Review of Related Literature

Mayana (Solenostemon scutellarioides)

The result in the study of Acero in 2017 entitled Mayana (Coleus blumei) Leaves
Ointment in Wound Healing of Albino Rats (Rattus albus) demonstrated that the wound length
of the experimental animals before and after treatment with Mayana leaves ointment differed
significantly. The presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, and quinones was discovered in
Mayana leaf extracts after qualitative phytochemical screening. Flavonoids are class of
phytochemicals that have a variety of pharmacological actions, such as antioxidant, anti-
inflammation, anti-platelet, anti-allergic, cytotoxity, and lowering the risk of heart disease or
cancer. Mayana, in particular, also contains rosmarinic acid, which has been shown to be
effective on rats in tests. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in general, and it
may protect against certain malignancies. A person who experience superficial diseases caused
by Group A Streptococcus Infection may also experience intensely erythematous, indurated
plaque with sharply demarcated border wounds or skin infection (Erysipelas) and reddish sores
on the face, especially around the nose, mouth, hands and feet that mainly affect infants and your
children (Impetigo).

As elaborated in the study of Co from Manila Science High School in 2018, Chemical
constituents of Mayana leaf extract can be used to replace the commercial antibiotic oxacillin in
the treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is less effective, but it is also
less costly, allowing the market to buy more. In obtaining the crude ethanolic extract, the
maceration technique was used for one (1) kilogram of Mayana leaves. After testing the
antimicrobial compounds in Mayana leaf extract, triterpenes were found in the highest
concentrations in the chemical components, saponins and flavonoids had a modest antimicrobial
content and alkaloids, glucosides, and tannins all had a little inhibitory effect, but sterols had
none. This study is related because the goal of the researcher is to find out the antibacterial
activity of Mayana and the plant extraction method were also use to determine the antibacterial
activity of it against Group A Streptococcus.
 Mayana is known for its ornamental and therapeutic properties. According to the study of
Healing Wonders of Philippine Medicinal plants in 2017, pounded 10-12 leaves of Mayana
leaves heal bruises and sprains by putting it over the affected area for 30 minutes, three times
daily with the application of a bandage to keep the poultice in place. Taking the decoctions of
leaves also relieve flatulence. By putting 10-12 fresh heated leaves over forehead or cheeks twice
a day, it can be used to treat inflammation of tissue lining the sinuses. Mayana has been used to
cure a variety of ailments since ancient times, but not all of them have adequate research to prove
it.

Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Group A Streptococcus is a gram-positive bacteria in pairs or chains. It is one of the most

frequent pathogens of humans. According to medspace in 2021, it is estimated that between 5-
15% of normal individuals harbor the bacterium, usually in the respiratory tract without signs of
disease. When defenses are comprised or when the organisms are able to penetrate the
constitutive defenses, the bacteria start to infect. When the bacteria are introduced or transmitted
to vulnerable tissues, a variety of types or suppurative infection can occur.

According to the article of Wilkinson, there are currently no vaccination available to

prevent Group A Streptococcus infections and associated complication, however, in a variety of
preclinical investigations, J8-DT has been found to produce specific antibody that responses and
protect from it. Many controlled trials have documented rising failure rates of penicillin
treatment for for Group A Streptococcus infections. According to some research, the second
course therapy has a failure rate of 40% to 80%. Erythromycin resistance has been also observed
to be on the rise in various regions of the world in recent years. These is why some are
questioning whether penicillin should still be considered as conventional treatment.

Leaf Extracts against Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

As elaborated in the study of Syukri, Nwabor, Rani Ismiarti Ergantara (Preliminary

Phytochemical, Antioxidants, and Antibacterial Properties of Eucalyptus Aqueous Leaf Extract
against Streptococcus pyogenes, 2019), Eucalyptus shown antibacterial activity against all
isolates with minimal inhibitory and bacterial doses of 64-256 ml, respectively. The extract’s
phytochemical examination indicated the existence of bioactive compounds including tannin,
saponins, and phenolic compounds that can also found in Mayana (Solenostemon
scutellarioides).

Also, as examined on the study entitled Antibacterial Activity of Garcinia Kola Extracts
against clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes in Zaria, Nigeria in 2019, tannin, saponin,
alkaloids, phenol, steroids, and flavonoid were found in the extract’s photochemistry. The
antibacterial properties of the extracts revealed in this investigation support the use of this plant
in traditional medicine for the treatment of illnesses caused by these organisms.The antibacterial
activity of n-butanol and aqueous extract against bacteria were highest in 16-28 mm and lowest
in 6-8 mm, respectively, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal
Concentration of n-butanol were 0.31 and 0.63 ml. In determining the antibacterial activity of
Mayana, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
(MBC) will be used.