FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

(IM110)

ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION

(IMD213)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT:

WEBSITE LIBRARIES

PREPARED BY:

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

FATEN SYAHIRA BT MOHD SOBRI 2020830504
IMAN TASNEEM BT MAT LAZIM 2020849318
NUR ALYSSA NADHIRAH BT AHMAD 2020607738
ROSSAIMI
MUHAMMAD QAIS HAIQAL DANIELL BIN 2020607146
MOHD FIRDAUS

PREPARED FOR:

MADAM AMIRA IDAYU BT MOHD SHUKRY

SUBMISSION DATE:

16 JANUARY 2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum w.b.t,

All praises to Allah S.W.T for giving us extraordinary strength in completing this
assignment. We are very grateful to the following who have contributed to the success of our
group assignment. We would like to thank for all their valuable help and support on my
preparation by finishing our research and study on this topic.

First and foremost, our utmost appreciation to our lecturer, Madam Amira Idayu Bt
Mohd Shukry who had guided us and helping us out in a sense of providing some useful
information or can be classify as the outline of topic.

Lastly, we really appreciate our classmates who also spent their time helping us in
building ideas and that despite of the distance, they have thoroughly found and share the
information we needed.
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1 LIBRARY A: UNIVERSITY OF JOS LIBRARY (NIGERIA)

1.1 Overview, History or Background information

1.2 Collections/Materials in library
1.3 Retrieval tools used in the library
1.4 Physical arrangement of library material
1.5 Staffing in library
1.6 Limitations
1.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections
1.8 Conclusion

2 LIBRARY B: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

2.1 Overview, History or Background information

2.2 Collections/Materials in library
2.3 Retrieval tools used in the library
2.4 Physical arrangement of library material
2.5 Staffing in library
2.6 Limitations
2.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections
2.8 Conclusion

3 LIBRARY C: NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA

3.1 Overview, History or Background information

3.2 Collections/Materials in library
3.3 Retrieval tools used in the library
3.4 Physical arrangement of library material
3.5 Staffing in library
 3.6 Limitations

3.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections

3.8 Conclusion

5. COMPARISON

6. CONCLUSION

7. REFERENCES
1.0 LIBRARY A: UNIVERSITY OF JOS LIBRARY (NIGERIA)

1.1 Overview, History or Background information

The centre of the University of Jos Library was established in February 1972
when the University of Ibadan’s Jos Campus, located along the Murtala Mohammed Way
on the University’s temporary town site, remained the institution. This library’s structure
and inventory have been significantly expanded. The library is located on Bauchi Lane,
directly across from the Jos Federal College of Forestry. It houses the Library
Administration, Records, Cataloguing and Classification, as well as the final book units.
Collections are available from the Faculty of Education, Environmental Sciences, Natural
Sciences and Pharmacy. There are sections for Serials, Systems Unit, Reserved Books
and Circulation. The Naraguta Campus Library (also known as the Permanent Site) is
located along Zaria Road on the Naraguta Campus and houses the collections of social
sciences and arts. The Law Library is located on the Bauchi Road Campus and houses
the law collections. On the first floor, it is next to the Law Faculty’s Online Legal Research
Library. The Medical Library is available to students and faculty members of the Faculty
of Medical Sciences. It is located on the Township Campus along Murtala Mohammed
Way and has its own eGranary Digital Library version 2.0 to supplement the medical
collection’s CD-ROM and hard copies.

Jos is a town in the Plateau state of Nigeria, located on the Jos Plateau. It is
located on the River Delimi, near the headwaters of the River Jamaari (known as the
Bunga further downstream). The town grew quickly after the British discovered vast tin
deposits in the area, which was formerly the site of Geash, a Birom village, around 1903.
Africans have long extracted metal from the alluvial beds of the Delimi and other plateau
streams. Mining began in 1905 at Naraguta Hausawa, a tin-working centre since the 18th
century (3.5 miles [6 km] north). The metal was transported by headload to the port of
Loko on the Benue River (150 miles [240 km] southwest) for export to Forcados in the
Niger delta. The Bauchi Light Railway was built in 1914 to transport tin from Jos and
nearby Bukuru to Zaria (114 miles [184 km] northwest) and then to Lagos via the main
railway line; the extension of the Port Harcourt standard gauge railway in 1927 opened a
more direct route to the Niger delta ports, and the Bauchi Light Railway was closed in
1957. Mining for columbite became critical during WWII, and smelters were established
near Jos in the early 1960s. Beginning later in that decade, the country’s economy
became increasingly dependent on the petroleum industry, and mining’s importance
declined. There is kaolin (a clay used in the manufacture of ceramics) deposits near the
tin fields that are also commercially processed. Other local businesses include food
production, beer brewing, and the manufacture of cosmetics, soap, and furniture. Heavy
industry produces crushed stone. Jos is also, a building business hub and has many
printing and publishing firms. Historically, while some of Birom worked in the mines and
lived in the region, the mineral wealth had drawn large numbers of outsiders to Jos by
1905, including Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, and Europeans. The area’s main staple crops are
sorghum, millet, and acha (a grain known as hungry rice), but neighbouring farmers also
grow cash crops (yams, potatoes, cassava [manioc], corn [maize], and green vegetables)
for the Jos market. In Vom, 18 miles (29 km) south-southwest, milk products are supplied
by the dairy. Jos has been a hill resort since the beginning of World War II, with a high
elevation and one of Nigeria’s coolest climates. Many of its streets are wide and tree-
lined. Examples of terra-cotta figurines created by the Nok culture, a civilization that
flourished in the region possibly between 500 BCE and 200 CE, are housed in the Jos
Museum (1952); bronze, brass, wood, and pottery objects are also shown. The museum
runs a school for museum technicians (jointly with UNESCO).

There is a zoo in the area, a nature park, an open-air traditional architecture

museum, and an arboretum. Jos University, which includes a teaching hospital, opened
in 1975, and the city is home to the Federal School of Medical Laboratory Technology.
Jos is served by general and specialized hospitals that are public, private, and religiously
funded. It is situated 378 miles (608 km) south-southwest on the rail spur that joins the
railroad to Port Harcourt, and has road ties with Lafia, Bauchi, Kaduna, and Zaria. The
airfield is 3.2 km (2 miles) south. Pop. Yeah. Urban agglomeration (2016 est.) 925,000.
1.2 Collections/Materials in library

The University of Jos are respectively housed in government records and

special collections. They have close access to them. Until accessing the content, readers
are asked to produce their university identification card. The collections include
publications and departments of the Federal and State Governments of Nigeria, foreign
intergovernmental organizations, special collections of Bauchi-Benue-Plateau, archives
of the University of Jos, memorabilia, and theses and dissertations. The ACM Digital
Library (DL) is today’s most extensive collection of full-text papers and bibliographic
documents covering the areas of computing and IT. The full-text archive contains the
entire collection of ACM papers, including journals, conference reports, magazines,
newsletters, and multimedia titles, and currently consists of 407,367 full-text articles, 2.0+
million full-text articles pages, 18,000+ new full-text articles added annually, 44+ high
impact journals with 2-3 new journals launched annually, 275+ Co Co (SIGs), 6,500+
video files, 594 files of audio. The ACM Digital Library is highly integrated with and
provides free access to the Guide to Computing Literature bibliography, in addition to the
full-text collection.

Bookboon.com has a wide variety of over 1,000 textbooks for students and 600
eBooks for business professionals in 10 languages as a multinational eBook publisher. It
is also the first online book publisher in the world to provide students with free textbooks.
The biggest library of eBooks, including all subject areas. There are over 2,430,758 books
in this database with direct links that are free. It assigns all books to a category. So, if we
know the author or title of a book, use the main page of the web to scan. Then, the other
collection is Digital Library of the World which is in Journal Selection. This is the World
Papers, Scholarly Science Journals and eBooks website. The World Library Millennium
Collection and the Collection of World Journals are presented here. All eBooks are in the
form of a PDF file and all Audio eBooks are in the form of an MP3 file. These formats
have been specifically developed for all PCs, Tablets, PDAs, Kindle DX,Kindle 3
iPad/iPods, eReaders, or Smartphones to be cross-platform compatible.

The worldwide goal of Bookyards is to provide the same knowledge and material
that can be accessed from any major public library and to provide it via the worldwide
network. The goal of Bookyards is to be ‘The Library to the World’ in which anyone who
has an internet connection can be freely provided with books, educational materials,
information, reference materials, documents, and content. We strongly believe that by
presenting it in a format that will be both easy to use, useful and interesting, we will then
help to reverse the trend that the Smithsonian Institute has discovered in some small
measure. It is also our hope that we have helped to change the human condition in some
small way at the end of the day by taking such a library to the world and distributing it to
all, regardless of race, age, creed, or religion. In return, as we continue to work on
updating and building this site, we seek your input and understanding.

1.3 Retrieval tools used in the library

Knowledge assets, as a variable, influence how libraries are used. The use of
library and information tools and facilities has been a problem since libraries transitioned
from cultural monuments to knowledge acquisition and information sharing centres.
According to Edom (2012), the traditional stock of libraries worldwide is information
infrastructure in order to provide reliable and effective facilities for libraries. Library users
obtain material tools in print and non-print formats to improve the information they use to
succeed in their various endeavours. However, as a library faces, the scarcity of these
tools contributes to the difficulties of their under-use. Not only are data resources
obtained, but they are also structured in such a way that users can quickly access and
retrieve them. The exploitation and extraction of information and other documents from
various sources of information is referred to as information retrieval (Akanwa & Udo-
Anyanwa, 2017). Data retrieval tools are required to retrieve data for educational
performance. Certain fundamental skills are required for progress in discovering and
applying knowledge. (Breen and Fallon, 2005) and Uzuegbu (2004) argued that in order
to be information literate, a person must be able to recognise when information is required
and to effectively find, analyse, and use that information.

Anato and Filson (2004) state succinctly that, due to the increasing
complexities of the modern information environment, people face a numerous of
information options in their personal and academic lives. Undergraduates' use of library
services has concerned librarians at three university libraries. Cochrance (1985) and
Okon (2007) noted students' poor use of libraries, while Ajiboye, Ovedipe, and Alewiye
(2013) complained that simple library resources were rarely used by students to access
information. Furthermore, methods of obtaining and utilising data tools have evolved and
will continue to evolve. What is not clear is whether or not the use of library services is
influenced by a lack of knowledge of information retrieval tools. In light of these
innovations, librarians devised plans to educate library users on how to identify and locate
the information they require on a daily basis. The earliest evidence of library education
was documented in the 1820s at Harvard College (Tieffel, 1995). Through part-time library
appointments, these early librarians were professors who taught students how to use
libraries for academic purposes. According to Edom (2012), information retrieval tools are
simple mechanisms or devices that enable library users to locate, retrieve, and use the
appropriate library documents, books, or document information. He also specified the
resources that would be included: bibliographies, indexes and abstracts, catalogues,
computer filings or websites, topic index, title index, directorate, OPAC, CD-ROMS, online
databases, internet search engine, and so on. Currently, students have a variety of tools
at their disposal to assist them in gaining access to the information they require.

The underutilization of library services in most Nigerian university libraries has

remained a persistent problem. Nonetheless, this has become a major source of concern
and must be addressed. Dike and Edem (2015) discovered that low knowledge of the use
of catalogues as retrieval tools was a factor in students' under-use of library resources in
a similar study that investigated the extent of students' use of library catalogues as
retrieval tools. The researcher wants to know if medical students at the University of Jos
any have say in how library resources are used in the information retrieval tools and library
environment. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship
between the availability of information retrieval resources, the library environment, and
the use of the medical student library at the University of Jos. Nwosu and Ottong (2014)
define information access or retrieval tools in a structured information centre as systems
designed to facilitate information access or retrieval. They see them as necessary building
blocks for structures that coordinate recorded data collected by libraries, archives, and
museums. It is not necessary to overemphasise the importance of educating future library
users about information retrieval resources. It can be very time-consuming and frustrating
for users to have spent fruitless and laborious efforts looking for and searching for
necessary information materials in vain. According to Echem and Udo-Anyanwu (2008),
the usefulness of a library as a learning tool is measured by its ability to provide users
with the resources they need to access and retrieve the information they are looking for.
Retrieval tools enable information seekers to scan, find, or locate and retrieve the sources
they require quickly and effectively. According to Ojedokun(2007), knowledge access or
retrieval tools, also known as finding aids, are designed to direct users to specific types
of information sources.Catalogues, lists, abstracts, and bibliographies are some of the
most common library resources. Because of advances in ICTs, computerised access tools
have recently begun to provide full-text access to digital documents in addition to
bibliographic records. Okafor (2006) investigated the use of abstracts and indexes as
information retrieval aids. According to the findings of the study, abstracts and indexes in
libraries are critical and useful as access facilitators for library resources. Inyokwe (2011)
conducted research on the relationship between retrieval devices and the use of
information services in Nigerian university libraries.

The findings also revealed a positive relationship between knowledge retrieval

devices such as abstracts, bibliographies, author/title catalogues, indexes, and student
use of information services in university libraries. In a related study by Dike and Edem
(2015), which examined the extent to which students used library catalogues as recovery
tools, it was discovered that a lack of knowledge about the use of catalogues as recovery
tools was a factor in students' under-use of library resources. Marcum and George (2003)
conducted a National Knowledge Usage Survey with a sample of 3,234 faculty members,
graduate students, and undergraduates from 392 doctoral research universities (public
and private). Private liberal arts colleges reported that 93.9 percent of respondents from
the combined community of all institutions "strongly" or "moderately" agreed that they
were comfortable electronically downloading and using information, while 94.6 percent of
undergraduates answered the same way. Respondents were also asked if it was simple
to locate and use print data. Those who strongly and moderately agreed were 94.8
percent, compared to 93.9 percent for print information, which included undergraduate
students. Print services continue to have a positive impact on patrons because they have
a standard and structured approach to finding information that has been developed over
time.

1.4 Physical arrangement of library material

Jos University's physical layout is a classification scheme. It is to find the book in

the library. A catalogue is also a systematic arrangement of items in an alphabetical order.
Furthermore, the successful use of the library by students in physical arrangement of
library material is heavily reliant on the conduciveness and adequacy of the entire library
setting's facilities. A good library has a conducive and appealing environment for
productive research, is tidy and attractive, is noise-free, has sturdy and comfortable
furniture, and has good lighting/lighting. Any academic library that is under-supplied with
these resources may see a drop in student usage. According to Mcvey and Nock's
research, which was cited in Oyedum (2011), learning conditions such as light,
temperature, and sound would have a negative impact on humans and later learning if
not properly integrated into library design. Undergraduate students, for example, may only
use library services to do academic work or for other purposes if the library environment
is advantageous. The absence of variables such as appropriate retrieval tools and
conducive, serene, and sufficient facilities within the library environment must be reviewed
in order to improve full use of the library and its services. Jos University's Faculty of
Medical Sciences, which was established in October 1977, has 21 departments. The total
number of lecturers in the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, at the time of
this investigation, was two hundred and twenty-two (222) (University of Jos, annual report
on academic preparation, and academic session 2016/2017). A library is located a few
kilometres (3 kilometres) away from the faculty (medical library).

The Jos University library's centre was established in February 1972, when it
was still located on the Jos campus of the University of Ibadan. It is located along Murtala
Mohammed Way on the University's temporary town site. Both the building and the
inventory of this library have been significantly expanded. Today, it has a collection of
medical science, as well as Bindery. The Medical Library has seating for 1650 readers as
well as a few reading stations reserved for staff and postgraduate students. In December
1976, a branch library was established on the university's Bauchi road campus, about five
kilometres from the town's campus, which has also been expanded. It is now the main
library, housing administration, support facilities, document sections, and supporting the
faculties of natural sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, and environmental sciences.
There are 733 seats for readers, with some reserved for staff, postgraduates, and readers
with disabilities. The Law Library, which has 123 readers, has been relocated to the Law
Faculty. The construction of a new building for the Central University Library was finished
in 1985. However, due to the university's general space shortage, the building now houses
the faculties of arts and social sciences. The Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education
libraries have 486 readers on the first floor.Prior to the fire, the total stocks in these
libraries at the University of Jos Library were 169,404 volumes of 25,824 bound journals
and 20,263 materials in the section of papers.
1.5 Staffing in library

In 1990, the Federal Government established the Longe Commission, which

proposed the establishment of a board for university staff training and development. This
has resulted in the development of a broad strategy and agenda for the formulation and
implementation of the university system's Human Resource Development (HRD)
programmes. In accordance with the Federal Government's policy directives on Human
Resource Development and the University of Jos Management's quest to provide a
formidable, all-encompassing, and focused approach to issues of human resource
development, the Secretariat of Academic Policy Research and Publication Committee
(APR & PC), which was housed in the Senior Staff Establishment, was upgraded to Staff
Tra Tra. Since then, considerable emphasis has been placed on the process of skill
enhancement and capacity building via academic training, conferences, seminars, and
workshops.

Besides, it aims to to provide a formidable, all-embracing and focused approach

to issues of human resource development. Since then, due attention has been given to
the process of skill enhancement and capacity building through academic training,
conferences, seminars and workshops. In terms of training leave, study leave, research
leave, special leave, sabbatical leave, lectures, workshops, and conferences, the Staff
Training and Development Division had to continue with the roles of APR & PC. In
compliance with Sections 45-51 of the Law regulating the condition of service of senior
employees, the implementation of these programmes shall be carried out. The
University of Jos and Tetfund Involvement include sponsorships for training leave, study
leave, post-doctoral Tetfund involvement takes charge (internationally) of overseas
projects, while those that are locally coordinated are managed by the university. In its
2016 and 2017 intervention, the Tetfund has graciously expanded its funding to
academic training programmes that are studied within Nigeria.
1.6 Limitations

Another problem that worries most academic libraries, especially as gathered

here in the University of Jos Library is the response of employees to change. The
resistance of people to change are a known fact; they tend to stay in their old
conventional lifestyle of resource distribution and management. Several studies have
shown that librarians have a sluggish reaction to new technology and remain up to
date with their ICT abilities. Ansari (2013) conducted a study that shows that none of
the librarians on whom he performed research regarded their ability level as very high.
Owing to the caliber of workers (librarians) involved who are accustomed to their
conventional methods of service delivery, this is true for the University of Jos. The need
to tread carefully, therefore, is generally at the heart here. Obviously, the change and
transition required for the University of Jos library to have complete incorporation of
ICT in all their routine activities has greatly affected it. Despite the presence of KOHA
integrated library software tool as previously mentioned, a typical example is the case
of library users still using physical cards (as preferred by most staff) for service. Other
typical positions that are being practiced are user registration, which is done manually.
This has a huge effect on service delivery quality and accuracy, since the whole
process is repetitive and stressful.

Second, the problems of connectivity and networking. Generally, the University

of Jos's internet access is not very impressive. Normally, the service is epileptic in
nature. When it comes to the proper productivity of the digital library, high internet
access remains a strong explanation for poor efficiency. There is a daredevil need for
strong signal and connectivity when it comes to providing access to online data and
other service delivery that needs internet use, without which it can also be time
consuming and frustrating. The lukewarm behaviour here is mainly a case of the
mindset of "government work" that workers have. Workers hired by the government
typically have an attitude and approach to work that is lackadaisical. "Their mentality
is "I'm not going to kill myself for the job, oh," "so I'm going to take it easy, slow, and
steady. This discourages the successful and vast fellow with the desire for progress in
the technical know-how required to relax the digital library's development and allows
the not-so-efficient to stay in their comfort zones. This influence is high on those who
believe that their salaries will still be paid, regardless of the side the production takes
or how it plays out bad or good. The appetite and drive for the delivery of service and
customer satisfaction is abysmally low r entirely absent.
1.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought unparalleled

improvements and transformation of academic library and information systems, traditional
LIS such as OPAC, user services, reference services, bibliographic services, current
knowledge services, paper distribution, interlibrary loan, audio visual services, and
customer relationships. The effect of ICT on information services has been defined by
improvements in the format, content and manufacturing methods, content and
manufacturing and distribution methods of information items. The advent of the internet
as the largest repository of information and knowledge, the change from intermediary to
facilitator of the role of library and information science professionals, new information
dissemination technologies and the shift from physical to virtual services, the extinction of
certain traditional information services and the emergence of new and creative web-based
services.
Despite the enormous benefits of ICT's impact on the University of Jos
Libraries, academic libraries face certain challenges when it comes to the efficient and
effective use of the library's ICT tools. Among the militant factors impeding the impact of
ICT on Nigerian academic libraries are large capital investments to purchase hardware,
software, and standby generators for the library. Academic libraries face a variety of
challenges, including a lack of search capabilities, childhood automation, epileptic power
supply, and technological expertise. ICT has influenced every aspect of academic library
operation, including collection growth techniques, library construction, and consortiums.
ICT allows businesses to provide their customers with value-added information services
and access to a wide range of digital-based information resources. Furthermore,
academic libraries use modern ICT libraries to automate core operations, create effective
and productive library cooperation and resource sharing networks, implement knowledge
management systems, create institutional digital local content repositories and digital
libraries, and launch ICT-based capacity-building services for library users.
1.8 Conclusion

Despite the development of libraries in virtually all tertiary institutions of higher

learning across the federation to enhance academic excellence through the effective use
of its resources, there is still a consistent record of poor use, particularly by medical
students. According to Popoola (2008), the institutional information system's information
tools and services must be capable of supporting research activities among medical
students and faculty members. The underutilization of library services in most Nigerian
university libraries has remained a persistent problem. Nonetheless, this has become a
major source of concern and must be addressed. Dike and Edom (2015) discovered that
low knowledge of the use of library catalogues as retrieval tools was a factor in students'
under-use of library resources in a similar study that investigated the extent of students'
use of library catalogues as retrieval tools. The researcher wants to know if information
retrieval tools and the library environment play a role in Jos University medical students'
use of library resources. The study looked specifically at information retrieval methods
and the physical environment of the library as a correlation of library use by medical
students at Jos University. The findings of this study revealed that undergraduate medical
students in the library studied make extensive use of various knowledge services. The
findings also show that the environment frequently plays a positive role in the use of library
services. As a result, the study concludes that the retrieval system and the environmental
condition of 19 demonstrated the library's positive relationship with the use of the library
by medical students at the University of Jos, Nigeria.
2.0 LIBRARY B: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

2.1 Overview, History or Background information

New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. The
New York Public Library (NYPL) is the second largest public library in the United States
(after the Library of Congress) and the fourth largest in the world, with nearly 53 million
items and 92 locations. It is a private, non-governmental, non-profit corporation that is
independently managed and receives both private and public funding. The library has
branches in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island, as well as affiliations with academic
and professional libraries throughout the New York metropolitan area. The city's other two
boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are served by their respective borough library systems
rather than the New York Public Library system: the Brooklyn Public Library and the
Queens Public Library. The branch libraries are open to the public and are made up of
circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also operates four research libraries that
are open to the public. The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library,
Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations, was established in the nineteenth century as a
result of a merger of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the
wealthy, aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of the time.

The name "New York Public Library" may also refer to the Main Branch, which is
distinguished by two lion statues named Patience and Fortitude that stand on either side
of the entrance. The branch was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 was
added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and was designated a New York
City Landmark in 1967.The origins of this remarkable institution can be traced back to the
early days of New York's rise to prominence as one of the world's most important cities.
By the second half of the nineteenth century, New York had surpassed Paris in population
and was rapidly catching up with London, the world's most populous city at the time.
Fortunately, this burgeoning and somewhat brash metropolis had among its citizens men
who saw that if New York was to become one of the world's great centres of urban culture,
it needed to have a great library as well.

Among them was former governor Samuel J. Tilden (1814-1886), who left the
majority of his fortune approximately $2.4 million, to "establish and maintain a free library
and reading room in the city of New York" upon his death. At the time of Tilden's death,
New York had two significant libraries which is the Astor and Lenox libraries but neither
could be considered a truly public institution in the sense that Tilden appears to have
envisioned. The Astor Library was established thanks to the generosity of John Jacob
Astor (1763-1848), a German immigrant who was the wealthiest man in America at the
time of his death. In his will, he left $400,000 to establish a reference library in New York.
The Astor Library first opened its doors in 1849 in what is now the Joseph Papp Public
Theatre of The New York Shakespeare Festival. Despite the fact that the books did not
circulate, and the hours were limited, it was a valuable resource for reference and
research.

During this time period, New York's other major library was founded by James
Lenox and consisted primarily of his personal collection of rare books, manuscripts, and
Americana. The Lenox Library, which was built on the current site of the Frick Collection,
was designed primarily for bibliophiles and scholars. While use was free, admission tickets
were required.Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were in financial trouble by 1892. Their
trustees were forced to reconsider their mission due to dwindling endowments and
growing collections. At this point, John Bigelow, a New York attorney and Tilden trustee,
devised a bold plan in which the resources of the Astor and Lenox libraries, as well as the
Tilden Trust, would be combined to form The NYPL, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
On May 23, 1895, Bigelow's plan was signed and agreed upon, and it was hailed as an
unprecedented example of private enterprise.

2.2 Collections/Materials in library

The New York Public Library's collections, carefully curated by generations of

curators over the past 160 years, now number more than 50 million items. When combined
with the lending collections, it is the most comprehensive library collection ever assembled
for public use.The collections are divided into over 100 major topics, ranging from "Accents
and Dialects" to "Women's Studies," with others such as "Baseball," "Computer Science,"
"Gay and Lesbian Studies," "Immigration," "Judaica," "Theatre," and "US History" in
between. The library’s strength in three areas is so strong that major facilities have been
built to house them the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts (LPA) at Lincoln
Center, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (SIBL) in Harlem, and the
Science, Industry, and Business Library (SIBL) in midtown Manhattan. The LPA is a
treasure trove of music manuscripts, including Claude Debussy's beautifully rendered Les
papillons, as well as hundreds of thousands of other documents, photographs, sound
recordings, films, and videos relating to music, theatre, and dance. High culture happily
coexists with more populist fare here, as it does throughout the NYPL system, such as a
fantastic poster promoting the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. The
Schomburg's collection documents the history and experiences of peoples of African
descent all over the world unlike the other NYPL libraries, it actively collects art as part of
its mission, including Aaron Douglas' epic oil on canvas, Aspects of Negro Life Song of
the Towers. One of the many fascinating items from the history of business found in SIBL's
collection is a cigar box label for the Henry George cigar.

For nearly a century, students and scholars have flocked to the library’s
landmark building on Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street (now known as the Stephen A.
Schwarzman Building) to gain firsthand access to materials from all eras. Riches can be
found in many different mediums for certain subjects, such as the history of New York City,
such as maps, John Bachmann's stunning view of Central Park and photographs and
Wurts Brothers' iconic view of the Chrysler Building. Expendable items from bygone eras
are frequently regarded as treasures today and the library’s stacks of old newspapers,
including the long-defunct New York Atlas, have provided endlessly rich material for
scholars and writers. The building also houses the library’s historic children's materials
such as the original stuffed animals that inspired the Winnie-the-Pooh children's classics,
as well as circulating children's collections.

Today, the Library continues to make significant investments in its most

unique collections, particularly in rare primary source materials such as the records of the
1939–40 New York World's Fair. The library owns many important manuscripts, including
Walt Whitman's delicately scripted "A Child's Reminiscence," and is constantly adding
entire archives to its holdings, most recently the Katharine Hepburn Papers from her stage
career.Illuminated manuscripts from the early days of book production are one of the
Library's most important holdings. Its mandate includes digital scans (of images and entire
books), downloadable audio books and videos and electronic databases. The library
serves as a jumping-off point for users to embark on a rich journey of discovery on the
Internet.
2.3 Retrieval tools used in the library

The purposes of the retrieval tools are evaluating, processing, and archiving
information, as well as retrieving information that meets the needs of a single person.
Modern information retrieval systems can either extract bibliographic materials or specific
text from a recorded information database that matches the person's specific keywords.
Modern information retrieval systems are capable of handling not only textual information,
but also digital communication such as text, audio, images, and videos. Modern
information retrieval systems, for example, deal with the storage, organization and
accessibility of textual and multimedia information resources. Among the rest that New
York Public Library used are bibliography. It is a list of books or articles on a particular
topic. This is sometimes found at the end of a book or an article. A lengthy bibliography is
sometimes published as a book in its own right. Bibliographies almost always appear at
the beginning of subject headings in The New York Public Library Research Libraries
Dictionary Catalog. Next retrieval tools are catalogue which is a list containing
bibliographic information about the library’s books, periodicals, maps, recordings, music
scores, visual materials, multimedia, and other materials. The New York Public Library
has two catalogues the Dictionary Catalog (or "black book catalogue") for materials
acquired prior to 1972 and the CATNYP (computerised) catalogue for materials acquired
after 1971.

Furthermore, citation is also used in the retrieval tools of NYPL. Citation is a data
that identifies a book, an article or another item that has been cited. A citation for a book
should include the author's name, the title, the place of publication, the publisher's name,
and the year of publication. A citation for an article should include the author's name, the
title of the article, the title of the periodical, the volume and issue numbers, the date of
publication, and the article's page numbers.Lastly, for retrieval tools is the Library of
Congress. It is the authority for subject headings used in CATNYP. There are copies of
the lists of LC Subject Headings, providing the right terms to use in searching the library
catalogs, in the Public Catalog Room. The Dictionary Catalog uses similar subject
headings, but if you are in doubt about an appropriate heading to use, ask a librarian at
the Information Desk.
2.4 Physical arrangement of library material

There are a few divisions of physical arrangements in the New York Public
Library. There are a variety of factors that control variations in arrangement between
libraries. Librarians are concerned with the arrangement of resources within the library, as
well as the location of library services for optimum utilization.For instance, in NYPL there
are The General Research Division serves as the central research hub in the Stephen A.
Schwarzman Building. The collections are primarily focused on the humanities and social
sciences and include literary and scholarly works in over 380 languages with a global
reach, from the United States to Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia,
and the Middle East. Along with authoritative and scholarly holdings, the library collects
many popular, idiosyncratic, and ephemeral materials such as genre fiction, comic books,
and pamphlets.

Next, is the Art and Artifacts Division. This division collects, documents,
preserves, and interprets art and artifacts created by and about people of African descent
all over the world Fine and applied art, as well as material culture objects, are collected
from the seventeenth century to the present, with a focus on twentieth-century visual arts
in the United States and Africa. Traditional African art, painting and sculpture, works on
paper (drawings, prints, illustrations, posters, and reproductions), and textiles and artifacts
are all areas in which the Division collects art and artifacts. The core of the African art
holdings are traditional masks, bronze adornment items, statuary, instruments, utilitarian
objects, and weaponry. These objects document the aesthetic and ethnographic
dimensions of South American traditional African societies and cultures. Posters and
reproductions make up the majority of the works on paper category. The collection
contains over 4,000 posters documenting political, social, and cultural activities and
events. There are also nineteenth-century lithographs and engravings depicting people of
African descent in Africa and the diaspora as depicted by artists from Europe and the
Western hemisphere. Original fine art prints and drawings depict WPA and Civil Rights
era social themes and concerns. Contemporary art encompasses a wide range of styles
and themes. Slave shackles, medallions, commemorative coins, currencies, stamps, and
buttons depicting civil rights themes as well as political campaigns, slogans, and
organizations are among the artifacts in the collection. Quilts, uniforms, African women's
fashion, strip weaving, tie-dye, and commemorative cloth and appliques are among the
textile holdings.
 Furthermore, the General Research Division is housed in the Rose Main Reading
Room and the Bill Blass Public Catalog Room, both of which serve as the entrance to the
library’s world-class research collections of over 43 million items. The Stephen A.
Schwarzman Building's central humanities and social sciences research hub is housed in
these two rooms. Researchers from all over the world come to the Library to access these
collections and consult with our expert reference librarians. They come for the inspiration
that comes from working among breathtaking architecture, while seated at tables where
countless writers and scholars have created their works before them. Researchers can
use this space to find and request materials in over 430 languages on topics such as world
history, literature, religion, philosophy, and politics, ranging from authoritative scholarly
books to unique pamphlets to popular magazines and fiction.

Lastly, for the Photographs and Prints Division. It is the documentary and fine art
photographs that document the history and culture of people of African descent around
the world, as well as the work of African-American photographers. The collection of over
300,000 images ranges from mid-eighteenth-century graphics to contemporary
documentary and art photography, and it includes images from all major photographic
processes. Portraits of many prominent nineteenth and twentieth century figures are
included in the collection, which also documents major historical events and depicts
various aspects of Black life around the world. Bert Andrews, Walker Evans, Chester
Higgins, Jr., Gordon Parks, Coreen Simpson, Aaron Siskind, Doris Ulmann, James
VanDerZee, and Carl Van Vechten are among the photographers represented.

2.5 Staffing in library

2.6 Limitations
2.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections
2.8 Conclusion
3.0 LIBRARY C: NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA

3.1 Overview, History or Background information

In 1972, the National Library of Malaysia was founded in Kuala Lumpur to

make library materials available to the general public and to serve as a repository for
national-interest collections. The National Library's mission is to provide a national
repository of knowledge for current and future generations. It was in Kuala Lumpur's
Titiwangsa neighbourhood, on Jalan Tun Razak. The National Library's mission is to
provide a national repository of knowledge for current and future generations. Prior to
the formation of the National Library of Malaysia, the library was housed in 11 different
buildings, but the NLM (Annex) building project began on March 28, 2008. The Annex
is being built to expand NLM's Malaysian service space, which is its primary offering.
Apart from putting several components under one roof. After its completion on May 31,
2010, the Annex Building was renamed the NLM Tower and was inhabited in
September 2010. The structure is divided into four sections, the highest of which has
eleven stories and houses offices (some of which are rented out to third parties), a
gym and badminton court, a canteen, auditorium, children's theatre, and an exhibition
hall. Wheelchair-accessible facilities are supposed to be built. Only two floors are
allocated to public-access books and materials, with the majority of these being housed
in the Wisma Sejarah annexe building. The main building houses the children's
department.

The Malaysiana Collection is the pride of the National Library's collection. It

includes library items published in Malaysia and elsewhere that include a significant
portion of their content relating to the publication date or the language used. Malay
Manuscripts are another national intellectual asset, and one of her manuscripts,
Hikayat Hang Tuah, has been recognised by UNESCO in the Memory of the World
Register. The library is MS ISO 9001:2008 certified. The National Library of Malaysia
aspires to be a world-class library capable of distributing and channelling multimedia
reference and research information to people at all levels of society. The Ministry of
Tourism and Culture of Malaysia is in charge of the National Library of Malaysia. The
National Library of Malaysia (Act 80), which includes all changes from 1 January 2006,
was established under the National Library Act 1972. The National Library continues
to play an active role in the acquisition of library materials through the implementation
of the Deposit of Library Material Act 1986, acquisition, gift, and exchange in order to
strengthen the library's collection.
 Every title published in Malaysia is collected, preserved, and made available
to the public by the National Library of Malaysia. Malaysia's National Bibliography is
also compiled by the National Library of Malaysia. The National Library of Malaysia
has also been designated as the National Bibliographic Center, which is in charge of
publishing bibliographic control in Malaysia as well as national library and information
policy. Various acts have been enacted in regard to Malaysia's national library to
protect the library's and its users' rights. The National Library Act 1972 (Containing all
modifications until January 1, 2006) (Act 80) is one of them. It was enacted to establish
the National Library and to legislate for things related to it. Following that, the Library
Resources Submission Act 1986 (Act 331) was enacted to regulate the collection,
preservation, bibliographic control, and use of library materials in Malaysia, as well as
other things.

3.2 Collections/Materials in library

Nearly 5 million materials, including books, pamphlets, journals,

newspapers, and internet information, are housed in the library. A National Library's
main function is to maintain and promote the use of published collections from inside
a country as well as collections from other countries that are related to it. As Malaysia's
National Library, it serves as a repository for the country's historical memory and
culture, as well as a library that saves, chronicles, and preserves intellectual
achievement in both print and non-print formats. The Malaysian collection is a
compilation of Malaysia's national heritage and culture. The National Library collection
consists Malaysian Collection (Ephemeral Collection, Private Collection), Non-
Malaysian Collection (ASEAN Collection, Harvard Collection, United Nations
Collection), Malay Manuscripts Collection, Rare Collection, Serials Collection
(magazines, newspapers, journals), Electronic Media Collections and Commercial
databases. In addition to being the country's flagship lending library, it serves as a key
depository for Malaysia's historical memory and culture, housing an extensive
Malaysian collection of written materials, special papers, video, and audio files of
national heritage significance. The library has also acquired private collections of well-
known Malaysian people, including books, papers, posts, manuscripts, records,
photographs, letters, and so on.
 Ephemeral Collection is one of several Malaysian Collection examples. It
was established in 1995 and contains postcards, brochures, programme booklets,
posters, calendars, first-day stamps, and envelopes from numerous agencies and
ministries. Aside from that, there's the Private Collection, which began in 1994 and
contains information about historical figures. This collection is a collection of important
persons' individual works or private collections on a variety of subjects including art
and literature, history, architecture, religion, culture, and others. The National Library
of Malaysia has purchased a private collection for conservation and reference. The
materials for field items are collected based on the collection owner's preferences,
interests, or areas of expertise. Books, journals, articles, manuscripts, documents,
pamphlets, genealogy, photos, letters, newspaper clippings, files, drawings, charts,
brochures, and other private collections are available at the National Library of
Malaysia. John Bastin, A. Halim Nasir, Abdul Rahman Al-Ahmadi, Che Ismail Che
Daud, Pak Sako, Aziz Jahpin, Cerita Cina Peranakan, Abdul Karim Abdullah, Mohd
Idris Kamaruddin, Naharuddin Haji Ali, and A. Samad Said were among those who
contributed to the collections.

Harvard Collection and United Nations Collection are among the non-
Malaysian collections. On July 14, 2000, PNM and the Harvard Alumni Club
collaborated to launch the Harvard Collection, often known as Harvard Corner.
Monographs, Harvard University Press and Harvard Business School Press
publications, journals, series, audio and CD-Roms on business and management
make up the collections. The Harvard Information Packaging is available to library
patrons. Harvard Corner is now open to the general public. Since 1976, Malaysia's
National Library has served as the United Nations Depository Library or National
Depository Center. PNM has been designated as the Depository Materials Center for
the United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan, since February 2011. The United
Nations Corner contains the collections of books and publications from UN agencies
such as UNESCO, WHO, and others, as well as series and annual reports. Patrons of
the library have access to a wide range of UN information that is available on the
internet. The information is prepared in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and
Spanish, which are the six official languages. The United Nations Corner is now open
to the general public.
 Malay Manuscripts Collection, on the other hand, provides the highest
quality manuscripts to researchers for research and referral in a friendly and
convenient environment. With the consent and supervision of the reader advisory
team, the recommendation to the Malay Manuscripts collection focuses more on the
originals and microfilm copies. Apart from the Malay manuscripts in the National
Library of Malaysia's collection, we also provide manuscripts in microfilm form from
other institutions both in Malaysia and abroad. Any photocopies made from microfilm
are subject to a fee.

The Rare Collection includes items that were published before the 1950s
and/or are difficult to locate, as well as issues that have gone out of print or are no
longer available on the market. It is a knowledge heritage that contains vital information
on the early sociocultural, economic, linguistic, religion, belief, and political history of
Malay Land, including the Malay World, the Straits Settlements, the Federation of
Malaya, and the Malay Archipelago. The online search system (Web OPAC) can also
be used to find materials.

The National Library of Malaysia established the Serials Collection service

in 1993. It was established to serve as a serial publishing reference excellence centre
to meet the information needs of library users, with a focus on Malaysiana resources.
This collection includes printed and non-printed items, as well as electronic and online
resources. Magazines, newspapers, yearly reports, yearbooks, guidebooks, journals,
indexes, abstracts, statistics, government gazettes, and acts are among the resources
available in the Malaysiana collection. Foreign serial publications are also available via
PNM. Magazines, newspapers, annual reports, journals, indexes, and abstracts are
among the previous and current holdings in the Serial Publication General Collection.
Aside from that, there are bound volumes of newspaper stories available for reference.
As at October 2007, there are 486 magazines and foreign journals available at the
National Library of Malaysia. Among the titles offered for reference are International
Journal of Project Management, Child Abuse, AIDS Care, Fire Safety Journal,
Learning and Instruction, The Journal of American Association, Time, Newsweek, The
Economic, National Geographic and Harvard Business Review. Foreign Newspapers
also available at PNM among them are ;The Australian, The Nation, The Times and
The New York Times.
 The National Library of Malaysia's electronic media collection includes an
audio book collection. PNM has been a pioneer of the book industry development in
Malaysia, producing local content Audio Books to fulfil the needs of the Visually
Impaired People, in line with its ambition to be the world leader in library development
and services in Malaysia by 2020. PNM collaborated with external agencies such as
McDonald's, Education Technology Division, MARA, and DBP to produce the book.
Authors and publishers have granted PNM copyright permission to convert the book
from printed to audio format. In this published audio book, the reader's voice is
provided by volunteers.. Audio Book Publishing Project has been started since 1996
and until now, PNM has successfully published fifty-two (52) titles. Some of the audio
book titles is Merdeka! Merdeka! (1996), Bimasakti Menari (2014) and Semarak Hijau
(2019).

3.3 Retrieval tools used in the library

3.4 Physical arrangement of library material
3.5 Staffing in library
3.6 Limitations
3.7 Impact of Info. Center Collections
3.8 Conclusion
4.0 COMPARISON
5.0 CONCLUSION
6.0 REFERENCES

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Environment as Correlates of Library Utilization by Students in Rivers State
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Malaysia Traveller. (2021). National Library of Malaysia. https://www.malaysia-

traveller.com/national-library-of-malaysia.html

New York Public Library. (2021, December 10).

In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library

New York Public Library. (2021). Collections: The Heart of the Library. NYPL.
https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/collections

National Library of Malaysia. (2021, December 10).

In Wikipedia. https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Negara_Malaysia

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. (2021). Collection of National Library of Malaysia.

https://pnm.overdrive.com/

Sunday, O. P. (2008). The Use of Information Sources and Services and Its Effect on the
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University of Jos. (2021, December 9).

In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jos

UNIJOS. (2021). TETfund. University of Jos Library. https://www.unijos.edu.ng/