Pharmaceutical Biology

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Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Medicinal

Plants of Mauritius

Lene Jelager, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim & Anne Adsersen

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and Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plants of Mauritius, Pharmaceutical Biology, 36:3, 153-161,
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Pharmaceutical Biology
1998, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 153–161
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OF MAURITIUS
Lene Jelager1, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim2 and Anne Adsersen1
1Department of Pharmacognosy, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
ABSTRACT
Forty-three crude drug samples, prepared from 18
plants belonging to 14 families were screened for
antibacterial activity against Gram positive (Staphylo-
coccus aureus), and Gram negative (Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi) bacteria
and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and
Aspergillus niger. Eighteen of the 43 extracts showed
good activity against the Gram positive and Gram neg-
ative bacteria but, after removal of the tannins, the bac-
terial activity of 16 of the 18 plants was lost. Attempts
have also been made towards the validation of some of
the herbal teas prescribed by traditional healers.
INTRODUCTION
Mauritius is a tropical island in the South West Indian
Ocean that has numerous plant resources. The people
of Mauritius have a very long standing tradition in the
use of ethnomedicine and the practice of traditional
medicine is still very strong in the treatment of minor
ailments. However, the use of the flora had been
restricted mainly to exotic plants brought by immi-
grants from Africa, Madagascar, India and China,
nearly a century and a half ago. In a survey carried out
on the traditional uses of plants both in Mauritius and
Rodrigues, only a small percentage (ca. 5%) of the
endemics were being used as medicinal plants (Fakim,
1990; Gurib-Fakim et al., 1993, 1995, 1996a,b,c).
Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, ethnomedicine, herbal
teas, Mauritius, medicinal plants.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Ameenah Gurib-Fakim,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of
Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
1388-0209/98/3603-0153$12.00
© Swets & Zeitlinger
It is well established that plant-derived compounds
offer potential sources of new antibiotics, anticancer
agents and anti-HIV agents amongst other pharmaceu-
tical agents. As part of a systematic study on the flora
of Mauritius for new biologically active compounds
from higher plants, 43 extracts from 18 plants belong-
ing to 14 different families were screened for their
antibacterial and antifungal properties. This prelimi-
nary study of 18 plants constitutes the first assessment
of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Mau-
ritian medicinal plants. Appendix 1 highlights the uses
of these plants in the traditional pharmacopeia and their
different properties as reported in the literature. Reports
are also available on the traditional medicinal uses of
some native plants of Mauritius (Baumer, 1975; Suss-
man, 1980; Wong Ting Fook, 1980; Fakim, 1990;
Gurib-Fakim et al., 1993, 1994, 1996a,b,c).
Many tisanes are sold in the markets in Mauritius
and such information has also been collected from lay
people. An attempt has been made to validate the uses
of such tisanes which are sometimes made up of many
plants.
It is well known that tannins influence the antibac-
terial and antifungal properties of plant extracts. In
order to ascertain that components other than tannins
are responsible for the activities, the tannins were pre-
cipitated out of the solutions with gelatin and the fil-
trates were re-tested for antibacterial and antifungal
properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Materials
The plant materials were collected from the users of
these plants throughout Mauritius. They were identi-
fied by the Curator of the National Herbarium, Mr. J.
154 L. JELAGER ET AL.
Gueho, and samples of these plants have been
deposited at the Herbarium for Medicinal at the Fac-
ulty of Science of the University of Mauritius and at
the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of
Pharmacognosy, The Royal Danish School of Phar-
macy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sample Preparation
The plant parts were dried and ground, then 15–20 g
of the powder was extracted in about 200 ml of
methanol. The extracts were dried in vacuo. The yield
was calculated as g extract/g dry plant material. The
extracts were dissolved in a mixture of methanol and
sterilized water (1:1) with a concentration of 8 mg/ml.
The methanol extract was also used for the chemical
tests.
The extracts were then tested against Gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram negative bac-
teria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Salmonella typhi) and fungi (Candida albicans and
Aspergillus niger). The bacteria and Candida are clin-
ical isolates obtained from the local hospital. Their
identity was confirmed by the microbiologist at the
hospital. The extract of Aspergillus niger was obtained
from the Microbiology Department of the Faculty of
Science of the University of Mauritius.
Antimicrobial Tests
The program used for the screening is essentially the
agar dilution method described by Mitscher et al.
(1972), designed for the evaluation of antimicrobial
activity in extracts of higher plants.
Tests organisms were incubated at 37°C for Can-
dida, 27°C for Aspergillus sp. for 48 h and at 37°C for
24 h for the bacteria. The lowest drug concentration at
which no growth was observed was considered to be
the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Table 3
highlights the results of the MIC values for the anti-
microbial and antifungal tests.
Precipitation with Gelatin
To investigate whether tannins are solely responsible
for the antibacterial effect of the plant extracts, tannins
were removed from the extract by precipitation with
gelatin prior to testing.
The plant extract, obtained from 10 g of the plant
material, was dissolved in 25 ml hot distilled water,
stirred and allowed to cool to room temperature. After
filtration, a 1% gelatin solution was added dropwise to
the filtrate until no further precipitation was noticed.
The mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant layer
was evaporated to dryness resulting in a crude extract
without any tannins (Hansen, 1995). The test concen-
tration for the extract was adjusted so that it was possi-
ble to compare the activity before and after the removal
of the tannins.
Antimicrobial Testing of Herbal Teas
In order to test plants prepared in the way people use
herbal remedies prescribed by the healers and to inves-
tigate whether the antimicrobial activity could be due to
a synergistic effect between the plants, 13 herbal teas
made out of different plants were investigated for their
antimicrobial activity (see Appendix 4, 5). The teas
were made in water according to methods used by lay
people and a methanol extract was also prepared. These
extracts were tested as mentioned earlier.
The teas that have been tested are the following:
(1) 10 leaves of Fandamane (Aphloia theiformis);
a piece (ca. 10 cm) of Manglier de mer (Rhizophora
mucronata); a piece of the stem (ca. 10 cm) of Bois de
ronde (Erythroxylum sp.); a handful of Lierre (leaves
and branches) (Ficus pumila); 7–10 leaves of Bois de
chandelle (Dracaena reflexa). A handful of the tisane
is placed in 4 cups of water, then boiled until the
amount of water has been reduced to 3 cups. This is
then drunk 2–3 times a day for 1 week against urinary
tract infections.
(2) 10 leaves of Voatook (Tristemma mauri-
tianum); 3 small plants of Persicaire (Polygonum
poiretii). A handful of the mixture is boiled in 4 cups
of water for 10 min and it has been reduced to 2 cups.
This tisane is used against diarrhea.
(3) 10 leaves of Voatook (Tristemma mauri-
tianum); 3 small plants of Persicaire (Polygonum
poiretii); 1/4 fruit pulp of Raphia (Raphia farinifera). A
handful of this mixture is boiled in 4 cups of water for
10 min until it has been reduced to 2 cups. This is drunk
at the rate of 2 cups per day over a period not exceed-
ing 5 days in the case of severe diarrhea.
(4) 10 leaves of Betel marron (Piper sp.); a piece
(ca. 10 cm) of the stem of Bois de ronde (Erythroxy-
lum sp.); one whole plant of Herbe papillon
(Heliotropium indicum). A handful of the tisane is
boiled in 4 cups of water and then reduced to 2 cups.
This tisane is drunk “when thirst” begins against uri-
nary infections.
(5) An infusion of 2 leaves of Plantain (Plantago
major) is made in 5 cups of water for 5 min. An eye
 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MAURITIUS
bath is made twice a day until the eye infection dis-
appears.
(6) The plants Salsepareille (Smilax anceps) or
Herbe tourterelle (Wikstroemia indica) are crushed and
applied against wounds.
(7) 5 leaves of Ayapana (Ayapana triplinervis) are
boiled in 1.5 cups of water and given to young children
in the event of diarrhea.
(8) 1–3 fruit pulps of Raphia (Raphia farinifera)
are boiled in 3 cups of water and then reduced to 2
cups. This decoction is drunk at the rate of 1–2 cups
daily against dysentery.
(9) A piece (ca. 10 cm) of the stem of Bois de
ronde (Erythroxylum sp.); 2 pieces (ca. 10 cm each) of
the roots of the Manglier de mer (Rhizophoramu-
cronata); 2 pieces of the roots of the Cocotier (Cocos
nucifera); 7 leaves of Fandamane (Aphloia theiformis).
The mixture which is initially boiled in 4 cups is then
reduced to 3 cups and is taken orally against urinary
tract infections.
(10) A piece (ca. 5 cm) of the stem of Benjoin (Ter-
minalia bentzoe); 1/2 fruit of Raphia (Raphia
farinifera); 3 leaves of Bois cassant rouge (Faujasiop-
sis flexuosa). This mixture is boiled in 3 cups of water
then reduced to 2 cups. This is drunk at the rate of 1/2
cup 2–3 times a day against dysentery.
(11) 5 leaves of Bois cassant (Faujasiopsis flexu-
osa) are boiled in 3 cups of water and then reduced to
2 cups. This decoction is consumed at the rate of 1 cup
daily against diarrhea.
(12) The leaves of Curanellie rouge (Phyllanthus
sp.) are applied to wounds.
(13) An infusion of leaves of Plantago major along
with those of Plantago lanceolata is made in 5 cups of
water for 10 min. An eye bath is made twice a day until
the eye infection disappears.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most of the plants, except for Ayapana triplinervis,
showed reasonable activity against Gram 1 and
Gram 2 bacteria. A. triplinervis showed antifungal
properties only against Aspergillus niger. It would
appear that A. triplinervis extracts have a very narrow
range of activity as the only activity reported so far has
155
been against Bacillus subtilis (Appendix 1) (Verpoorte
et al., 1987).
It was very interesting to note that 30% of the tested
plants with the most promising antibacterial properties
were the endemic/indigenous species: Erythroxylum
laurifolium, E. macrocarpum, Faujasiopsis flexuosa
ssp. erecta, F. flexuosa ssp. flexuosa, Polygonum
poiretii, and Terminalia bentzoe ssp. bentzoe. Tris-
temma mauritianum, P. poiretii and Terminalia bentzoe
also showed antifungal properties.
Among these endemic plants, only the Erythroxylum
spp. have been studied previously. The ethanol extract
of E. laurifolium contains polyphenols and shows ACE
inhibitory properties (Appendix 2) (Hansen et al.,
1996). E. macrocarpum contains tropane alkaloids
while E. sideroxyloides has not been studied so far.
However, they all showed good activity against the
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Both endemic varieties of Faujasiopsis flexuosa are
being used often by the lay people against dysentery
and interestingly, both of them showed activity against
all the bacteria tested. Faujasiopsis flexuosa has been
studied for its antisickling properties (Gurib-Fakim
et al., 1992). Polygonum poiretii and Terminalia bent-
zoe are used against diarrhea and dysentery, respec-
tively, and they also showed reasonable activity against
the tested bacteria and fungi in vitro. Tristemma mau-
ritianum and Ficus pumila showed promising activity
against the bacteria in vitro.
After removal of the tannins from the extracts, only
Faujasiopsis flexuosa and Ficus pumila continued to
have antibacterial activities (Appendix 3). This would
therefore suggest that other components besides tan-
nins are responsible for the antibacterial properties in
these two species.
The water extract of the tisanes also showed anti-
microbial activity. Since the antimicrobial activity was
found using the same preparation as prescribed by the
healers, these results would support the way people use
these herbal remedies. The methanol extracts showed
more pronounced activity especially against P. aerugi-
nosa thus confirming that the active components are
polar.
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Accepted: November 7, 1997
Appendix 1. Uses of the tested plants in the traditional pharmacopeia (Gurib-Fakim et al., 1996a,b,c).
Plant
Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. & R.Br. (HFS
34)
Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R. M. King & H.
Robinson (HFS 15)
Dracaena reflexa Lam.var. reflexa (In.)
Erythroxylum laurifolium Lam. (En.)
E. macrocarpum O. E. Schulz (En.)
E. sideroxyloides Lam. (En.)
Family Uses
Flacourtiaceae A tea made from the leaves is drunk for dysen-
tery, jaundice and fever (Sussman, 1980; Wong
Ting Fook, 1980; Adjanohoun et al., 1983).
Asteraceae The juice extracted from the plant is used
against fever while the infusion of the leaves is
used against nausea (Sussman, 1980; Wong Ting
Fook, 1980 Adjanohoun et al., 1983; Fakim,
1990).
Liliaceae A decoction of the leaves is used against chronic
dysentery. A bath in the whole plant decoction
is used against skin infections (Sussman, 1980;
Wong Ting Fook, 1980; Adjanohoun et al.,
1983; Fakim, 1990).
Erythroxylaceae A decoction of the bark is used against kidney
stones and fever (Sussman, 1980; Wong Ting
Fook, 1980; Adjanohoun et al., 1993; Fakim,
1990).
Erythroxylaceae A decoction of the bark is used against kidney
stones and fever.
Erythroxylaceae A decoction of the bark is used against kidney
stones and fever.
Biodynamic Notes
Leaves contain the xanthone aphloiol (Heg-
nauer, 1962–64). Methanol extract of the leaves
are molluscicidal. Monodesmosideic saponins
are responsible for the activity (Gopalsamy et
al., 1989).
The main component of the essential oil is thy-
mohydrochinon-dimethylether. The leaves con-
tain herniarin (umbelliferone-methylether) and
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MAURITIUS
ayapin (= 6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin). The
leaf extracts are antimicrobial only against B.
subtilis (Verpoorte et al., 1987).
The leaves contain alkaloids and saponins
(Lavergne, 1990).
The dried leaves contain proanthocyanidins and
polyphenols (Hegnauer, 1962-1964). The
ethanol extract shows ACE inhibitory properties.
Activity due to proanthocyanidins, and
flavonoids (Hansen et al., 1996).
The wood contains terpenes, while the ether
extracts of the different plant parts contain
tropane alkaloids (Al-Said et al., 1986).
157
Appendix continues
 158
Appendix (continued)

Plant Family Uses Biodynamic Notes

Faujasiopsis flexuosa (Lam.) C. Jeffrey ssp. flex-
uosa (En.) (HFS 139)
Asteraceae A leaf decoction is used against diabetes and
dysentery (Sussman, 1980; Adjanohoun et al.,
1983).
The leaves and stem contain sterols, terpenes
including triterpenes, alkaloids and tannins
(Gurib-Fakim et al., 1995). The methanolic
extract of the stem and leaves show antisickling
properties (Fakim et al., 1992).

Faujasiopsis flexuosa (Lam.) C. Jeffrey ssp. Asteraceae A leaf decoction is used against diabetes and –
erecta C. Jeffrey (En.) dysentery.

L. JELAGER ET AL.
Ficus pumila L. Moraceae A tea made from the leaves is used against uri- The leaves contain flavonoids, coumarins, and
nary tract infections (Sussman, 1980; furanocoumarins (Hegnauer, 1962–64). The
Adjanohoun et al., 1983). furanocoumarins show antimicrobial properties
(Swain et al., 1990).

Heliotropium indicum L. (HFS 123)
Boraginaceae A leaf poultice is applied on wounds while an
infusion of the leaves is used against urinary
tract infections (Wong Ting Fook, 1980;
Adjanohoun et al., 1983).
The whole plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids
and sterols (Glasby, 1991). The water and
ethanolic extracts are antifungal against A. niger
(Gupta et al., 1972). The alkaloids are reported
to have anti-tumor properties (Bruneton, 1987).

Phyllanthus niruri L. var. amarus (Schumach) Euphorbiaceae A leaf decoction is used plant against diarrhea The whole (HFS 218) extract is anti-bacterial
Leandri and skin infections. An eye bath of the leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus (Verpoorte et al.,
and stem infusion is used to wash the eye in con- 1987).
junctivitis.

Piper subpeltatum Willd. Piperaceae A leaf decoction is used to wash wounds. –

Appendix continues
Appendix (continued)

Plant Family Uses Biodynamic Notes

Polygonum poiretii Meissner (En.) Polygonaceae A whole plant decoction is used against diarrhea The whole plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids,
and to stop vomiting in young children. flavones, phenols, saponins (Lavergne, 1990).

Raphia farinifera (Gaertner) Hylander Arecaceae A decoction of the fruit pulp is used against –
dysentery (Adjanohoun et al., 1983)

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MAURITIUS

Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophoraceae The root decoction is used against diabetes The leaves contain sterols, fatty acids and gib-
while the leaf decoction is used against fever berellins (Misra et al., 1984; Ganguly et al.,
(Sussman, 1980; Adjanohoun et al., 1983; 1974). The bark shows antiviral properties, in
Fakim, 1990). vitro and in vivo (Premanathan et al., 1994).

Smilax anceps Willd. (In.) Liliaceae The leaf decoction is used against varicose veins –
while the whole plant decoction is used against
dysentery and skin infections (Sussman, 1980;
Wong Ting Fook, 1980; Fakim, 1990).

Terminalia bentzoe (L.) Pers. ssp. bentzoe (En.) Combretaceae A decoction of the bark is used against dysen- –
(HFS 197) tery and diarrhea (Wong Ting Fook, 1980).

Tristemma mauritianum J.F. Gmel. Melastomataceae A stem and leaf decoction is used against diar- –
rhea and dysentery. The decoction is also used
against skin infections (Baumer, 1979; Sussman,
1980).

Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Meyer Thymelaeaceae A leaf and fruit poultice is applied on wounds The plant contains lignans, coumarins and
and abscess (Sussman, 1980; Wong Ting Fook, flavonoids (Kato et al., 1979; Lee et al. 1981).
1980; Adjanohoun et al., 1983).

159
Legend: En. refers to the endemic plants, In. refers to the indigenous species. HFS represent the herbarium voucher number.
160 L. JELAGER ET AL.

Appendix 2. Results of the antimicrobial screening. Determination of the approximate MIC values.

Name of the plant species and investigated part E. coli P. aeruginosa S. typhi S. aureus C. alicans A. niger

Aphloia theiformis, stem 1 111 1 111 2 2

Ayapana triplenervis, leaves 2 2
Dracaena reflexa var. reflexa, bark 2 1
Erythroxylum laurifolium, bark 1 11
Erythroxylum macrocarpum, bark 2 11
Erythroxylum sideroxyloides, bark 1 1
Faujasiopsis flexuosa ssp. erecta, leaves 11 111
Faujasiopsis flexuosa ssp. flexuosa, leaves 11 111
Ficus pumila, stem 2 11
Heliotropium indicum, whole plant 1 111
Phyllanthus niruri var. amarus, whole plant 2 111
Piper sylvester, aerial part 2 11
Polygonum poiretii, bark 1 11
Polygonum poiretii, leaves 1 11
Raphia farinifera, pulp 2 2
Rhizophora mucronata, leaves 1 11
Smilax anceps, aerial part 1 1
Terminalia bentzoe ssp. bentzoe, leaves 11 11111
Tristemma mauritianum, leaves 11 111111
Wikstroemia indica, root 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
1 111 2 2
11 111 2 2
1 11 2 1
111 1111 2 2
11 1111 2 2
2 111 2 2
11 111 2 2
11 111 2 2
1 111 2 2
11 11111 2 1
11 1111 2 2
2 1111 2 2
1 1111 2 2
1 111 2 2
111 11111 2 1 (bark)
111 1111 2 2
2 11 2 2

MIC values: 1 = 8 mg/ml, 11 = 4 mg/ml, 111 = 2 mg/ml, 1111 = 1 mg/ml, 11111 = 0.5 mg/ml, 111111 = 0.25 mg/ml., (2)
= no activity

Appendix 3 Results of the antibacterial screening after precipitation together with the results from before precipitation (in brackets).

Name of the plant species and investigated part Test conc. E. coli P. aeruginosa S. typhi S. aureus

Aphloia theiformis, stem 3.3 mg/ml 2 2 2 2

(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Dracaena reflexa var. reflexa, bark 5.2 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (2) (1)
Erythroxylum laurifolium, bark 6.3 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Erythroxylum macrocarpum, bark 1.3 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Erythroxylum sideroxyloides, bark 4.1 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Faujasiopsis flexuosa ssp. flexuosa, leaves 6.6 mg/ml 1 1 1 1
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Faujasiopsis flexuosa ssp. erecta, leaves 5.6 mg/ml 2 1 1 1
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Ficus pumila, stem 2.7 mg/ml 2 2 2 1
(8.0 mg/ml) (2) (1) (2) (1)
Heliotropium indicum, whole plant 6.0 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Phyllanthus niruri var. amarus, whole plant 8.0 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (2) (1) (1) (1)
Piper sylvester, aerial part 5.3 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (2) (1) (1) (1)
Polygonum poiretii, leaves 4.7 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Raphia farinifera, pulp 5.0 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (2) (2) (2) (1)
Rhizophora mucronata, leaves 4.0 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Smilax anceps, aerial part 2.2 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Terminalia bentzoe ssp. bentzoe leaves 3.2 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Tristemma mauritianum, leaves 3.2 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Wikstroemia indica, root 2.4 mg/ml 2 2 2 2
(8.0 mg/ml) (2) (1) (1) (1)

(2) = no activity(1) = activity.

 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MAURITIUS 161

Appendix 4. Results of the antimicrobial screening of the methanol extracts of the tisanes. Determination of the approximate MIC values.

Tisane No. S. aureus P. aeruginosa S. typhi E. coli A. niger C. alicans

1 1111 111 1 1 2 2
2 1111 111 1 11 2 2
3 11 11 1 2 2 2
4 11 1 2 2 2 2
5 11 11 1 2 2 2
6 1111 2 2 2 2 2
7 1111 2 2 2 2 2
8 1111 2 2 2 2 2
9 11111 111 1 2 2 2
10 1111 1111 2 2 2 2
11 111 2 2 2 2 2
12 111 2 2 2 2 2
13 111 2 2 2 2 2

MIC values: 1 = 8 mg/ml, 11 = 4 mg/ml, 111 = 2 mg/ml, 1111 = 1 mg/ml, 11111 = 0.5 mg/ml, (2) = no activity.

Appendix 5. Results of the antimicrobial screening of the water extracts of the tisanes. Determination of the approximate MIC values.

Tisane No. S. aureus P. aeruginosa S. typhi E. coli A. niger C. alicans

1 1 2 2 2 2 2
2 111 2 1 2 2 2
3 111 1 11 1 2 2
4 1111 1 11 1 2 2
5 111 2 1 2 2 2
6 111 2 2 2 2 2
7 111 2 2 2 2 2
8 111 2 2 2 2 2
9 11111 1 11 2 2 2
10 1111 1 11 1 2 2
11 11 2 2 2 2 2
12 1 2 2 2 2 2
13 11 2 2 2 2 2

MIC values: 1 = 8 mg/ml, 11 = 4 mg/ml, 111 = 2 mg/ml, 1111 = 1 mg/ml, 11111 = 0.5 mg/ml, (2) = no activity.