DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

Open Ended Experiment

Course Title: Electrical Power Systems

Course code: EEE 304

Instructor’s Name: Khalid Imtiaz Saad

Title of the Experiment: Verification of the Surge Impedance Loading Theorem

Student name: Tahsinur Rahman Khan

Student ID: 2019-1-80-076

Section: 2

Date of Performance: 2 August, 2021

Date of Submission: 2 August, 2021

 Open Ended Experiment

Verification of the Surge Impedance Loading Theorem

1. Objective:
The objective of this open- ended experiment is –
1. To design an experiment to verify the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) Theorem.
2. To verify the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) Theorem.

2. Theory Review:
When a transmission line is loaded by being terminated with an impedance equal to its
characteristic impedance, the receiving end current is,
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = ……………………………(1)
𝑍𝐶

For a lossless line, ZC is purely resistive, known as surge impedance. Therefore,

𝐿
𝑍𝐶 = √𝐶 ……………………………(2)

If a lossless line is terminated being loaded with an impedance equal to its surge impedance,
voltage and current at any point in the line are as follows:
V = VR cos β x + jVR sin β x = VR∠βx ………………………..(3)
I = jIR sin β x + IR cos β x = IR∠βx…………………………….(4)
Here, x is the distance from the receiving end and β is the phase constant.
For a lossless line,

β = 𝜔√𝐿𝐶 …………………………………(5)

From the above Eq. (3) and Eq. (4), it is observed that –
1. The magnitude of voltage and current at any point in line remains constant.
2. The angles of the voltage and current are linearly proportional to the distance from the
receiving end x.
3. Procedure:

3.1 Designing the Experiment to verify the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
Theorem

3.1.1 Open PSIM

Open PSIM by clicking on the PSIM entry under PSIM menu from the start menu of
computer.

Then the following window will appear.

3.1.2 Create a New File

Create a new file by clicking on “File > New” or use the keyboard shortcut “Ctrl + N” to
create a new file.
After clicking on “New”, a blank space will appear where we shall design our experiment.
3.1.3 Placing and Connecting the Components on the empty workspace
1. To place the transmission line model in the workspace, from “RLC Branches” menu of
the Library Browser, click on “3-ph AC Cable” and click anywhere in the blank
workspace. Click again on “3-ph AC Cable” and place another on the workspace at the
right side of the previous one.

2. To place the sending end voltage of the transmission line, from “Sources > Voltage” menu
of the Library Browser, click on “3-ph Sine” and click at the left side of the 3-ph AC Cable
in the workspace.
3. To place the 3-phase load at the receiving end of the transmission line, from “RLC
Branches” menu of the Library Browser, click on “R3” and click at the right side of the “3-
ph AC Cable” in the workspace.

4. after completion of the 3 steps successfully, the workspace should look as follows:

5. Now we need to wire the individual components of the circuit with one another. To do so,
click on the “Wire” button located at the toolbar of the PSIM window.
6. Click on the top terminal (marked with dot) of the “3-ph Sine” voltage source, drag the
wire and bring the mouse pointer on the top terminal of the “3-ph AC Cable” and release
the mouse button. Upon successful completion of this step, the circuit should look as
follows:

7. Similarly, connect all the wires of the circuit diagram as shown in the following figure-

8. Locate the ground button at the element toolbar at the bottom of the PSIM window.

9. Click on the ground button and place a ground at the appropriate places of the circuit as
shown in the following figure.

10. Finally, the circuit is completed. Next step will be input of circuit parameters.
3.1.4 Input Circuit Parameters
1. There are four components in the circuit: a three-phase voltage source depicting the
sending end voltage of the transmission line, two models of the transmission line and the
resistive load at the receiving end of the transmission line.
2. Double click on Cable1 of “3-ph AC Cable”. The following dialog box will appear.

Change the Cable Length to any length that meets the criteria of a long transmission
line. You can choose any arbitrary realistic value which is greater than 240 km. The
default unit of any parameter is the SI unit. The unit of the cable length is meter. The
parameters Resistance Rd (Ohm/km) and Reactance Xd (Ohm/km) denote the series
resistance per km and the series reactance per km of the transmission line respectively.
Also, Capacitance Cd (F/km) denotes the shunt capacitance per km that exists in a long
transmission line. Here, we need to put the default value of Reactance Xd (Ohm/km) and
Capacitance Cd (F/km). Note that One can choose any arbitrary value that is realistic for
Rd, Xd and Cd. We can also see that there are other values such as Ro, Xo and Co. These
values are negligible. So, put “1n” to each of them.
As for lossless line, we know that total series resistance (r) is zero. So, we need to put
“1n” value to Rd which is negligible and close to zero. Then check the display boxes to
show the corresponding parameters in the circuit. Close the dialog box.
Similar values should be input in the second “3-ph AC Cable” Cable2. But instead of putting any
value in the cable length we should put x in there and close the dialog box.
3. Double click on “R3”. The following dialog box will appear.

Here, we need to put the value of ZC in the parameter named “Resistance”. We know
from equation (2) of the theory,

𝐿
𝑍𝐶 = √𝐶

Here, L is the value of Inductance of the transmission line and C is the value of the
capacitance of the transmission line. From “3-ph AC Cable”, we get,

Capacitance Cd = 0.21𝜇 𝐹/𝑘𝑚 = C

Reactance Xd = 0.119 Ω/km
And frequency f =50hz
We know,
Xd= 𝜔𝐿
𝑋 0.119
∴ 𝐿 = 𝜔𝑑 = 2×3.1416×50 = 0.00038 H

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

0.00038
𝑍𝐶 = √(0.21×10−6) = 42.47Ω; which is the value of resistance in this case.

We need to put this value 42.47 in the “R3” and check the display box. Then close the
dialog box.
4. Double click on the “3-ph Sine”. The following dialog box will appear.

Here, we need to put the voltage either 132KV or 230KV. And set the frequency to 50hz.
Check the display boxes and then close the dialog box.
5. After successfully changing and displaying the parameters, this circuit should look as
follows-

6. Inputting parameters are now completed successfully. Now, we need to add measuring
devices to the circuit.

3.1.5 Adding Measuring Devices to the Circuit

1. For this experiment we need to use 3 AC voltmeters and 3 AC ammeters. We can find
them in the “Other > Probes” menu from the Library Browser. Double Click on it and
view them just like in the following figure.

2. Click on AC Voltmeter and place it by clicking on the workspace. Need to place 3

voltmeters just like in the following figure.
3. Connect the voltmeters in between any two lines just like in the following figure.

4. Again, go to Other > Probes” menu from the Library Browser, and select AC ammeter.
Place 3 AC ammeters just like in the following figure-

And also name the voltmeters and ammeters and setting the frequency of them by double
clicking on voltmeters and ammeters. Following dialog boxes will appear.
 We need to name the voltmeters and ammeters just like in the above figure. Name the
sending end ammeter Is and sending end Voltmeter Vs. Name the receiving end ammeter
Ir and sending end Voltmeter Vr. And name the other voltmeter and ammeter V and I
respectively as it will show us the voltage and current respectively at any point in the
line. Set the frequency to 50hz to all of the voltmeters and ammeters.

5. After successful completion of the above steps, circuit should look as follows:
3.1.6 Simulation Setup
1. Click on “Simulate > Simulation Control” from the menu bar.

A clock will appear over the mouse. Place the clock anywhere in the workspace.

Double click on it. Then a dialog box will appear. Set the total time to 1 in the dialog box.

Then close the dialog box.

2. From the library browser, type param and click on Find. ParamSweep will appear.
Click on the paramsweep and place it anywhere in the workspace. Double click on it.

Here check the enabled box and type in the name x and set start value to 100000 and end
value to 200000 and give a increment of 20000.
Close the dialog box.

3.1.7 Saving the file

Now we need to save the file by simply hitting “Ctrl + S” in keyboard. We need to set a file
name and save the file.
Final circuit will look like the following figure:
 3.1.8 Simulation and Results
1. Run the simulation by clicking “Simulation > Run PSIM Simulation” or by clicking on
the “Run PSIM Simulation” button in the toolbar or by hitting “F8” button of the
keyboard.

2. The simulation will take a few seconds to run. After completion of the simulation, the
following window will appear.

Here, we can get all six values of Vr, Vs, V and Ir, Is, I. Select all the values of Vr and all the
values of V and click on add button. Click on ok and the following graph will appear. Another
dialog box will appear shortly after that. Cancel that dialog box for now.
Then click on zoom box and zoom an area at the right side of the graph. Also click on vertical
bars which is at the bottom of the graph to view all the values of Vr and V.

Here, we can see from the RMS values of the Graph that all values of V and Vr are almost same
and they are in constant magnitude.
3. Now create a new window.

Then select all the values of I and Ir. And plot the values.

Similarly click on zoom box, zoom an area and click on vertical bars to view all the
values of I and Ir.
Here, we can see from the RMS values of the Graph that all values of I and Ir are almost same
and they are in constant magnitude.

4. Now close the simview window and then simulate again. This time cancel the first dialog
box that is appeared before. Work on the second dialog box and add the value of βx just
like in the following figure.

Here, we know from 5 of theory,

For a lossless line,

β = 𝜔√𝐿𝐶

= 2 × 3.1416 × 50 × √0.00038 × (0.21 × 10−6 )

= 0.0028
So, the angle will be βx = 0.0028x

After clicking ok, the simulation will look as following-

So, angles of the voltage and current are linearly proportional to the distance from the receiving
end x.

3.2 Verification of Surge Impedance Loading Theory

1. Using the equations (1), (3) and (4) and using only one value of length (x) obtained from
simulation, calculate the values of Voltage V and current I at any point in line as well as calculate
the value of IR and the angle βx.
2. Compare the calculated results with the simulated results.
3. Create a following table to show the comparison between calculated results and simulated
results.
Value of Length Parameters Calculated Results Simulated Results Error%
(x) |𝑉𝑅𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅𝑠 |
|𝑉𝑅𝑠 |
× 100%
V
X=
I
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑍𝐶
βx
4. Report
We need to Submit a report on this open-ended experiment within the deadline announced in
the class. The report should contain the following items:
1. A cover sheet containing the usual information such as our name, student ID, course
code, course title, experiment no., title of the experiment, date of performance and date of
submission.
2. Circuit diagrams of all the circuits we have designed and simulated.
3. Detailed theoretical calculations.
4. Experimental results.
5. Comparison between theoretical results and experimental results.
6. Explain how the angle is linearly proportional to distance from the receiving end using
simulated result.