2.

1 Hardware specification:
Processor : Pentium IV

Process speed : 1.6 GHz

Memory : 512MB

Hard drive : 40

Keyboard : 107keys

Mouse : Microsoft

2.2 Software specification:

Operating system : Microsoft windows 2000, windows XP

Development : Microsoft visual studio

Front End : Visual basic.Net

Back End : SQL 2005

2.3.1 MS SQL
What is a database? Quite simply, it’s an organized collection of data. A database management
system (DBMS) such as Access, FileMaker Pro, Oracle or SQL Server provides you with the
software tools you need to organize that data in a flexible manner. It includes facilities to add,
modify or delete data from the database, ask questions (or queries) about the data stored in the
database and produce reports summarizing selected contents.
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 is comprehensive, integrated data management and analysis
software that enables organizations to reliably manage mission-critical information and
confidently run today’s increasingly complex business applications. SQL Server 2005 allows
companies to gain greater insight from their business information and achieve faster results for a
competitive advantage.

SQL Server 2005 (codenamed Yukon), released in October 2005, is the successor to SQL Server
2000. It included native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this
purpose, it defined an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns
or as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data being
stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before
being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data.
XML data is queried using XQuery; Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was a main
feature with this edition, enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. SQL
Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding XQuery queries
in T-SQL. In addition, it also defines a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML that allows
query-based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be
exposed over web services using TDS packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests.
When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML.

For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and
support for recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has
also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery systems.
Data pages are checksummed for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has
been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been made more
granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a more efficient
way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a
cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the
.NET Framework.

SQL Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing
usage of database connections for multiple purposes.

SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized
views and functions that return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of
a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.

SQL Server 2005 introduced Database Mirroring, but it was not fully supported until the first
Service Pack release (SP1). In the initial release (RTM) of SQL Server 2005, database mirroring
was available, but unsupported. In order to implement database mirroring in the RTM version,
 you had to apply trace flag 1400 at startup. Database mirroring is a high availability option that
provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database level. Failover can be performed
manually or can be configured for automatic failover. Automatic failover requires a witness
partner and an operating mode of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).

2.3.2 High Availability

 Support Mission Critical Applications

SQL Server Always on Technologies support mission critical applications with the highest
level of availability--because any application downtime can impact your business, resulting
in loss of revenue, decreased customer satisfaction, and damage to your company's
credibility.
 Minimize System Downtime
System downtime occurs for a variety of reasons, such as human error, natural disasters,
hardware or software failure, or application upgrades. SQL Server Always On Technologies
provide a full range of options to minimize system downtime and maintain appropriate levels
of application availability.
 Full-featured Solution
Today, SQL Server 2005 Always on Technologies include database mirroring, failover
clustering, database snapshots, snapshot isolation, peer-to-peer replication, log shipping, and
online operations. Used separately or in combination, these features help minimize downtime
and keep critical enterprise systems available.

2.3.3 Manageability

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 redefines the capabilities that customers should expect from their
Database Management System. SQL Server 2005 is designed to help organizations reliably and
securely manage enterprise servers. By automating routine tasks, SQL Server 2005 helps lower
the cost of ongoing maintenance with increased efficiency and provides deeper insight into
system health for monitoring, tuning and optimization.

 Enterprise Class
With its powerful integrated Management Console and SQL Surface Area Configuration tool,
SQL Server 2005 is enterprise-ready. 

 Insight Driven
 Proactively manage with SQL Server 2005 which provides deeper visibility into the
performance and operations of your system.

 Increased Efficiency
SQL Server 2005 enables you to improve process and lower maintenance costs by automating
routine administrative tasks. 

2.3.4 Security

 Reliability
Achieve a more secure deployment. SQL Server 2005 provides rich security features to
protect data and network resources.
 Confidentiality
Protect your data. SQL Server 2005 clustering supports Kerberos authentication on a virtual
server and Microsoft Windows–style policies on standard logins so that a consistent policy is
applied across all accounts in the domain.
 Integrity
SQL Server 2005 supports encryption capabilities within the database itself, fully integrated
with a key management infrastructure. By default, client-server communications are
encrypted.

2.3.4 Database Table

A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
“Students” or “Rooms”). Tables contain records (rows) with data.

2.3.5 Queries
A query is a question or a request. With SQL, we can query a database for specific information
and have a record set returned.

2.3.5 Create a Connection to a Database

Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to the database.

2.3.6 Closing a Connection to Database

The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends.
2.3.7 Data types
In SQL Server, each column, local variable, expression, and parameter has a related data type. A data
type is an attribute that specifies the type of data that the object can hold: integer data, character data,
monetary data, date and time data, binary strings, and so on.

SQL Server supplies a set of system data types that define all the types of data that can be used
with SQL Server. You can also define your own data types in Transact-SQL or the
Microsoft .NET Framework. Alias data types are based on the system-supplied data types.

Objects that contain data have an associated data type that defines the kind of data; for example,
character, integer, or binary, the object can contain. The following objects have data types:

 Columns in tables and views.

 Parameters in stored procedures.
 Variables.
 Transact-SQL functions that return one or more data values of a specific data type.
 Stored procedures that have a return code, which always has an integer data type.

Assigning a data type to an object defines four attributes of the object:

 The kind of data contained by the object.

 The length or size of the stored value.
 The precision of the number (numeric data types only).
 The scale of the number (numeric data types only).

In SQL Server, based on their storage characteristics, some data types are designated as
belonging to the following groups:

 Large value data types: varchar (max), nvarchar (max), and varbinary (max).
 Large object data types: text, ntext, image, varchar (max), nvarchar (max), varbinary
(max), and xml.

3.1 Visual Studio 2008

The “visual” part refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI).
Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface
elements, you simply drag and drop pre-built objects into place on screen. If you’ve ever used a
drawing program such as paint, you already have most of the skills necessary to create an
effective user interface.
 It revolves around ready-made objects and it is event-driven that is all the activities in a
program are triggered by one event or another. Each object has its own properties, determining
its position, size, color, appearance and nature of its text and much more. Each object also has its
own event-handling procedures.

Visual basic knows what a button is and how it works? It also works how to handle
images, menus, dialog boxes, drive and directory list and much else. The programmer does not
have to write code to trap these events the system does that automatically because the program
code runs in response to events. The flow of execution is not as fixed in a traditional program.
Operations do not have to follow a set of sequence and can be easily interrupted, suspended or
abandoned. The process of program design reflects the nature of the system. You begin by the
screen layout events and then any necessary code to co-ordinate the whole program.