorandum
4. Procedural memorandum
A Memorandum is mainly written for two purposes:

1. Those which are written for transacting the daily business in an organization and
2. Those which contain short reports.
1. A _________ is formal written message, written in a conventional form for someone

within the organisation to meet a specific need.
a. Business letter
b. Informal letter
c. Business memo
d. Appreciation letter
2. ‘Although a memo is a formal business document, its tone is usually informal and
conversational’. Which one of the following characteristics is related to the above
statement?
a. Clarity
b. Conciseness
c. Unity of theme
d. Informal tone
3. One of the following is an element of memorandum
a. Subject
b. Clarity
c. Unity
d. Coherence
4. The memos sent between peer groups are called as
a. Vertical memos
b. Horizontal memos
c. Upward memos
d. Downward memos
5. The memos sent by sub ordinates to their superiors are
a. Vertical memos
b. Horizontal memos
c. Upward memos
d. Downward memos
6. The memos used to communicate to the sub ordinates are
a. Vertical memos
b. Horizontal memos
c. Upward memos
d. Downward memos
7. A memo is written in ____________ format
a. Letter format
b. Report
c. Specific format

d. Paragraph
8. The tone of a memo is
a. Traditional
b. Conversational
c. Formal
d. Written
9. Memos contain less _______________________ than letters
a. Background explanation and information
b. Theoretical and practical
c. Instructions and procedures
d. Suggestions and recommendations
10. One of the following is the main difference between a letter and a memo
a. Memos are more structured than letters
b. Memos send information outside the organisation and letters inside the
organisation
c. Memo is written in a letter format and letter in a paragraph
d. Memos are less formal than letters.
Example:
Sitaram Maxwell Ltd.
Interoffice Memorandum
To : The Managing Director

From: The Sales Manger
Ref : DIT/ 179
Date : 28 Nov 2016
Subject: National Conference on Sales Promotion
As directed, I attended the National Conference held in Chennai on 6 and 27 July, 2007 and
presented a paper on the strategies for the promotion of sales of washing machines.
There was in-depth discussion on different methods of capturing the market through
advertisements on electronics and print media. It was realized that these media did promote
the sales. However, to have a competitive edge it is essential to devise and use other ways of
reaching the consumer across the country. Some of the suggestions made were as follows:
door to door contact with housewives and demonstration at strategic points at different parts
of the town, distribution of handbills in regional languages, and hoardings in big towns.
I am enclosing for you perusal the literature containing the details of the suggestions made at
the conference. I, however, believe it would be better to conduct a market survey before

devising new methods of promoting the sale of our machines.
T.D.Kashiwal
6. Report Writing
A report is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific purpose. It is
a factual and systematic account of a specific business or professional activity. Reports help

in the analysis of a condition, situation, or a problem for an effective solution. Reports several
purposes
 Presenting idea
 Describing problems and suggesting solutions
 Discussing and analyzing data
 Recoding events and happenings
 Analyzing a situation or a condition
 Giving feedbacks, suggestions or recommendations
Types of Reports:
Types Description Examples

Informational Objective presentation of data without Conference reports
analysis or interpretation Seminar reports
Trip reports
Analytical Presentation of data with analysis project report, feasibility reports,
and interpretation market research reports
Routine Presentation of routine information daily production reports, monthly sales
reports, annual reports
Special Presentation of specific information related Inquiry reports, research reports, thesis,
to a single condition, situation, problem or dissertation
occasion
Oral Face-to-face presentation of information accident reports, sales reports, joining
reports, conference reports
Written Presentation of information in written form Project reports, progress reports,
research reports
Formal Long reports with elaborate description and annual reports, thesis, project reports,
discussion technical reports
non-formal Short reports Laboratory reports, daily production
reports, trip reports
Preparation and Planning:
 Set your objective

 Assess your audience

 Decide what information you will need and collect data
 Prepare your skeletal framework, that is, form an outline
Data Collection: recognizing the sources of information and collecting information are
the primary tasks. Formal writing cannot depend on imagination and assumptions. It requires
solid proof.
SOURCES:
The following sources can be approached for data collection:
 Encyclopedias
 Textbooks
 Office records
 Files
 Journals
 Manuals
 Magazines
 Government publications
 Handbooks
 Internet
 Computer databases
 Newspapers
 Handbooks
Methods of Data Collection:

1. Personal observation: it gives firsthand information and is reliable but time
consuming
2. Telephonic Interview: it is the quickest of surveys, but limited information is
available
3. Personal Interview: it is flexible and useful in market survey but is costly and time-
consuming
4. Mail questionnaire: it is the cheapest method and covers wide area but is time
consuming.
1. ___________ help in the analysis of a condition, situation, or a problem for an effective

solution.
a. Letters
b. Reports
c. Memos
d. E-mails
2. The best example of a routine report is
a. Monthly sales report
b. Project report

c. Accident report
d. Trip report
3. Long reports with elaborate description and discussion are called as
a. Non-formal reports
b. Formal reports
c. Analytical report
d. Informational report
4. Presentation of specific information related to a single condition, situation, problem or
occasion are ____________ reports
a. Oral
b. Written
c. Formal
d. Special
5. Informational reports are
a. Presentation of specified information
b. Presentation of data with analysis
c. Presentation of routine information
d. Objective presentation of data without analysis
6. Face-to- face presentation of information is
a. Informational report
b. Analytical report
c. Routine report
d. Oral report
7. Laboratory reports are the best example for
a. Formal
b. Non-formal
c. Written
d. Special
8. Short reports are
a. Formal
b. Oral
c. Non-formal
d. Written
9. Presentation of data with analysis and interpretation
a. Informational
b. Analytical
c. Routine
d. Special
10. Thesis is the best example of ________ report
a. Formal
b. Informal
c. Special
d. Oral
11. To write a profession report one of the following is essential

a. Don’t set your objective
b. Assess your audience
c. It is not necessary to decide what information is needed
d. Importance need not be given to prepare skeletal framework
12. Data collection is important because
a. Solid proof is required
b. Objective should be set up
c. Audience should be entertained
d. Outline should be framed
13. One of the following is a print source for data collection
a. Computer databases
b. Internet
c. E-journals
d. Handbooks
14. One of the following is a technical source for data collection
a. Computer databases
b. Journals
c. Magazines
d. Newspapers
15. The method of data collection in which firsthand information is available and is time
consuming is
a. Personal observation
b. Telephonic interview
c. Personal interview
d. Mail questionnaire
16. The method of data collection in which the survey is quick and limited information is
available is
b. Personal interview
c. Telephonic interview
17. The method of data collection which is flexible and costly and time-consuming is
b. Telephonic interview
c. Personal interview
18. The method of data collection which is cheap and time consuming is
19. The experiment conducted in laboratory comes under the ________ data collection method

20. Trip reports are both
a. Informational and non-formal
b. Analytical and formal
c. Oral and formal
d. Informational and formal
Sample Report
Bharat Cloth Mills

11 Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi-110001
20 November 2016
To
The General Manager
Bharat Cloth Mills
Sub: A report on the reasons for the declining of sales
Respected Sir
I would like to bring to your notice about our observations from the meeting
specifically held on 10th November 2016 to discuss the various reasons associated with the sales.
The members present in the meeting had done a meticulous job in identifying the
problems associated with the sales. As we are aware Bharat Cloth Mills is well known for its
outstanding quality, the customers look for quality. No doubt the company is able to satisfy the
customers in terms of quality. One of our sales managers from the southern region has conducted
a survey on the decline of our sales and put forward the following things which the customers are
aiming at.
 Readymade garments are given preference
 Fabric should be dyed in various colours
 Manufacture Baba suits
 Incorporate the new patterns in Sarees
 Update with recent fashions
 Though quality is good, the prices are higher compared to other companies
 Frequent bandhs disturbing the economy of the country
 People depending more on foreign material
The committee decided for more than eight hours relating to the matters specified above.
It had come to a decision to compete with the market. So, the tailors should be trained in
stitching readymade dresses. Some women, who are interested in shopping would be called to

our designing section to say their opinion. The recent fashions can be dealt with by sending one
or two creative designers to other countries. A separate dyeing unit will be set up in our
company. An outlet will be opened in the outskirts of the city and a register containing the
suggestions will be placed, so it would be easier for us to correct ourselves. When customers are
satisfied with the creations of our company, price would not be a big issue.
We are hopefully looking forward to continuing with the suggestions mentioned above.
Yours sincerely
Ragnunadhan Behra
Convenor
7.Writing for Publications

Articles present an objective analysis of facts, findings, inference, recommendations and
conclusions.

Components
 Title – indicates the content of the article
 Author by line - identifies the author
 Abstract - Descriptive – talks briefly about the article & Informative abstract
summarises the essential information focusing on key facts, findings, observations,
results, conclusions and recommendations
 Introduction – introduces the reader to the topic or research work under discussion
 Methodology – describes the materials and methods used in the article
 Results/ Finding – presents the results or findings of the investigation. ‘what was
done’ ‘what happened’ or ‘what was looked into’.
 Discussion – analytical discussion of the results and findings of the investigation
 Conclusion – summarizing the important highlights of the article
 References – contains references to books, journals, reports, dissertations, or/and
published government documents and so on used in the article
UNIT-III
English for National and International Examinations and Placements

Synonym - A word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or
phrase.
Antonym – An antonym is a word that is the opposite meaning of another.
S.NO WORD SYNONYM ANTONYM

1. Devoid Lacking, empty. Bereft Full, complete, replete
2. Enigma Puzzle, mystery, riddle Clarity, comprehensibility,
discernment
3. Penchant Fondness, liking, inclination Dislike, hatred, antipathy
4. Hilarious Funny, lively, humorous Boring, sad, grave
5. Scowl Frown, grimace, glower Grin, smile
6. Sagacity Wisdom, acumen, astuteness Ignorance, stupidity, ineptness
7. Adept Skilled, accomplished, Incompetent, clumsy, awkward,
proficient unskilled
8. Ostentatious Flashy, showy, flamboyant, Modest, moderate, plain, quiet
conspicuous
9. Alacrity Promptness, alertness, Apathy, indifference,
enthusiasm, fervor disinclination, dullness
10. Latent Dormant, hidden, inherent, Active, apparent, manifest,
underlying obvious
11. Mitigate Reduce, relieve, ease, diminish Worsen, aggravate, increase
12. Strident Harsh, shrill, loud, jarring Quiet, soft, pleasant, low
13. Elated Delighted, excited, overjoyed, Depressed, miserable, sad,
euphoric sorrowful
14. Extinct Dead, obsolete, disappear, Alive, extant, living, existing
bygone
15. Rectitude Uprightness, honesty, integrity, Deceit, dishonesty, evil,
goodness immorality
16. Audacious Reckless, bold, daring, fearless Timid, afraid, fearful, meek
17. Capricious Unstable, impulsive, fickle, Reasonable, steadfast, constant,
unpredictable stable, reliable
18. Venerate Revere, respect, admire, adore Denounce, despise, hate, detest
19. Resolved Determined, decide Hesitate, forget, refuse

20. Wield Control, exercise, brandish Ignore, neglect, cease
Comprehension
Comprehension is an important test in most competitive examinations. Some of them have

separate sections for comprehension where candidates have to work on several passages.
Hence, it is important that due attention is paid to comprehension exercises.
Concept summary:
The word ‘comprehend’ means ‘to understand’. You are required to go through a
passage, grasp its gist, and then answer the questions based on it. It involves the use of your
vocabulary, your sense of language, your ability to locate meanings, your intelligence to
assess the real spirit of the passage and your capability to infer conclusions from the given
content. You should remember that your answers must be based on and confirmed by the
information given in the passage and not by an outside source. Only in certain cases, the
inference may take you outside the boundary of the passage but even then your answer must
be a logical consequence of the information in the passage.
Practice Set-I
Scan the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of
information provided in the passage.
Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a
period, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. Therefore, when you exert
your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary
workload. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker
and stronger in response to the demands placed on them.
One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight
training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to
the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra
workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of
blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same
quantity of blood. Sounds good? There’s no more. Your entire circulatory system is given a

thorough workout every time you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the
neural paths from your brain’s command centres to each individual muscle become more
effective enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In
essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely tuned piece of machinery, whirring along
without any break-down. In today’s stress filled world, you need all help you can get.
1. What is the principal training of weightlifting?

a. Adapting the body to the muscle force
b. Adapting muscles to force implied on them
c. Disposing extra-workload
d. Mechanized response to external conditions
2. What affects the nature of the muscle fibres?

a. Intensity of workload
b. Alimentary system
c. Nutrition
d. Stress imposed on them
3. How does the heart become stronger owing to physical exercise?

a. Thorough acclimatization
b. Naturalization
c. Adapting to excessive workload
d. By accelerating the circulation of blood
4. How much blood does the heart pump at the same number of heartbeats, when
exposed to excessive stress?
a. Same quantity
b. Less than before
c. More than normal
d. None of these
5. What happens to our body due to physical exercise?

a. More efficient
b. Less efficient
c. Efficiency of the body remains the same
d. None of these
6. What does the term ‘well-oiled’ in the passage denote?

a. Healthy
b. Efficient
c. Massaged
d. None of these
7. Which one of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

a. Health is wealth
b. Exercise – its benefits
c. The Mechanics of Weight Training
d. How to retain health?
8. In the present world, the importance of physical exercise has

a. Increased
b. Decreased
c. Remained at the same level
d. None of these
9. What, according to the passage, is the function of the heart?

a. Oxygenation of blood
b. Pumping the blood to the muscles
c. Pumping the blood to capillaries
d. Accelerating the circulation of blood
10. What does the above passage suggest?
a. We should carry out physical exercise as a routine
b. Physical exercise is necessary occasionally
c. We should ignore physical exercise
d. We should subject our body to as much exercise as it can withstand
Practice Set- 2
The best way of understanding our own civilization is to take an ordinary sort of day
in the life of an ordinary sort of man, myself for instance, and to see what he does. My home
is in London. I get up in the morning when an alarm clock rings on the table by my bed. It is
quite a complicated machine and works perfectly. I get into a hot bath, the water for which
has been heated by gas. The gas is supplied by the Gas Board for the area in which I live; it is
a part of a national system. The water is supplied by the City Water Board. After bathing, I
shave – the water for my shave comes from a kettle which has been heated by electricity. As
far as I am concerned, what happens is very simple. I put a plug in the wall and put on the
switch and the electricity does the rest. I use a safety razor, the blade of which, made of very
finely tempered steel, has been cut, together with millions of other blades, by machines. The
clothes which I put on have also been spum and woven largely by steam or electrically driven
machines.
1. The ‘I’ in this passage represents
a. A common man
b. A rich person
c. An automation
d. A robot
2.The ideal way of understanding a civilization is
a. To read its literature
b. To see how the people shave, bathe and dress

c. To assess its technological progress
d. To study the daily routine of an ordinary person
3. The ‘complicated machine’ in the passage refers to
a. An electric kettle
b. A safety razor
c. An alarm clock
d. Gas
4. The gas being ‘supplied by a national system’ means that
a. It is supplied by a nationalist government
b. It is supplied only nationally and not internationally
c. It is supplied all over the country by a central agency
d. It is supplied to only those who believe in a national system
5. The kind of life experienced by the writer is representative of
a. An advanced urban society
b. A rural society
c. A semi-urbanized society
d. A socialist society
Practice Set -3
Bansilal’s train was late and it reached Bombay a little after midnight. It was his first
visit to the city, and he didn’t know where to go. He thought he would go to a choultry where
he would not have to pay rent, but he did not know how to find one at that hour. He asked a
porter to get him a cheap room. The porter asked him for three rupees to take him to one. But
Bansilal waved him away and walked out of the station. He wandered through the streets and
asked a number of people but could not find a room cheap enough for him.
He sat down on a park bench to think of what he should do next. He was very tired
and fell asleep on the bench. He woke up the next morning, stiff in every limb; but he smiled
when he realized that it was the cheapest night’s lodging that he had ever had.
1. Bansilal could not get any accommodation for the night as
a. All the hotels in the city were closed
b. All the hotel rooms were booked
c. The hotels were too expensive for him to afford
d. He wanted to spend the night in the open
2. In the passage, the word ‘choultry’ should mean
a. An expensive hotel
b. A highway hotel
c. A roadside eatery
d. A free resting place
3. The porter refused to help Bansilal because
a. He was rude to the porter
b. He had no previous acquaintance with the porter

c. He spoke a language which the porter could not understand
d. He refused to pay the porter any tip
4. The night in the open
a. Refreshed Bansilal
b. Gave him aches all over his body
c. Made his limbs stronger
d. Did not affect him at all
5. From the passage, Bansilal emerges as
a. A thrifty person
b. An extravagant spender
c. An adventurous person
d. A fun-loving person
ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES

Substitution is also a variant of vocabulary test; you are required to use one
word for a sentence or a part of a sentence. There are certain specific words that
stand for a group of words or indicate a place, a situation or state of mind.
1. One who acts against religion Heretic

2. One who offers one’s services Volunteer
3. One who eats human flesh Cannibal
4. One who is indifferent to pain and pleasure Stoic
5. One who studies things of the past Antiquarian
6. One who is gifted with several talents Versatile
7. One who is new to a profession Novice
8. One who knows many languages Polyglot
9. One who cuts precious stones Lapidist
10. One who cures eye diseases Oculist
11. One who sells sweets and pastries Confectioner
12. One who walks in one’s sleep Somnambulist
13. One who talks in one’s sleep Somniloquist
14. One who has an irresistible tendency to steal Kleptomaniac
15. One who has special skills in judging art, music Connoisseur
etc
16. One who is devoted to the pleasures of eating Epicure
and drinking
17. A collection of flags Bunting
18. A number of stars grouped together Constellation
19. A place for the collection of dried plants Herbarium
20. A building for the lodging of soldiers Barrack
21. An institution for reforming young offenders Reformatory
22. A case in which the sword is kept Sheath

23. A cure for all diseases Panacea
24. The dead body of an animal Carcass
25. The art of preserving skin Taxidermy
26. Separation from other people to avoid infection Quarantine
27. Incapable of being burnt Incombustible
28. Incapable of being corrected Incorrigible
29. Unduly attached to one’s own opinions Opinionated
30. One who is completely self-satisfied complacent
IDIOMS AND PHRASES

Idioms and phrases are recognized through experience. Sometimes ordinary words fail to
embody the experience or catch the spirit of the special situation. Idiom and phrases are
meant for such situations.
1. A feather in the cap A very good achievement

2. A good Samaritan A kind man
3. Big shot Important person
4. A cry in the wilderness An irrelevant effort
5. To beat about the bush To talk about unimportant things
6. Rise from ashes To raise high from low
7. To turn a deaf ear To disregard
8. My hands are full I am busy
9. To read between the lines To understand more than the actual words
10. A red-letter day An important day
11. Once and for all Forever
12. Far and wide All round
13. Face value Superficially
14. Make hay while it shines To make the best use of favorable
opportunities
15. To smell something fishy To feel that there is something wrong
16. To get away with To escape
17. Adam’s ale Ordinary water
18. One’s cup of tea What one likes and can do well
19. Feet of day To be weak or cowardly
20. A skeleton in the cupboard A past event which is kept secret by a family/
something embarrassing or shameful
21. A lady’s man A lover of women’s company
22. To chew the cuds To muse on
23. To cut both ends To argue in support of both sides of the issue
24. Midas touch Ability to succeed in all projects
25. Meek and mild Gentle and quiet

26. Null and void Invalid, without legal effect
27. Short and sweet Brisk, without delay
28. A hot potato An issue that is awkward or embarrassing to
deal with
29. An ivory tower A place or state of life that is out of touch
with people and reality
30. A storm in the teacup A lot of excitement and discussion about a
trivial matter
Eg:
1. For the first week, the apprentice felt like Fish out of water
a. Frustrated
b. Homeless
c. Disappointed
d. Uncomfortable
2. When I saw him in the morning, he looked like a duck in a thunderstorm
a. Entrapped
b. Distressed
c. Indomitable
d. Peaceful
3. Our school is within a stone’s throw of the railway station.
a. Very far-off
b. With a certain radius
c. At a short distance
d. Within a definite circumference
4. He burnt his fingers by interfering in his neighbor’s affair.
a. Got himself into trouble
b. Burnt himself
c. Got himself insulted
d. Got rebuked
5. His friends failed to see why he should ride the high horse just because he
had won in election
a. Become abnormal
b. Appear arrogant
c. Indulge in dreams
d. Hate others
Analogy

Analogy means similarity or resemblance or relationship between two given things. Analogy
test, therefore, intends to evaluate one’s ability to comprehend the relationship that exists
between two objects, things or figures.
1. Cause and effect relationship
Ex: Education: Development
a. Man: Speech
b. Nutrition: Health
c. Game: Play
d. Child: Growth
2. Part and whole relationship
Ex: House: Room
a. Struggle: Fight
b. Transport: Car
c. School: College
d. Boy: Girl
3. Action to object relationship
Ex: Break: Piece
a. Writer: Pen
b. Bread: Bake
c. Kick: Football
d. Muddy: Unclear
4. Worker and tool relationship
Ex: Sculptor: Chisel
a. Pathology: Disease
b. Tailor: Needle
c. Engineer: Site
d. Time: Seconds
5.Worker and product relationship
Ex: Fanner: Crop
a. Fabric: Yarn
b. Cat: Kitten
c. Wish: Desire
d. Editor: Newspaper
6. Word and synonym relationship
Ex: Abate: Lessen
a. Sweet: Bitter
b. Ice: Solid
c. Dog: Bitch
d. Secret: Clandestine
7. Object and creature symbol relationship
Ex: Flag: Nation
a. Fox: Cunning
b. Soldier: War

c. Wine: Grapes
d. Cow: Herbivorous
8. Creature and living place relationship
Example: Bee: Hive
a. Duck: Drake
b. Warm: Tepid
c. Carcass: Corpse
d. Monk: Monastery
9. Creature and offspring relationship
Ex: Horse: Colt
a. Goat: Bleat
b. Dawn: Twilight
c. Dog: Puppy
d. Actor: Stage
10. Creature and Sound relationship
Ex: Frogs: Croak
a. Hare: Leveret
b. Liquor: Intoxication
c. Serpents: Hiss
d. Brake: Car
11. Shrub: Prune:
a. Beard: Shave
b. Hair: Trim
c. Lawn: Mow
d. Wool: Shear
12. Shield: Soldier
a. Stethoscope: Doctor
b. Book: Author
c. Advocate: court
d. Helmet: rider
13. Fox: Cunning:
a. Cat: playful
b. Horse: runner
c. Vixen: cute
d. Ant: Industrious
14. Sonnet: Poem:
a. Ballad: Stanza
b. Murder: Crime
c. Chapter: Book
d. Lie: Falsehood
15. Wrestler: Arena:
a. Cricket: Pitch
b. Ring: Finger

c. Farmer: Field
d. Assistant: Clerk
16. Restaurant: Menu:
a. Library: Catalogue
b. Journal: Newspaper
c. Book: Encyclopedia
d. College Account
17. Heart: Cardiology
a. Brain: Psychology
b. History: Histology
c. Civics: Polity
d. Fossils: Paleontology
18. Donkey: Trot:
a. Monkey: Waddle
b. Cat: Leap
c. Eagle: Stride
d. Mouse: Scamper
19. Infection: Illness:
a. Satisfaction: Appetite
b. Applause: Audience
c. Antidote: disease
d. Rehearsal: Performance
20. Ashes: Fire:
a. Building: Debris
b. Current: Bygone
c. Relics: Civilization
d. Bottle: Stopper
21. Needle: Thread:
a. Leader: follower
b. Prick: sew
c. Bat: ball
d. Pin: Cushion
22. Bow: Riffle: Hourglass:
a. Clock tower
b. Bullet
c. Diameter
d. Chronometer
23. Errata: flaws: Jewels:
a. Mall scripts
b. Books
c. Literature
d. Prints
24. Drill: Bore: Sieve:
a. Thresh

b. Sift
c. Pry
d. Rinse
25. Country: President: State:
a. Governor
b. Minister
c. Chief minister
d. Citizen
26. Bread: Yeast: Curd:
a. Fungi
b. Bacteria
c. Germs
d. Virus
27. Steel: Rails: Alnico:
a. Aircraft
b. Machinery
c. Silverware
d. Magnets
28. Tree: Forest: Grass
a. Lawn
b. Field
c. Garden
d. Farm
29. Conscience: wrong: Police
a. Thief
b. Law
c. Discipline
d. Crime
30. Tebran: Iran: Beijing:
a. China
b. Japan
c. Turkey
d. Malaysia
31. Pigeon: Peace: White Flag:
a. Friendship
b. Victory
c. Surrender
d. War
32. Cobra is related to snake in the same way as Leopard is related to
a. Tiger
b. Lion
c. Cat
d. Zebra
33. Leaf is related to Sap in the same way as Bone is related….?

a. Fluid
b. Blood
c. Marrow
d. Calcium
34. Circle is related to circumference as Square is related t…?
a. Area
b. Volume
c. Diagonal
d. Perimeter
35. Crumb is related to Bread in the same way as Morsel is related to ….?
a. Fruit
b. Biscuit
c. Food
d. Cake
SENTENCE FILLERS
Stem filling or sentence filler is sentence completion with a variance. In a simple sentence
completion, you fill in the blank with one of the words given as choices to you. In this
format, part of a sentence is given which need to be completed with one of the various
sentence parts provided to you as alternatives.
1. Despite his best efforts to conceal his anger……..
a. We could detect that he was very happy
b. He failed to give us an impression of his agony
c. He succeeded in camouflaging his emotions
d. People came to know that he was annoyed
2. Even though it is very large house, …………..
a. There is a lot of space available in it for children
b. There is hardly any space available for children
c. There is no dearth space for children
d. The servants take a long time to clean it
3. Practically, very little work could be completed in the last week as it
was ……………….
a. Full of working days
b. A very hectic day
c. Full of holidays
d. A very busy week
4. I felt somewhat more relaxed ……………
a. But tense as compared to earlier
b. And tense as compared to earlier
c. As there was already no tension
d. And tension as compared to earlier

5. With great efforts his son succeeded in convincing him not to donate
his entire wealth to an orphanage………..
a. And lead the life of a wealthy merchant
b. But to a home for the forsaken children
c. And make an orphan of himself
d. As the orphanage needed a lot of donations
6. The value of a work of art is seldom precisely measurable in terms of
………
a. Aesthetic harmony
b. Goods produced, or man hours saved or an increase in the GNP
c. The abstract sense of harmony the work excludes
d. The labor invested in it
7. He always stammers in public meetings, but his today’s speech……
a. Was audible to everyone present in the hall
b. Was not received satisfactorily
c. Could not be understood properly
d. Was surprisingly fluent
8. He tames animals because he ………………………………..
a. Is fond of them
b. Hates them
c. Wants to set them free
d. Is afraid of them
9. He has no money now ……………………….
a. Although he was very poor once
b. As he has given up all his wealth
c. Because they had received huge donations once
d. Because he always spends money with utmost care
10. In order to raise the company’s profit, the employees……………
a. Demand two additional increments
b. Decided to go on paid holidays
c. Requested the management to implement new welfare schemes
d. Offered to work overtime without any compensation
Restructuring Sentences
1. He was in the habit of smoking. He no longer smokes.
He used to smoke. [The structure used to is used to talk about past habits &
states which are now finished]
2. She started singing at 7 a.m. She is still singing. Now it is 9 a.m.

She has been singing since 7 am or
She has been singing for two hours.
3. She joined our company in 2005. She quit our company in 2011.

She worked with our company in 2015. She quit our company in 2011 or
She worked with our company for six years before she quit in 2011.
4. He began to wait for his friend. He waited for a long time. She is still waiting.
He has been waiting for his friend for a long time
5. I began teaching in this college in 1995. I am still teaching here.

I have been teaching in this college since 1995
6. I left my native village in 2002. I have been living in Mumbai from that time till now.
I have been living in Mumbai since I left my village in 2002
7. Anne read the book then she went to see the film
After reading/ she had read the book, Anne went to see the film
8. Mike moved to Australia six months ago.

Mike has been living in Australia for six months.
9. “You must park here” the police officer said to Agnes.

The police officer told Agnes to park there
10. ‘I promise I will call tomorrow’
He promised to call the next/ following day.
11. If I am paid all the money I am owed, I will change my car
Should I be paid all the money I am owed, I will change my car
12. I wouldn’t buy a new house, even if I won the lottery.
Even if I were to win the lottery, I wouldn’t buy a new house.
13. They are going to build a new cinema on the site of the old library.
A new cinema will be built on the site of the old library
14.There isn’t just enough money to pay the bill
There is too little money to pay the bill
15.The book was very expensive, so I decided not to buy it
The book was so expensive (that) I decided not to buy it

UNIT-IV
[SOFT SKILLS-I]
MOTIVATION
Motivation is the word derived from the word ‘motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or
drives within the individuals.
Types of Motivation:
1. Achievement Motivation
 It is the drive to pursue and attain goals
 Accomplishment is important
 It is more important for professionals
2. Affiliation Motivation
 It is a drive to relate to people on a social basis
 It is of greater use, where money cannot be used to motivate
Eg: Minimum wage employees & contingent professionals
3. Competence Motivation
 Allows individual to perform high quality work
 Strive to be creative when confronted with obstacles
 Learn from experience
Eg: Specialists like Heart surgeons would feel motivated if they get
chances to operate upon unique cases
4. Power Motivation
 It is the drive to influence people and change situations
 Power motivated people create an impact on the organization
 Willing to take risks
Eg: Ms.Mayawati, CM of UP is power motivated
5. Attitude Motivation
 It is how people think and feel
 It is their self-confidence, their belief in themselves & their attitude to
life.
 React to the past and feel about the future
6. Incentive Motivation
 It is where a person or a team reaps a reward from an activity
 It is the type of rewards & prizes that drive people to work a little
harder
Eg: Most of the unorganized job workers get motivated when they are
offered more money
7. Fear Motivation
 It coercions a person to act against will

It is instantaneous and gets the job done quickly
Eg: In Indian army, this kind of motivation is very popular
8. Team Motivation
 A group heading towards a common objective will be perform best
when it is motivated as a team
Tips for effective Team motivation are
 Team’s objective should be well aligned & synchronized

 Team’s mission should be in written form
 Team should be given challenges
 Team should be given a responsibility & authority
 Team should be provided with growth opportunities
 Devote quality/ productive time to the team
 Have an optimistic and good relationship with the team members
 Welcome the views and ideas of the other team members
 Skills and competencies of the team members should be fully utilized
 Provide feedback to the team
 Give the team recognition for good and outstanding performance
Techniques for Self-motivation
 Talk with optimistic and motivated individuals

 Remain optimistic
 Discover your interest area
 Self-acknowledgement
 Monitor and record your success level
 Assist, support and motivate others
 Encourage learning
 Break bigger goals into smaller goals

SELF IMAGE
We know what we are, but know
Not what we may become – William Shakespeare
Knowing others is intelligence
Knowing yourself is wisdom
Mastering others is strength
Mastering yourself is power – Tao Te Ching
Self –image is how you see yourself. This may be how you see yourself physically or your
opinion of who & what you are which is normally called self-concept.
It includes
 What you think you look like

 How you see your personality
 What kind of person you think you are?
 What you believe others think of you
 How much you like yourself or you think others like you
 The status you feel you have
Process of knowing yourself
 Maintain personal diary

 Practice meditation
 Exercise regularly
 Go for walk regularly
 Develop new interests
Tips to improve self – image:
 List things you like about yourself

 Change negative thoughts to positive
 Remember compliments and note down
 Try the powerful method of self-hypnosis
 Accept criticism
 Never be ashamed of your body, learn to appreciate and look after it
 Read inspiring books about esteem
 Avoid exaggerations
 Nip negative thoughts in the bud
 Accept imperfections
 Replace criticism with encouragement

 Don’t feel guilty about things beyond your control
 Treat yourself kindly
GOAL SETTING
Goal setting is a theory of motivation. Goals indicate and give direction to a person
about what needs to be done and how much efforts are required to be put in.
Features of goal setting:
 Specific and clear goals lead to greater output and better performance
 Goals should be realistic and challenging
 Better and appropriate feed back
 Clear, and difficult goals are greater motivating factors than easy, general and vague
goals
 Participation of setting goal makes goal more acceptable and leads to more
involvement
Tips for setting goals:
 State each goal as a positive statement

 Be precise
 Set priorities
 Write goals down
 Keep operational goals small
 Set performance goals not outcome goals
 Set realistic goals
Limitations of Goal Setting
 Very difficult and complex goals stimulate riskier behavior

 If a person lacks skills and competencies to perform actions essential for goal, then
the goal setting can fail and lead to undermining of performance

MANAGING CHANGES
Individual change management required understanding how people experience change and
what they need to change successfully.
Tips for managing changes:
 Participate in change
 Be part of the change
 Allow time for new thinking to develop
 Communicate change
 Know why you are making the change and what success will like
 Develop a vision of what the situation will be like when you have the change in place
 Differentiate between what is happening now and what it will be like when the change
has happened
 Be specific:
 Why is this proposal much better than what you have now?
 Will it deliver a much better service?
 Will it save money?
 Will it motivate your staff and volunteers more?
 Clearly specify the change you want to see
 Think it through before you change
 Be the change you want to see
 Build change momentum

TIME MANAGEMENT
“Time is like an arrow, once it leaves the bow, it does not come back”
“Time is very democratic in nature because it treats all persons absolutely
impartially”
Time Management Matrix:

1. Do now
 Emergencies
 Crisis
 Demands from the boss
 Planned tasks due now
 Seeing a doctor when sick
 Seeing the day’s news
 Meetings and appointments
 Paying phone bills
2. Plan to do
 Studying
 Developing changes
 Replying important letters
 Eating regularly healthy food
 Relationship building
 Attending classes
 Taking up revision tests
3. Reject and explain
 Attending some phone calls
 Attending parties
 Seeing a movie
 Taking account of attractive discount sales
 Trivial request from others
 Apparent emergencies
 Pointless routine activities

4. Resist and cease
 Watching movies, T.V
 Chatting with friends
 Internet chatting
 Sight seeing
 Shopping computer games
 Day dreaming
Time wasters:
 Indecision
 Inefficiency
 Procrastination
 Unrealistic time estimates
 Poor organization
 Ineffective meetings
 Doing urgent rather than important things
 Poor planning
 Lack of priorities and procedures
Time Savers:
 Manage the decision-making process

 Concentrate on doing only one task at a time
 Establish daily, short-term, mid-term and long-term goals
 Do not waste other people’s time
 Get rid of busy work
 Maintain accurate calendars
 Keep things simple
5 Steps to successful time management:
1. Set specific goals [academic or personal]

2. Create a term calendar recording major events
3. Create a weekly schedule of your classes, meetings etc
4. Decide on specific times to work on each course

5. Make a to-do list for each day, the day before
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Stress is defined as a feeling of emotional or physical tension when faced with
difficult situations.
Kinds of stress:
1. Acute stress:
It is quite intense and disappears quickly
Eg: Imagine being out for a leisurely evening walk, a street dog jumps at you
2. Episodic acute stress:
The people who often blame their problems on other people. The symptoms
are the symptoms of extended over arousal including persistent tension,
headaches, migraines, digestive problem, hypertension.
3. Chronic stress:
It is a long-term stress resulting from those nagging problems that just don’t
seem to go away.
Sources of stress:
 Significant life adjustments

 Daily routines
 Unrealistic self-expectations
 Interpersonal relationships
 Psychological, spiritual, sociological and organizational sources
 People
Assessing the existence of stress:
 No longer taking pleasure in activities that used to be enjoyable

 Finding even simple things burdensome or difficult to accomplish
 Feeling on edge, frustrated or annoyed having less patience
 A change in eating habits, either eating more or less than usual
 Sleeping more than usual or having difficulty getting to sleep
 Lack of energy
 Being easily annoyed by simple problems

 Trouble in concentrating or making decisions
 Banging on walls with fists
Stress Management Tips:
 Breathe easily
 Visualize calm
 Try a tonic
 Smile
 Do some mathematics
 Stop gritting your teeth
 Compose a mantra
 Count to 10
 Put it on paper
 Just say no
 Say yes to pressure
 Take a walk
 Try tea
 Listen to music
 Say a little prayer

LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an
individual or organization to ‘lead’ or guide other individuals, teams or entire organizations.
Traits of an Effective Leader
 Emotional stability
 Dominance
 Conscientiousness
 Social boldness
 Tough mindedness
 Self- assurance
 Compulsiveness
 Honesty
 Communication
 Commitment
 Positive attitude
 Creativity
 Intuition
 Inspire approach
 Confidence
 High energy
 Maturity
 Team orientation
 Empathy
 Charisma

TEAMWORK
A team is a small group of people with complementary skills and abilities who are committed
to a common goal and approach for which they hold each other accountable.
Skills needed for teamwork:
 Listening
 Questioning
 Persuading
 Respecting
 Helping
 Sharing
 Participating
 Communication
Characteristics of effective team:
 Clear purpose
 Informality
 Participation
 Listening
 Civilized disagreement
 Open communication
 Clear roles and work assignments
 Shared leaderships
 External relations
Role of a team leader:
 Motivate and inspire team members

 Facilitate problem solving and collaboration
 Maintain healthy group dynamics

 Encourage creativity, risk-taking and constant improvement
 Recognize and celebrate team and team member accomplishments and exceptional
performance
 Familiarize the team with the customer needs, specifications and various standards
 Help keep the team focused and on track
 Provide guidance to the team based on management direction
 Have a open relationship
 Develop a close relationship
Role of a team member:
 Care for each other

 Open and trustful
 Commitment
 High levels of trust
 Address conflict
 Real listening
 Express feelings
 Be clear about the objectives of the team
 Set targets for improvement
 Develop a close relationship reflect the work methods
 Identifying individual skills
9 Persons a successful team should have:
1. Co-ordinator: A skilled person who can extract work from others

2. Shaper : makes things to happen
3. Planner : comes out with original ideas and challenges than the traditional ones
4. Resource Investigator: with good contact and network brings lot of information and
support from outside
5. Implementer: Well organized and effective at turning big ideas into manageable ones
6. Completer: who reaches the deadlines and targets
7. Evaluator: can judge the situation accurately
8. Specialist: provides special skills and knowledge
9. Finisher: who sticks to deadlines and does not believe in relaxing at work place

CAREER AND LIFE PLANNING
Career planning is the life-long process a person goes through to learn about himself, develop
a self-concept, learn about careers and work situations and then make a career choice based
on information gathered.
Benefits of career planning:
 Realize the many career choices available to you

 Have an increased sense of self-awareness
 Develop a well targeted resume
 Be prepared for the interviews
 A career and explore lifelong education and personal development
 Develop relationships with human resource professionals
Guidelines for choosing a career:
 Begin with your values

 Identify your skills and talents
 Identify your preferences
 Experiment
 Become broadly literate
 Opt for experience first, money second
 Aim for a job in which you can become 100% committed
 Build your lifestyle around your income, not your expectations
 Invest 5% of your time, energy and money into furthering your career
 Be willing to change and adapt

UNIT- V
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
The theory of Multiple Intelligence is developed by Harvard Psychologist Howard Gardner in

1983. It states that there are at least seven ways [intelligences] that people understand and
perceive the world. The following is the list that is developed by Gardner:
1. Verbal Linguistic
 Display a facility with words and languages
 Good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words along
with dates
 Ability to use spoken or written words
 Understand the meaning of words as well as the order of words, their
sounds, rhythms and inflections
 Reflect on the use of language in everyday life
2. Logical-Mathematical
 Good at logic, abstractions, reasoning, numbers and critical thinking
 Have the capacity to understand the underlying principles of casual
system
 Able to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and perform complex
mathematical or logical operations
3. Visual-Spatial
 Deals with spatial judgement
 Ability to visualize with mind’s eye
 To think in pictures and to perceive the visual world accurately
 Able to think in three dimensions and recreate aspects of one’s visual
experience via imagination
4. Musical-Rhythmic
 Sensitivity to sounds, tones, rhythms and music

 Have good pitch
 Able to play musical instruments
 Sing, compose music
 Ability to master music rhythms, tones and beats
 Able to recognize, create and reproduce music
5. Body-Kinesthetic
 Sense of timing and coordination
 Ability to control physical motion and bodily emotions
 Ability to handle objects skillfully
 Good at physical activities such as sports, dance
6. Interpersonal
 Sensitive to others’ moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations
 Ability to cooperate in order to work as part of a group
 Communicate effectively and interacting with people
 Able to develop relationships
Eg: Salespersons, politicians, teachers, counselors
7. Intrapersonal
 Introspective and self-reflective
 Understand their strengths and weaknesses
 Able to predict one’s own reactions or emotions
 Reflecting and monitoring one’s thoughts, feelings and regulating them
reflectively

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
The capacity to be aware of control and express one’s emotions and to handle interpersonal
relationships judiciously.
Characteristics:
1. Self-awareness
 Understand their emotions
 Are confident
 Know their strengths and weaknesses
2. Self-regulation
 Ability to control emotions
 Think before they act
 Don’t make careless decisions
3. Motivation
 People with high degree of Emotional Intelligence are
motivated
 Highly productive
 Very effective in whatever they do
4. Empathy
 Ability to identify with wants, needs and viewpoints of people
around you
 Recognize the feelings of others
 Manage relationships
 Avoid judging too quickly
5. Social skills
 Team leaders/players
 Focus on their own success first

 Help others develop and shine
 Manage disputes
 Excellent communicators
 Masters at building and maintaining relationships
Techniques to develop emotional intelligence:
 Observe how to react to people

 Give others a chance to shine
 Don’t worry too much about getting praise for yourself
 Do a self-evaluation
 Keep your emotions under control when things go wrong
 Take responsibility to your actions
 Examine how to react to stressful situations
 If you hurt someone’s feelings, apologize directly
 Stay calm and controlled in difficult situations
 Physical exercise and outdoor play
 Recreation and hobbies

CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING
Critical thinking
It is the process we use to reflect on to assess and judge the assumption underlying our own
and other ideas and efforts. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and
goal directed. It is called convergent thinking.
The following is the list of critical thinking skills outlined by Scheffer and Rubenfield
 Analyzing – separating or breaking a whole into parts to discover the nature of it

 Applying standards – judging according to established personal, professional or social
rules
 Discriminating – finding out the differences and similarities among things and
differentiating them carefully
 Information seeking – Searching by evidence, facts or knowledge by identifying the
appropriate source
 Logical reasoning – Drawing conclusions that are supported by evidences
 Predicting – Imagining the future consequences
 Transforming knowledge – hanging the condition within the availability concepts
Creative thinking:
It is the ability to generate new, varied and unique ideas. It involves the skill of flexibility,
originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking.
Tips to improve creative abilities:
 Always keep track of one’s ideas

 Pose new questions to one’s self everyday
 Be aware of the latest developments in your field

 Read magazines, trade journals
 Develop creative hobbies
 Have courage and self-confidence
 Learn to know and understand one’s self
 Use cross-fertilization to come up with new ideas and concepps from one field orro
another
 Be open and receptive to ideas
 Be alert in one’s observations
 Adopt a risk-taking attitude
 Maintain sense of humour

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information

across different cultures and social groups. It is also called cross-cultural communication. It is
used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally
appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic and educational backgrounds.
Need for Intercultural Communication:
 Success of any international business

 Allows workers from different cultures to work together as a group
 Worldwide marketing campaign
 An increase in international business
Don’ts of Intercultural Communication:
 Using the same approach world-wide

 Considering traditional knowledge and practices as ‘backward’
 Fail to take language barriers into account
 Do not make assumptions about people
 Do not ask inappropriate questions
Do’s of Intercultural communication
 Do talk to others as equals

 Treat people respectfully
 Do always be YOURSELF

 Do consider the feelings, thoughts and experiences of others, particularly those who
are culturally different
Tips to improve Intercultural Communication
 Be patient
 Establish rules
 Respect
 Sense of humour
 Always check
 Be positive
 Self-respect

LEARNING STYLES AND STRATEGIES
Learning Styles:
Learning style has to do with how people bring new information into their knowledge
base. Knowing one’s learning style helps one to use one’s strengths as one study for
courses. VARK questionnaire, a learning style instrument is developed by Neil Fleming.
The VARK system categorizes learners into four styles:
1. Visual Learners:
 Learn best from visual images that do not include writing
 Graphs and diagrams are easy for them to understand
 Remember faces and places by picturing in mind
Tips:
1. Prepare flash cards that includes pictures or diagrams as visual clues

2. High light key information in one’s texts or notes
Eg: If you want to invite a visual learner to come to your house, draw a map
2.Aural or auditory learners
 Do well with hearing information

 Remember words to songs and can recall conversations in detail by hearing them in
their minds
Tips:
1. Work with a regular study partner to review out loud

2. Work in a group where one can discuss the information
3. Tape lectures
4. Use internet resources
5. Mnemonic devices
6. Invent acronyms
3.Reading/Writing learners
 Written material
 Comprehend and remember what they read, and they often enjoy writing
Tips:
1. Re-write notes after class

2. Use colored pens and highlighters to focus in on key concepts and
ideas
3. Write out key concepts and ideas
4. Organize notes/ key concepts into a Power point slide show
5. Compare one’s notes with someone else’s
6. Repetitive writing
Eg: Learners take notes in most classes and will benefit frm reading
them a method for study
4.Kinesthetic learners
 Learn by doing
 Hands-on activities and real-life experiences help them to remember
Tips:
1. Write notes on flashcards

2. Make posters
3. Review flashcards
4. Correlate physical movements with ideas/terms
5. Read notes aloud
6. Walk back and forth, move in some way, when studying notes
Eg: College classes like science labs, acting or sports teach to the strengths of
kinesthetic learners

LEARNING STRATEGIES
They are the thoughts and/ or actions that students use to complete learning tasks. The goal of
learning strategies instruction for students is to become independent learners with the ability
to use strategies aptly in various contexts.
1. Space Practice
 Space out your studying overtime
 Create a studying calendar to plan out how they will revise
2. Retrieval Practice
 Practice bringing information to mind without the help of materials
 Write out or sketch or speak everything you know and try to be as
thorough as possible and check the materials for accuracy
3. Elaboration
 Explain and describe ideas with many details
 Asking open-ended questions about the material, answer in as much
detail as possible and check the material to ensure the answer is correct
4. Inter leaving
 Switch between ideas while you study
 We will learn a skill more effectively if we mix our practice of it with
other skills. This is known as Interleaving [practice over & over again]
Eg: For practicing the area of a triangle, don’t try with 100 triangles,
try with a square, circle and so on.
5.Concrete examples
 Use specific examples to understand abstract [conceptual] ideas

 Encourage students to come up with their own, correcting any examples if
they aren’t right
5. Dual Coding
 Combine words and visuals
 Pay attention to visuals and link them to text by explaining what they
mean in their words


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General English IV Semester

Title of the Paper- Communication & Soft Skills -III

CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS (FORMAL & INFORMAL

Let me introduce our new marketing

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this

Hello, how do you do? Delighted to meet you

Hi, Hello, I’m Kiran I’m very glad to meet you

Yes, I am. I’m Kiran. Nice meeting you

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

2. ASKING QUESTIONS AND GIVING POLITE REPLIES

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

If you don’t mind……. Would you mind helping………?

I would be happy if ………….. Could I speak to ……..please?

Suggestion Would you like me to get you the

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

3. COMPLAINING AND APOLOGISING

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

4. PERSUADING PEOPLE TO DO SOMETHING

Some expressions used for Persuasion:

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Some expressions used for making suggestions:

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Some expressions for giving permission:

Some expressions for refusing permission:

7. Inviting Friends and Colleagues

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Some expressions for accepting an Invitation:

Some expressions for declining an invitation

8. Praising and complimenting people

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

10.Using the Telephone

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Make polite enquiries:

How do you do?

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

8. Mahesh makes a call to the secretary of Sundersan Group of Companies to confirm

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

21. Hi, how are you?

22. Meet my friend Jack.

23. How was your flight?

24. Would you like to look around the company?

25. Would you prefer red or white wine?

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which

Sample Talk Show

THE DAILY TALK TALKSHOW SCRIPT (Intro) Host: Hello Prasad and hello world!

Sample Format of a Talk show

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

To better understand these __________(events,) we'll talk with ____________________,

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

A presentation is a means of communication which can be adapted to various speaking

Points to remember during the presentation:

Steps to make an effective presentation

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

3. Contact your audience

4. Use your voice

Andhra Loyola College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-8

To better understand these (events,) we'll talk with __________,