Capital University of Science and Technology.

Islamabad

Probability and Statistics

MTCS3063

Dr. Rashid Ali

Department of Mathematics
Capital University of Science and Technology

Probability and Statistics

Methods for Describing Sets of Data

Chapter 2

1
 Learning Objectives

 1. Create & interpret graphical displays

 2. Explain numerical methods to describe data
 3. Analyze data using numerical methods
 4. Explain how to distort the truth with descriptive
techniques

Dr. Rashid Ali | Descriptive Methods 3

Thinking Challenge

Our market share

FAR exceeds all
X
competitors! Y
Us
30% 32% 34% 36%

What’s wrong here?

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2
 Describing Data

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Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem Histogram

Graph Chart Table Plot & Leaf

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3
 Summary Table

 1. Lists categories & no. Elements in category

 2. Obtained by tallying responses in category
 3. May show frequencies (counts), % or both

Class Frequency Relative Freq.

Major # Students Proportion
Programming 130 .65
Tally:
Artificial Int. 20 .10
|||| ||||
Algorithms 50 |||| |||| .25
Total 200 1.00

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Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem Histogram

Graph Chart Table Plot & Leaf

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 Bar Graph

Frequency
150

100

50
Major
0
Prog. AI. Algo.
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Bar Graph

Frequency
Bar length shows
150 frequency or %
Equal bar
100 widths

50
Major
0
Zero point Prog.. AI. Algo.
1/2 to 1 bar
Dr. Rashid width
Ali | Descriptive Methods 13

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 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

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Pie Chart

 1. Shows breakdown
Majors
of total quantity
into categories Algo.
AI. 25%
 2. Useful for showing 10% 36°
relative differences
 3. Angle size Prog.
 (360°)(Percent)
65%
(360°) (10%) = 36°

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 Thinking Challenge

 You’re an analyst for

IRI. You want to show  Mfg.
Mkt. Share (%)
the market shares held
 Lotus 15
by Windows program  Microsoft 60
manufacturers in 1992.  WordPerfect 10
Construct a bar graph,  Others 15
& pie chart to describe
the data.

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Bar Chart Solution*

Market share (%)
60%

40%

20%

0%
Lotus Microsoft Wordperf Others

Mfg.
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 Pie Chart Solution*

Market Share
Others
Wordperfect 15%
10%
Lotus
15%

Microsoft
60%
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Describing
Quantitative Data

8
 Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

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Dot Plot

 1. Condenses data by grouping the same values together

 2. Numerical value is located by a dot on horizontal axis
 3. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

20 25 30 35 40 45
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Example Dot diagrams expose
outliers
 In 1987, for the first time, physicists observed neutrinos from a
supernova that occurred outside of our solar system. At a site
in Kamiokande, Japan, the following times (second) between
neutrinos were recorded:

Dr. Rashid Ali | Descriptive Methods 33

Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

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10
Stem-and-Leaf Display

 1. Divide each observation

into stem value and leaf value
2 144677
 Stem value defines class
 Leaf value defines frequency 3 028
(count)
4 1

2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
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Describing Data

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Many

Graphical Numerical Graphical Numerical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

Bar Pie Summary Dot Stem- Histo-

Graph Chart Table Plot &-Leaf gram

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Histogram

 1. Condenses data by grouping similar values into classes in

a graph
 2. May show frequencies (counts) or relative frequencies
(proportions)
 3. Must first develop a frequency distribution table

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Frequency Distribution Table Steps

 1. Determine range
 2. Select number of classes
 Usually between 5 & 15 inclusive

 3. Compute class intervals (width)

 4. Determine class boundaries (limits)
 5. Compute class midpoints
 6. Count observations & assign to classes

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 Frequency Distribution Table
Example:

Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38

Class Midpoint Frequency

15 but < 25 20 3
Width
25 but < 35 30 5

35 but < 45 40 2

(Upper + Lower Boundaries) / 2

Boundaries
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Relative Frequency &

% Distribution Tables

Relative Frequency Percentage

Distribution Distribution

Class Prop. Class %

15 but < 25 .3 15 but < 25 30.0
25 but < 35 .5 25 but < 35 50.0
35 but < 45 .2 35 but < 45 20.0

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 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
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Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
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 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15 but < 25 3
5 25 but < 35 5
4 35 but < 45 2
Frequency
3
Relative
Frequency 2 Bars
Touch
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
Dr. Rashid Ali | Descriptive Methods 74

Histogram

Count
5
Frequency 4
3
Relative
Frequency 2 Bars
Touch
Percent 1
0
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
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