CYTA - Journal of Food

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EFFECT OF RAISING CONDITIONS OF GOATS ON

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY
OF ITS MEAT EFECTO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE
CRECIMIENTO DE CABRAS EN LA CALIDAD FISICO-
QUÍMICA Y QUÍMICA DE SU CARNE

M. S. Madruga , F. S. Resosemito , N. Narain , W. H. Souza , M. G. G. Cunha &

J. L. F. Ramos

To cite this article: M. S. Madruga , F. S. Resosemito , N. Narain , W. H. Souza , M. G. G.

Cunha & J. L. F. Ramos (2006) EFFECT OF RAISING CONDITIONS OF GOATS ON PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF ITS MEAT EFECTO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE
CRECIMIENTO DE CABRAS EN LA CALIDAD FISICO-QUÍMICA Y QUÍMICA DE SU CARNE,
CYTA - Journal of Food, 5:2, 100-104, DOI: 10.1080/11358120609487678

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SOMENTA Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. 5(2) 100-104 (2006) CIENCIA Y
Sociedad Mexicana de Nutrición www.somenta.org/journal ISSN 1135-8122 TECNOLOGÍA
y Tecnología de los Alimentos ALIMENTARIA

EFFECT OF RAISING CONDITIONS OF GOATS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF ITS MEAT
EFECTO DE LAS CONDICIONES DE CRECIMIENTO DE CABRAS EN
LA CALIDAD FISICO-QUÍMICA Y QUÍMICA DE SU CARNE

Madruga, M. S.1 ; Resosemito, F. S.1 ; Narain, N.2 *; Souza, W. H. 3 ; Cunha, M. G. G. 1 ; Ramos, J. L. F. 1

Universidade Federal da Paraíba (DTQA/CT/UFPB), Campus I., CEP 58.059-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil.
1

2Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DEQ/CCET/UFS), CEP 49.100-000, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil.

3Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba (EMEPA). Rua Euripedes Tavares, n° 210, Tambiá, CEP

58.013-290, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil.

Recibido/Received: 20-09-2005; aceptado /accepted: 24-04-2006

*Correspondence author. E-mail:narendra@ufs.br

Abstract
The effect of two different rearing systems of goats such as grown under confinement and raising on field was
evaluated for muscles of intact male goat. The physico-chemical properties such as pH and water activity (A w), and chemical
composition including moisture, protein, ash, calcium, iron, phosphorus, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids were
determined. The rearing system had no significant effect on protein content and water activity. Concentrations of ash and
fat were significantly (P < 0.05) different, being higher in goats raised under confinement, while goats raised in field had
higher percentage of moisture and phospholipids. However, pH, iron, phosphorus, cholesterol contents were significantly
higher for animals raised under confinement. The predominant fatty acid in goat meat in both rearing systems was oleic
(C18:1), which ranged from 36.23 to 43.56 %. Higher contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower contents of
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were found significantly (P < 0.05) different in goats raised on field. This resulted in
a greater ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and SFA and that of MUFA and SFA in goat meat of animals raised under
confinement as compared to that of the goats raised on the field.

Resumen
Se evaluó el efecto de dos sistemas de cría de cabras diferentes, tales como el crecimiento en confinamiento y el
crecimiento en campo abierto, sobre el músculo de cabras macho. Se determinaron propiedades físico-químicas como el
pH y actividad de agua (A w) y composición química incluyendo humedad, proteína, cenizas, calcio, hierro, fósforo, colesterol,
fosfolípidos y ácidos grasos. El sistema de cría no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el contenido en proteina y A w. Los
contenidos de cenizas y grasa fueron significativamente diferentes (P < 0,05), siendo mayor en cabras crecidas en
confinamiento, mientras que las cabras crecidas en campo abierto tuvieron mayor contenido en humedad y fosfolípidos.
Sin embargo, el pH y el contenido de hierro, fósforo y colesterol fueron significativamente mayores en los animales crecidos
en confinamiento. El ácido graso predominante en la carne de cabra en ambos sistemas de cría fue acido oleico (C18:1), el
cual estuvo en el intervalo 36,23 a 43,56 %. Se encontró un mayor contenido de ácidos grasos saturados (SFA) y menor
contenido de monoinsaturados (MUFA) en función del sistema de cría. Se observó una mayor proporción de ácidos grasos
insaturados (UFA) y SFA y que los MUFA y SFA en carne de cabra crecida bajo confinamiento comparados con los
crecidos en campo abierto.

Keywords: Goat, Meat, Confinement, Rearing, Chemical composition, Physico-chemical characteristics.

Palabras clave: Cabra, carne, confinamiento, cría, composición química, caracterización físico-química.

INTRODUCTION population, and large quantities of goat meat are consumed

Goats are widely dispersed meat animals, which
have been raised for centuries to provide meat, milk, fiber
and leather. Due to their small size, adaptability to dry
environments and availability, they have been more popular
in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The goat population
in developing countries represents 94 % of the world
worldwide. The number of small ruminants in Brazil is
increasing steadily, and Brazil is at number 10 in world’s
goat population with 9.5 million goats (FAO, 2002: http:/
/apps.fao.org).
Consumers are interested in goat meat as a source
of relatively lean meat, especially in developed countries
with high incidence of cardiovascular diseases

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SOMENTA ©2006
(Banskalieva et al ., 2000). Goat meat contains low
percentages of fat and cholesterol and high levels of long-
chain unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) compared with other
domestic animals. However, according to Banskalieva et
al. (2000) the fatty acids composition of goat meat has
received little research attention as compared to that given
to milk and meat obtained from other animal sources.
Factors such as genotypes, slaughter age, feeding
and mainly production systems influence considerably the
chemical composition of goat meat (Park et al., 1991; Rhee
et al., 2000; Madruga et al., 2001). According to Carvalho
et al. (1997) the rearing systems in the semiarid NorthEast
region of Brazil can be divided into extensive or field and
intensive or confinement. Extensive system is characterized
by the use of the natural resources of large properties, with
minor work expense and equipment. However, for the
extensive system, large areas of pasture are necessary since
goats are raised in native fields and sometimes together
with other livestock.
Confinement regime requires investment capital on
facilities and equipment. The success of this system is based
on constant work which is administered based on controlled
growth conditions, careful handling, technical and
administrative efficiency in all production aspects such as
breed and strain selection, feeding and animal health
(Souza, 2004).
This study was designed to examine the
physicochemical (pH and water activity) and some
chemical characteristics (moisture, ash, fat, protein,
cholesterol, phospholipids, fatty acids and minerals) of
nutritional importance in meat obtained from goats raised
in two production systems – extensive field and under
confinement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
General procedure
The studies were carried out on “mestiço” male
intact goats obtained from the Experimental Station of
“Pendência” (abattoir facilities pertaining to the State
Agency of Paraíba - EMEPA), located in the region of
“Cariri”, 7°8’18’’South latitude and 36°27’2’’ West
longitude, 534 m above sea level and 30 °C being an
average temperature.
Eighteen male goats, five months old which had an
initial live weight of 18.3±0.5 kg and an internal parasites
control, were divided at random into two sets of nine
animals. One set of nine goats was raised under
confinement regime while the other set was allowed to
grow on extensive field system - a typical native brushwood
of Northeast region of Brazil called “Caatinga”. Confined
goats were fed with ensilage containing maize and a
mixture of soy, wheat, molasses and minerals, in the ratio
of 40:60 at the rate of 4 % of their live weight. The animals
remained under confinement or on the field system until
101
Madruga et al.: Effect of raising conditions of goats on ...
attaining the weight of 30 kg. The experiment lasted 84
days for goats raised under confinement, which included
a period of 14 days for the adaptation of the animals to the
experimental conditions. For goats raised on extensive field
system, the experiments lasted 163 days. They were
weighed every 14 days, and were slaughtered according
to the standard norms of the Ministry of Agriculture
(Brasil, 1997).
Animals to be slaughtered were taken off feed but
allowed access to water for 24 h and weighed before
slaughter. The hot carcasses were held at room temperature
(around 30 °C) for six to eight hours and then chilled for
24r hours at 2 °C. Chilled carcasses were then dissected
into bone and edible meat. The semi-membranous, semi-
tendinous and biceps muscles were placed into an airtight
polyethylene bag, frozen and stored at -20 °C. Moisture
loss during storage was monitored for all chemical analysis.
The total lean meat from the muscles was defrosted
overnight, thoroughly minced and mixed, before
subsampling took place for the various analyses. A
minimum of three replicate samples of minced lean meat
was taken from each carcass (Madruga et al., 2001).
Physico-chemical analysis
The water activity was measured using AquaLab
CX2 equipment and pH values were determined on a
Digimed PS3 pH meter.
Chemical analysis
Moisture, ash and protein contents were determined
by using the official methodology (AOAC, 2002). Total
fat was determined following the procedure of Folch et al.
(1957). Total phosphorus (molybdenum blue method) and
total iron (o-phenanthroline method) were assayed using
the colorimetric methods reported by Egan et al. (1981).
Calcium content was determined in the ashed sample by
titration with EDTA (AOAC, 2002).
The extracted lipids obtained through methodology
of Folch et al. (1957) were used to analyze the fatty acids,
cholesterol and phospholipids contents. The method of
Hartman and Lago (1973) was used in the preparation of
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FAME in the hexane
fractions were separated by using a gas chromatograph
(GC) - Hewlett-Packard model 5890 series II instrument,
fitted with a flame ionization detector (FID). GC separation
of fatty acids was achieved on a fused silica HP INNOWax
capillary column (30 m x 0.25 m i.d. x 0.25 µm film
thickness). The final derivatised sample solution (1.0 µl)
was introduced into a split/splitless injector at 230 ºC, and
chromatograms were recorded with Hewlett-Packard
HP3365 ChemStation System. Column initial and final
temperatures were 120 and 210 ºC, respectively, with
temperature ramping program at 8 ºC/min. The detector
temperature was maintained at 250 ºC. The final
quantification of fatty acids was done in a gas
chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (Varian
Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. 5(2) 100-104 (2006) ISSN 1135-8122 ©2006 SOMENTA

Table 1. Physicochemical and chemical parameters (values expressed
in wet weight basis - mean ± standard deviation) of semi-membranous,
semi-tendinous and biceps goat meat obtained from animals raised on
field and under confinement regimes. Means in each row followed by
different superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Table 2. Fatty acids (%; mean ± standard deviation) of semi-
membranous, semi-tendinous and biceps goat meat obtained from
animals raised on field and under confinement regimes. Means in each
row followed by different superscript letters were significantly different
(P < 0.05).

Tabla 1. Parámetros físicoquimicos y químicos (valores expresados en Tabla 2. Ácidos grasos (%; medias ± desviaciones estandar) de carne
peso humedo - medias ± desviaciones estandar) de carne de semi- de semi-membranoso, semi-tendinoso y biceps de cabra obtenida de
membranoso, semi-tendinoso y biceps de cabra obtenida de animales animales crecidos en campo abierto o en regimen de confinamiento.
crecidos en campo abierto o en regimen de confinamiento. Valores en Valores en cada fila con letras superíndices diferentes indican diferencias
cada fila con letras superíndices diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P < 0,05).
significativas (P < 0,05).
Rearing system
Fatty acids
Rearing system Field Confinement
Component Saturated
Field Confinement
pH 5.88a ± 0.42 5.98b ± 0.16 C12:0 0.46 a ± 0.18 0.30a ± 0.11
Water Activity (Aw) a
0.990 ±0.001 0.986a ±0.001 C14:0 2.41a ± 0.35 1.83b ± 0.25
Moisture (g/kg) a
780.0 ± 9.5 753.4b ± 5.4 C15:0 0.67 a ± 0.31 0.53a ± 0.20
Ash (g/kg) 8.8 ± 0.2
a
10.5b ± 0.2 C16:0 19.64a ± 1.15 20.12a ± 0.42
Fat (g/kg) a
20.6 ± 1.9 26.6b ± 2.2 C17:0 1.64 a ± 0.29 1.63a ± 0.24
Protein (g/kg) a
217.2 ± 10.2 217.2a ± 7.7 C18:0 20.71a ± 0.84 17.03 b ± 1.08
Cholesterol (mg/kg) 331.5 ± 36.1
a
415.2b ± 38.2 Monounsaturated
Phospholipids (mg/kg) a
432.3 ± 68.3 337.6b ± 58.1 C14:1 0.44 a ± 0.22 0.48a ± 0.22
Calcium (mg/kg) a
213.2 ± 26.7 134.1b ± 16.5 C15:1 1.17 a ± 0.40 0.95a ± 0.30
Iron (mg/kg) a
67.8 ± 44.0 92.9b ± 60.6 C16:1 1.87 a ± 0.16 2.60b ± 0.42
C17:1 1.80 a ± 0.49 1.45a ± 0.09
Phosphorus (mg/kg) 1904.5 ± 138.6 2322.0b ± 238.3
a
C18:1 36.23a ± 1.78 43.56 b ± 1.50
Polyunsaturated
C18:2 9.06 a ± 1.33 6.84a ± 0.76
C18:3 3.62 a ± 0.54 2.53b ± 0.28
GC3800 and MS Saturn 2000) under identical analytical
C20:3 0.25 a ± 0.14 0.22a ± 0.12
conditions as that of GC-FID system and with the usage of
authentic reference standards of fatty acids.
Cholesterol content was determined according to
the procedure described by Bohac et al. (1988). The propionate absorption or to decreased energy expenditures
absorbance of the cooled and colored mixture of in stall fed lambs for locomotion and thermoregulation
cholesterol and glacial acetic acid-FeSO4-H2SO4 was read expenses.
at 490nm against the reagent blank. The total phospholipids Grazing goats presented higher percentage of
were assayed using the methodology described by Egan et moisture, phospholipids and calcium contents. Protein
al. (1981). contents of goat meat were not affected by changes in the
rearing conditions.
Statistical analysis The concentrations of moisture, ash, fat and proteins
All data were processed by analysis of variance, of goat meat were found to be almost same as reported on
according to Tukey’s mean comparison test between fresh goat meat by Mioc et al. (2001), Kesava Rao et al.
rearing systems using general linear model of SAS program (2002) and Nassu et al. (2002). These data also corroborate
(SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). with our earlier work on meat obtained from a crossbreed
of Criolo goat (Madruga et al., 1999).
As the iron content in lean meat was lower in goat
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION raised on field, it could be due the fact that goats raised in
extensive system suffered attacks by ecto- and/or
Data presented in Table 1 show means and standard endoparasites, which are very common in the land, in spite
deviations for chemical composition of goat meat raised of an internal control of the parasites performed initially.
in different rearing systems. Concentrations of fat, On the other hand, higher concentration of calcium in goats
cholesterol, phosphorus, iron and ash were significantly raised on the field could be attributed to the soil and the
(P < 0.05) higher in goats raised on confinement regime. “caatinga” bush, consumed by these small ruminants, which
Higher concentrations of fat for confinement goats was are rich in minerals particularly in calcium contents.
explained by Aurousseau et al. (2004), who reported that Total fat content was comparable to those reported
higher fat contents in Longissimus thoracis muscle from for native Brazilian goat meat by Madruga et al. (1999,
stall fed lambs could either be related to a stimulation of 2001), as well as for data reported for exotic breeds by
fat deposition, following higher glucose, lactate or Park et al. (1991), which ranged from 20 to 34 g/kg.

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SOMENTA ©2006
Cholesterol contents reported in the present study
were below the range (518 to 741 g/kg) reported by
Madruga et al. (2001) for goats raised in semi-extensive
system, as well as those reported by Park et al. (1991) and
Johnson et al. (1995).
The phospholipids content appeared to be relatively
higher than the findings of 100 mg/kg by Prabhakar and
Narayana (1983) and 102 to 115 mg/kg by Madruga et al.
(2001). In a study performed on goats raised on field and
under confinement, Aurousseau et al. (2004) observed
higher concentrations of phospholipids in meat from grass-
fed lambs as compared to the stall-fed ones.
The pH values of confinement goats were generally
slightly higher than those for field goats. The values
reported in the present study are within the range reported
for goat meat (Madruga et al., 1999; Beserra et al., 2001),
but appeared to be relatively higher in comparison with
other meat animals – beef and pork (Lawrie, 1985). Water
activity values, as expected, were very high, approximately
0.99 and environmental conditions had no effect on this
parameter.
Data on fatty acids composition on meats are
presented in Table 2. In fat extracts of goat meat, 14 fatty
acids, being 6 saturated, 5 monounsaturated and 3
polyunsaturated were identified. The predominant fatty
acids found in goat meat were: oleic (C18:1), stearic
(C18:0), palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic
(C18:3), palmitoleic (C16:1) and myristic (C14:0), which
represented 93.5 to 94.5% of the total fatty acids.
The predominant fatty acid in goat meat in both
rearing systems was oleic (C18:1). Park and Washington
(1993), Matsouka et al. (1997), Madruga et al. (2001) and
Kesava Rao et al. (2002), also reported oleic acid as the
major component in the fatty acids profile of goat meat.
Through analysis of individual fatty acids in goat
meat, it was observed that goats raised on field presented
significant (P < 0.05) difference in their contents, being
higher in myristic (2.41 %), stearic (20.71 %) and linolenic
(3.62 %) acids than in the goats raised under confinement
regime. However, lower percentage of fatty acids was
found of palmitoleic (1.87 %) and oleic acids (36.23 %)
in goat meat raised on field.
Stearic acid content was higher than those of
crossbreed Boer goats (16.27 %) raised on semi-
confinement regime (Rhee et al., 2000). Mahgoub et al.
(2002) studying lipid compounds of Omani Jebel Akhdar
goats in confinement regime found values of stearic acid
varying from 15.21 to 18.72 %.
Comparing the monounsaturated fatty acids profile,
a higher percentage of C16:1 (2.60 %) was found in goats
raised under confinement regime. Park and Washington
(1993) reported 2.40 % of C16:1 on goat meat of Nubian,
raised in semi-extensive regime. These values of 1.87 and
2.60 % are similar to those reported by Madruga et al.
(2001) for crossbreed of Saanen (1.94 to 2.54 %) raised in
semi-confinement regime. Goats raised under confinement
103
Madruga et al.: Effect of raising conditions of goats on ...
Table 3. Profile of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA),
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents (%; mean ± standard
deviation), and their proportions in semi-membranous, semi-tendinous
and biceps goat meat obtained from animals raised on field and under
confinement regimes. Means in each row followed by different
superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Tabla 3. Perfil de contenidos de ácidos grasos saturados (SFA),
monoinsaturados (MUFA), poliinsaturados (PUFA) (%; medias ±
desviaciones estandar) de carne de semi-membranoso, semi-tendinoso
y biceps de cabra obtenida de animales crecidos en campo abierto o en
regimen de confinamiento. Valores en cada fila con letras superíndices
diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P < 0,05).
Rearing system
Fatty acids
Field Confinement
SFA 45.52a ± 1.81 41.42b ± 0.93
a
MUFA 41.52 ± 2.05 49.04b ± 1.75
a
PUFA 12.94 ± 1.82 9.59a ± 0.98
a b
MUFA/SFA 0.93 ± 0.07 1.19 ± 0.06
a
PUFA/SFA 0.29 ± 0.04 0.23a ± 0.02
UFA/SFA 1.22a ± 0.08 1.42b ± 0.05
regime presented higher percentages (43.56 %) of C18:1
in comparison with goats raised on field (36.23 %).
Madruga et al. (2001) studying the fatty acids of Mestiço
goat meat from native Brazilian goats raised in semi-
confinement regime, found values of oleic acid varying
from 38 to 44 %.
Of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, just the linolenic
acid (C18:3) differed significantly (P < 0.05) by the
influence of rearing system. The linolenic acid contents
were higher to those reported by Rhee et al. (2000) for
crossbreed of Boer (0.18 to 1.16 %). In function of the
creation system, the higher percentage of linolenic acid
(3.62 %) was found in goats raised on field. Aurousseau et
al. (2004) reported higher concentration of C18:2 in meat
from grass fed lambs than in stall fed lambs and discussed
that changes in PUFA pattern are primarily linked to the
respective fatty acids contents of grass or concentrates.
The summarized data on different categories of fatty
acids and their proportions are presented in Table 3 Goats
raised on field presented higher percentage of SFA (45.52
%) than those under confinement (41.42 %), while goats
raised under confinement possessed higher percentage of
MUFA (49.04 %). Rhee et al. (2000) found similar values
(35.28 - 42.19 % of SFA and 45.29 – 56.46 % of MUFA)
on crossbreed goats of Boer raised in confinement regime.
Similar values were reported by Kesava Rao et al. (2002)
and Park and Washington (1993). In a study performed on
strongly oxidative pig muscle of Masseter a n d a
predominantly glycolytic muscle of Longissimus dorsi, the
Longissimus muscle possessed higher saturated fatty acids
and monounsaturated fatty acids but lower polyunsaturated
fatty acids content as compared to the strongly oxidative
muscle (Muriel et al., 2002).
The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
(UFA/SFA) in function of the factor “rearing system”
showed that goats raised under confinement were
Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. 5(2) 100-104 (2006)
significantly (P < 0.05) different, having a larger ratio of
MUFA/SFA than goats raised on field. Rhee et al. (2000)
found similar values for the ratio MUFA/SFA (1.07) and
for the ratio UFA/SFA (1.37) on crossbreed goats of Boer
raised under confinement regime. Mahgoub et al. (2002)
also reported similar ratio of UFA/SFA (0.74 to 1.59) and
concluded that goat meat quality, as judged by fatty acid
composition, is not inferior to that of meats from other
farm animals.
CONCLUSIONS
Goats raised under confinement regime presented
significantly higher contents of ash, fat, cholesterol, iron
and phosphorus as compared to those raised on field
system. Goats raised in confinement regime also contained
significantly greater MUFA, higher ratio of MUFA/SFA
and UFA/SFA than goats raised on field. Meat lipids from
goats raised on fields showed a composition potentially
beneficial for human health, accumulating more C18:2,
C18:3 and C20:3 in comparison with goat confined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Conselho Nacional
de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for
the financial support of this project.
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