Presented by: Jhorida Kate T.

Felipe
BSEd 2-B
Philosophical Foundations of SPED

What is Inclusive
Education ?
– also called inclusion

 is education that includes everyone, with non-disabled

and Disabled people learning together in mainstream
schools, colleges and universities..
1. Jenny has dyslexia. So that she can study a book along with the class,
the teacher asks her to listen to the audio book rather than reading
the text.
2. James is Deaf and communicates using sign language. Instead of taking
him out of his lessons to have a separate lesson with a sign language
teacher, his teachers, teaching assistants and the pupils learn to sign
too in order to communicate with him.
is a widely accepted pedagogical and policy
principle, but its genesis has been long and,
at times, difficult.
For example, in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights included statements about rights and freedoms that
have, over the decades, been used to promote inclusive
educational practices. Article 26 of the Declaration stated
that parents “have a prior right to choose the kind of
education that shall be given to their children.”
• Education of All Handicapped Children Act in the United
States (1975)
• the United Nations (UN) International Year of Disabled
Persons (1981)
• the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (2006)
• A major focus of the UN initiatives has been the right of people with a disability
to participate fully in society.
• For many years, up to the last quarter of the 20th century, the major focus for
such students was on the provision of separate specialized services, with limited
attention to the concept of full participation in society.
• 20th century - 21st century, there has been increasing acceptance, through
parental action, systemic policy, and government legislation, of inclusivity as a
basic philosophical principle.
 5 PRINCIPLES OF
SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION
 Diversity in the classroom
enriches and strengthens education
Anna Laktionova

• Every student is unique and every group of

students is different. Diversity in schools is a
given. Learners have different experiences,
cultures, beliefs and values.
 Diversity in the classroom
enriches and strengthens education
Two central questions to ask are:
• How can schools and teachers create welcoming and focused
environments that include, motivate and challenge all learners?
• Do teachers have high expectations of learning, effort and
engagement for all their students?
 Diversity in the classroom
enriches and strengthens education
Inclusive educators
 draw on the knowledge and experiences of their students.
 question their own beliefs about student learning.
 flexible and ready for a challenge.
 embrace diversity in their classroom.
 A strength-based and
personalized curriculum
Strength-based approaches Stella Laletas
• a key principle of inclusive education.
• They recognize each student has inherent
strengths and talents.
 A strength-based and
personalized curriculum
improves:
 student engagement
 motivation
 academic outcomes for all students.
 Student engagement,
agency and voice Christine Grove

• make a meaningful contribution to their schooling and

educational experience.
• ability to have a voice influences both student
participation and agency.
• consultative, rather than active.
 Student engagement, agency
and voice
When students are given a platform to share their voice,
schools gain insider knowledge and better understand the
student experience. It sends a clear message that
student engagement is important.
 Student engagement, agency
and voice
But how do you make this authentic?
 Facilitate multiple different ways for young
people to be heard, regardless of their ability.
 Consider tools such as drawing, writing, talking,
paintings, photographs, and videos to express
agency.
 Ask students, as critical stakeholders, to
identify indicators of what an inclusive school
looks like and measure the school against them.
 Engaging with all your
critical stakeholders
Inclusive education Tom O’Toole

 all students of all capabilities have the opportunity to

grow and learn.
 providing each student and parent with access to
accurate information on their learning.
 Engaging with all your critical
stakeholders
 Schools can also model positive behaviour and
feedback, while still offering areas of improvement.

 creates a positive community perception of the

school and raises awareness about a positive school
culture.
 Inclusive teachers need
commitment, knowledge and practical skills
Umesh Sharma

The 3Hs:
i. heart (commitment)
ii. head (critical knowledge)
iii. hands (practical strategies).
 Inclusive teachers need
commitment, knowledge and practical skills
i. heart (commitment)
 Teachers must be fully committed to include
all learners.
 Inclusive teachers need
commitment, knowledge and practical skills
ii. head (critical knowledge)
 Teacher must acquire critical knowledge and skills
to teach students who differ in their abilities and
their learning styles.
 Inclusive teachers need
commitment, knowledge and practical skills
iii. hands (practical strategies)
 Teacher require to know about some
of the most powerful evidence-based
teaching strategies that engage
learners across the board:
 assessment for learning
 peer tutoring
 co-operative learning
o What is inclusive education? ALLFIE (the Alliance for Inclusive Education). (2019, October 7). Allfie.
https://www.al fie.org.uk/definitions/what-is-inclusive-
education/?fbclid=IwAR3VSx_1if4QTNM2VxSPyQeFDi2eK4vnPw7lI_sb2C5K4sjdO3jlYKO5TT4
o Inclusive education. (2019). Unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/education/inclusive-education
o https://www.unicef.org/northmacedonia/sites/unicef.org.northmacedonia/files/styles/hero_desktop/public/MK_EI
E_Inclusive_DefinitionandClassification.jpg?itok=TipjnSCD
o https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/puNnU1qTDm9x2S5YKBnEzGDUbEupy_6O0sZbZ0LrVOI2UNXYIZjgMMtsy80SX
NnmYFoVXCWLEmcBzh1K7jMTrbIymXErVvI1Qh8LY9JDLQByGtnizmzgU4EGbx9EgDg0qy2CiuCp
o https://www.ei-ie.org/img/c1e94.jpg?p=lead
o Five principles of inclusive education. (2022, January 13). Monash Education.
https://www.monash.edu/education/teachspace/articles/five-principles-of-inclusive-education