Professional Documents
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* SECOND DIVISION.
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(1997) and People v. Solayao, 262 SCRA 255 (1996), the warrantless
search in People v. Cogaed, 731 SCRA 427 (2014), was considered as
an invalid „stop and frisk‰ search because of the absence of a single
suspicious circumstance that would justify a warrantless search.
Same; Same; Same; Warrantless Searches and Seizures;
Although the right against unreasonable searches and seizures may
be surrendered through a valid waiver, the prosecution must prove
that the waiver was executed with clear and convincing evidence.·
PetitionerÊs silence or lack of resistance can hardly be considered as
consent to the warrantless search. Although the right against
unreasonable searches and seizures may be surrendered through a
valid waiver, the prosecution must prove that the waiver was
executed with clear and convincing evidence. Consent to a
warrantless search and seizure must be „unequivocal, specific,
intelligently given . . . [and unattended] by duress or coercion.‰ The
validity of a consented warrantless search is determined by the
totality of the circumstances. This may involve an inquiry into the
environment in which the consent was given such as „the presence
of coercive police procedures.‰ Mere passive conformity or silence to
the warrantless search is only an implied acquiescence, which
amounts to no consent at all. In People v. Cogaed, 731 SCRA 427
(2014), this Court observed: CogaedÊs silence or lack of aggressive
objection was a natural reac-
387
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LEONEN, J.:
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cused, not being permitted or authorized by law, did then and there
willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession, control
and custody one (1) small heat-sealed transparent plastic sachet
containing 2.72 grams of dried marijuana leaves, a dangerous drug.
CONTRARY TO LAW.6
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6 Id.
7 Id.
8 Id., at p. 10.
9 Id.
10 Id.
11 Id.
12 Id.
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13 Id., at p. 11.
14 Id., at p. 34.
15 Id.
16 Id.
17 Id.
18 Id., at p. 66.
19 Id., at p. 11.
20 Id.
21 Id., at p. 35.
22 Id., at p. 11.
23 Id.
24 Id.
25 Id.
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26 Id.
27 Id.
28 Id.
29 Id.
30 Id., at pp. 11-12.
31 Id., at pp. 64-72. The Decision, docketed as Crim. Case No. 16976-
SP, was penned by Presiding Judge Agripino G. Morga of Branch 32,
Regional Trial Court of San Pablo City.
32 Id., at p. 72.
33 Id., at p. 37.
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34 Id.
35 Id., at p. 41.
36 Id., at p. 88, Brief for the Plaintiff-Appellee.
393
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37 Id.
38 Id.
39 Id., at pp. 31-44.
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40 Id., at p. 43.
41 Id., at p. 37.
42 Id., at p. 40.
43 Id.
44 Id., at pp. 46-47.
45 Id., at pp. 8-29.
46 Id., at pp. 14-18.
47 Id.
394
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48 Id., at p. 16.
49 Id.
50 Id., at p. 17.
51 CONST., Art. III, Sec. 2 provides:
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of
whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search
warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
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Panganiban, En Banc]; Rebellion v. People, 637 Phil. 339, 345; 623 SCRA
343, 348 (2010) [Per J. Del Castillo, First Division].
62 People v. Cogaed, 740 Phil. 212, 220; 731 SCRA 427, 439 (2014)
[Per J. Leonen, Third Division].
59 People v. Lapitaje, 445 Phil. 729, 748; 397 SCRA 674, 690 (2003)
[Per J. Austria-Martinez, En Banc]; Rebellion v. People, id.
60 People v. Escordial, 424 Phil. 627, 651-652; 373 SCRA 585, 605
(2002) [Per J. Mendoza, En Banc], citing People v. Timon, 346 Phil. 572;
281 SCRA 577 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division].
61 Homar v. People, G.R. No. 182534, September 2, 2015, 768 SCRA
584, 599 [Per J. Brion, Second Division]; Sindac v. People, G.R. No.
220732, September 6, 2016, 802 SCRA 270, 287-288 [Per J. Perlas-
Bernabe, First Division]; People v. Racho, 640 Phil. 669, 681; 626 SCRA
633, 647 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Second Division]; People v. Martinez,
652 Phil. 347, 359; 637 SCRA 791, 809 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second
Division]. See Antiquera v. People, 723 Phil. 425, 432; 712 SCRA 339, 346
(2013) [Per J. Abad, Third Division].
397
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399
II
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92 Malacat v. Court of Appeals, 347 Phil. 462, 479; 283 SCRA 159, 174
(1997) [Per J. Davide, Jr., En Banc].
93 In the Matter of the Petition for Habeas Corpus of Datukan Malang
Salibo v. Warden, Quezon City Jail Annex, BJMP Building, Camp
Bagong Diwa, Taguig City, 757 Phil. 630, 656; 755 SCRA 296, 326 (2015)
[Per J. Leonen, Second Division] citing the Dissenting Opinion of J.
Teehankee in Ilagan v. Enrile, 223 Phil. 561; 139 SCRA 349 (1985) [Per
J. Melencio-Herrera, En Banc].
94 Id.
95 292-A Phil. 34; 219 SCRA 756 (1993) [Per J. Griño-Aquino, First
Division].
96 Id., at p. 39; p. 760.
97 Id.
98 Id.
403
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The policemen arrested Gerente only some three (3) hours after
Gerente and his companions had killed Blace. They saw Blace dead
in the hospital and when they inspected the scene of the crime, they
found the instruments of death: a piece of wood and a concrete
hollow block which the killers had used to bludgeon him to death.
The eye-witness, Edna Edwina Reyes, reported the happening to
the policemen and pinpointed her neighbor, Gerente, as one of the
killers. Under those circumstances, since the policemen had personal
knowledge of the violent death of Blace and of facts indicating that
Gerente and two others had killed him, they could lawfully arrest
Gerente without a warrant. If they had postponed his arrest until
they could obtain a warrant, he would have fled the law as his two
companions did.99 (Emphasis supplied)
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404
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405
III
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406
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114 345 Phil. 632; 280 SCRA 400 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, Third
Division].
115 Id., at p. 638; p. 405.
116 Id.
117 Id.
118 Id.
119 Id.
120 Id., at p. 647; pp. 414-415.
121 330 Phil. 811; 262 SCRA 255 (1996) [Per J. Romero, Second
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Division].
122 Id., at pp. 814-815; p. 257.
123 Id.
124 Id.
125 Id.
407
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will act in a
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126 Id.
127 Supra note 62.
128 Id., at p. 221; p. 433.
129 Id.
130 Id.
131 Id., at pp. 221-222; p. 434.
132 Id., at p. 234; pp. 446-447.
133 Id., at pp. 236-237; pp. 451-452.
408
IV
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134 Caballes v. Court of Appeals, 424 Phil. 263, 286; 373 SCRA 221,
239 (2002) [Per J. Puno, First Division].
135 Id. See also People v. Nuevas, supra note 76 at p. 373; p. 479.
136 Id.
137 Id.
138 Id., at p. 285; p. 239; People v. Cogaed, supra note 62 at pp. 239-
240; p. 452.
139 Supra note 62.
409
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410
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unreasonable.153
However, an extensive search may be conducted on a
vehicle at a checkpoint when law enforcers have probable
cause to believe that the vehicleÊs passengers committed a
crime or when the vehicle contains instruments of an
offense.154
Thus, routinary and indiscriminate searches of moving
vehicles are allowed if they are limited to a visual search.
This holds especially true when the object of the search is a
public vehicle where individuals have a reasonably reduced
expectation of privacy. On the other hand, extensive
searches are permissible only when they are founded upon
probable cause. Any evidence obtained will be subject to
the exclusionary principle under the Constitution.
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411
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155 G.R. No. 205823, August 17, 2015, 767 SCRA 40 [Per J. Carpio,
Second Division].
156 Id., at p. 65.
157 Id.
158 Id.
159 Id., at p. 64.
160 635 Phil. 315; 621 SCRA 327 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Second
Division].
161 Id., at pp. 322-323; p. 333.
162 Id.
412
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163 Id.
164 Id., at p. 325; p. 336.
165 Id., at p. 331; pp. 339-340.
166 People v. Ayangao, 471 Phil. 379; 427 SCRA 428 (2004) [Per J.
Corona, Third Division].
167 443 Phil. 506; 395 SCRA 407 (2003) [Per J. Puno, Third Division].
168 Id., at p. 517; p. 415.
169 People v. Ayangao, supra at p. 384; p. 430.
170 266 Phil. 306; 188 SCRA 288 (1990) [Per J. Gancayo, First
Division].
413
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