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Hence, we aimed at exploring the antioxidant potential of the leaf extract of Spondias mombin by in
vitro methods. The test organisms were obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute,
Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State. The seeds were washed with distilled water and dried at room
temperature, dehusked and grinded into power with a mechanical grinder. A study published in 2011
in the Journal of Dentistry found that eating apples might be up to four times more damaging to
teeth than carbonated drinks. This multigenic (or polygenic) resistance is generally quantitative. This
evidence has been used by the European Commission to underpin new legislation now in force
across the EU. This nerve damage is usually caused by a gradual increase of pressure behind the eye.
Plants are important to the sustenance of life; they regulate atmospheric gases, recycle matter in
biogeochemical cycle, serves as food to animal and humans for their growth and development. The
Hausas call it Miji-goro, while it is called Akiilu by the Igbos. However, it can be distinguished from
the fungus by the presence of bacterial exudates in the young lesions. The leaves are used for
stomachache and pains and they also serve as good remedy for typhoid fever. According to a report
from the Center For International Forestry Research, garcinia kola trade is still important to the tribes
and villages in Nigeria. Reduces eye pressure (glaucoma) Bitter kola is able to reduce swelling
associated with eye pressure due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It produces brown, nut like
seeds, similar looking to kidney beans. VARIETIES of Ginger: Several varieties are grown in
different parts of India. The leaves of the tree are oval in shape and can reach up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in
length and 7 cm (2.8 in) in width. Apple may also be referred to as mela or appel and the domestic
tree is believed to have originated from Western Asia and the Mediterranean from several wild
ancestors. Pb has minimal quantity in all parts of Spondias mombin extract. Tannins have antidiabetic
and antiobesity potential by preventing. Ginger has also shown promise in clinical trials for treating
inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. It has also been recognized that a better knowledge of
both, the pathogens and the plant defence mechanisms will allow the development of novel
approaches to enhance the durability of resistance. Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed using
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The statistical tool employed was one
way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine if there was any significance among the solutions.
On the solvent used for extraction, the result revealed that methanol was a better extraction agent
than ethanol and water. Yellow or chlorotic spots on leaves; dark olive green spots on leaves and
fruit; may be a velvety growth on spots on undersides of leaves; twisting of leaves; distorted leaves;
severely infected leaves turn yellow and drop from tree. We provide you with the latest breaking
news and content straight from the motherland Ghana and other countries beyond. Ad discover all
the benefits that you might get if you include it in your routine. Research findings have revealed that
bitter kola has a lot of medicinal benefits to those who eat it. The leaf extract of Spondias mombin
possesses significant antioxidant activity that may be attributed to its high flavonoid content which
could afford protection in inflammatory conditions. Hundred grams (100g) of each of the grounded
samples were added to 350ml distilled water, 95% of methanol and ethanol respectively and left to
stand for 72 hours. If you have a slow metabolism, research suggests that supplementing with bitter
kola can improve your metabolism and even your heart health in the long run. 4. Inhibits harmful
bacteria Though research into the antibacterial benefits of bitter kola is still fairly new, one study
shows promise, suggesting that the kola nut may be able to prevent harmful bacteria from growing
and accumulating in the body. It is native to the main forest of tropical West Africa, but is now
grown in many other humid climates like Sri Lanka.
In order to understand which signals and signalling pathways are involved in the differentiation of
H. The primary purpose people are taking bitter kola today is to help reduce their weight and
appetite. CJ (2003) Heat shock-induced susceptibility of green coffee leaves and berries to
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its association to PR and hsp70 gene expression. Physiol. Mol.
Plant Pathol. 63:181-190. Two HR-upregulated sequences matched cytochromes P450 and HSP70.
Plants are important to the sustenance of life; they regulate atmospheric gases, recycle matter in
biogeochemical cycle, serves as food to animal and humans for their growth and development.
Promisingly, there are many natural remedies emerging when it comes to effectively treating
osteoarthritis from home. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and fractions of Allanblackia
floribunda. The univariant test showed that all the test organisms were effectively inhibited by G.
Onions contains flavanol quercetin which plays a positive role. In: Kohmoto K, Singh US, Singh RP
(eds), Pathogenesis and Host Specificity in Plant Diseases. Grafting is usually done during the
dormant season and must be done on dormant scion and stock wood. Evolution of the percentage of
ESTs in these categories during infection may reflect reorganization of the plant host metabolism in
order to fight off pathogen attack. Alkaloids, phenols, tannins,terpenes and flavonoids are the major
constituents of these plants. This study focused on identifying the phytochemicals, bioactive
compounds present in bitter kola leave, their in-vitro antioxidant activities and compared with n-
hexane, ethanol and aqueous solvent to identify effective solvent for extraction of these
phytochemicals in relation to food, health and nutritional benefits. Researchers have studied the
germination problems of G. The benefits of this spice row are traditional food and desserts, fruit
compote. Ginger is a tomato stew ingredient that people also people use as a remedy to cure various
illnesses. That aside, traditional healers have for many years prescribed bitter kola for the treatment
of malaria infections. Soft rot rhizome rot is a major disease of ginger farming. However, such
material was never detected in healthy or susceptible tissue. INTER-CORP in Ginger Farming:
Ginger can be cultivated organically as an inter or mixed crop provided all the other crops are grown
following organic methods. The GC-MS results profile obtained from the n-hexane extract of bitter
kola leaves were. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please
take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Source: nutritionwalls.blogspot.com Health benefits of
bitter kola, garlic ginger and honey. The seeds are used for bronchitis, throat infections, colic, head
or chest colds, and cough. Statistical significance tests included the use of p-value to assess for the
role of chance. Lung cancer risk can especially be lowered through apples' antioxidants, according to
Flores. Coffee leaf scorch has been recorded so far only in Brazil and Costa Rica where the
bacterium X. Budded trees should be pruned in the first year to encourage new shoot growth. It
leaves a bitter taste in the mouth when it is eaten.
In: Bailey JA, Jeger MJ (eds), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control, pp.88-120.
Wallingford UK: CAB International. Antimicrobial effects ofBitter kola (Garinia kola) nut on
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Differences in cork barrier formation
in resistant and susceptible varieties were greatest between 19?C and 22?C. Another study tracked
food consumption among 9,208 people for 28 years. Is a species of flowering plant in the Clusiaceae
or Guttiferare family. COMBO 30 Health benefits of bitter Kola, Ginger, Garlic and Honey from
nimedhealth.com.ng Bitter kola’s health benefits include its ability to. Cellulose, hemicellulose,
extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and proteins were not detected. How the HR directly
contributes to host resistance and how the onset of the HR is related to the expression of the other
putative defences needs further clarification. The antibacterial activity of plant extract was assayed in
vitro by agar disc diffusion method. Particular attention will be given to developments that have
been made in coffee leaf rust and CBD, including aspects related to pathogen infection and
variability, coffee breeding for resistance and host resistance mechanisms. Select seed rhizomes from
disease free area since this disease is seed borne. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of
G. Oxygen is essential for the proper functioning of our whole bodies, from the internal organs to
the extremities and brain. We provide you with the latest breaking news and content straight from
the motherland Ghana and other countries beyond. Ginger has been used for centuries to reduce
inflammation and treat inflammatory conditions. However, in the last few years, some improved
commercial varieties from HDT, and other interspecific tetraploid hybrids like Icatu, are gradually
loosing their resistance to rust in some countries, due to the increase of H. In: Procedings of the 15 th
International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), Montpellier, France, pp.303-308. According to
a holistic article online, some African cultures are believed to chew kola nut. In: Bailey JA, Jeger MJ
(eds), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control, pp.237-249. Wallingford UK: CAB
International. Bitter kola with honey is an excellent antioxidant and antibacterial drug. It is found in
Benin, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria,
Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Budded trees should be pruned in the first year to encourage new shoot
growth. The seed extract is antiseptic and is active mostly against gram-positive bacteria, while the
leaf, is active mostly against gram-negative bacteria. This study investigates the phytochemical
constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of wonderful kola on pathogenic
Staphylococcus aureus strains. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of Spondias
mombin especially its leaves, have been linked to a range of compounds in it viz., anthraquinones,
berberine, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, sesquiterpenes, quassiniods, indole and quinoline alkaloids.
The rhizomes put forth erect,leafy stem 30-90cm in height. Various phytochemical analysis revealed
the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, Steroids, proteins and
amino acids and tannins. Apple trees can also be propagated by grafting and mound layering. This
finding strengthens its widespread use in traditional medicine. Eat at least three to four pieces of this
fruit (not the seeds) to suppress your appetite.
As with any herb, never consume garcinia kola without first discussing its use and benefits with your
physician, especially if you are currently being treated for other medical conditions or are on any
medications. CJ (2003b) Early defense responses in coffee-rust interactions. In: Proceedings of the
11 th International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), Lome, Togo, pp.625-633. In: Proceedings
of the 20 th International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), Bangalore, India, pp. 1187-1191.
CJ, Silva MC, Gouveia M, Marques DV, Guerra-Guimaraes L, Ribeiro A (2002a) Resistencia do
cafeeiro a Hemileia vastatrix. Antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola and Cola nitida seed extracts.
This study revealed the importance of these plant parts as a novel source of antimicrobial agents due
to the increasing drug resistance among microorganisms. The infused extracts from the plants can
therefore be considered by pharmaceutical industries in the production of cheap, affordable and
available drugs for the cure of infections caused by these organisms in situations where expensive
conventional drugs are unaffordable. Another gene best matched an UDP-glucose: salicylic acid
glucosyltransferase. At these latitudes, the tree will flower in spring and fruit will ripen in the fall.
Researchers at Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria tested the effectiveness of eye drops
that contained 0.5 percent extract of Garcinia kola. The benefits of this fruit on the lungs are
attributed to its high content of antioxidants. It is also used for liver disorders and as a chewing
stick. They are cleaned of roots and adhering soil particles. All the test organisms were significantly
inhibited except E. Remove all leaves dropped from tree in the fall and compost to prevent any
diseases surviving in debris; application of zinc and fertilizer grade urea in the Fall may be necessary
to speed leaf drop, lime should then be added to fallen leaves; fungicide application may be
necessary in areas where leaves remain wet for periods in excess of 9 hours; fungicides such as
copper soaps and Bordeaux mixture should be applied if there is a chance of wet period as soon as
leaf tips emerge. Almost half of an apple's vitamin C content is just under the skin, so it's a good idea
to eat apples with their skins. We provide you with the latest breaking news and content straight
from the motherland Ghana and other countries beyond. Antimycobacterial activity was screened
against two Mycobacterium strains. Research findings have revealed that bitter kola has a lot of
medicinal benefits to those who eat it. CJ, Marques DV, Silva MC (2004) International survey of
coffee leaf pathotypes. But if you’ve never tried bitter kola yourself, you’re seriously missing out.
Microbial resistance to some available antimicrobial agents necessitates the need to search for newer
antimicrobial agents that will not be easily amenable to the attack of resistant strains of
microorganisms (many of which remain active even in the face of antimicrobial onslaught). A set of
candidate genes were chosen on the basis of their homology to known plant genes involved in
resistance to parasites, and on the basis of a differential screening of the cDNA clones of the two
libraries (Fernandez et al., 2004). Among them were genes putatively encoding disease resistance
signalling proteins, stress response proteins, disease resistance and defence proteins, transcription
factors, as well as gene coding proteins of unknown function ( table 1 ). In: Proceedings of the 8 th
International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), Abidjan, Ethiopia, pp.509-510. It has been
suggested that ROS produced during the oxidative burst may function in the defence-signalling
pathways leading to different defence responses against pathogens (Neill et al., 2002; Laloi et al.,
2004). These molecules also have the potential to act directly as antimicrobial agents (Baker and
Orlandi 1995). Grafting is usually done during the dormant season and must be done on dormant
scion and stock wood. The active ingredients were extracted using methanol. These little valued
fruits are foods that are free of cholesterol and fats that potentially help us to maintain a healthier. In
some areas, the rhizomes are loosely heaped over a layer of sand or paddy husk and covered with dry
leaves in thatched sheds. In Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life. IntechOpen.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds
to upgrade your browser. Na 2 CO 3 was added, and the volume was increased to 10ml by adding.
This interspecific hybrid has the same number of chromosomes as C. A researcher with the Nigeria
Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA), Mrs. Chinyere Nwokeke said that bitter kola
could be used in treating opportunistic infections associated with HIV. The result revealed the
antibacterial potency of the plants extracts studied. G. kola was able to inhibit the test organisms
significantly while C. In some areas, the rhizomes are loosely heaped over a layer of sand or paddy
husk and covered with dry leaves in thatched sheds. A study in the 2009 issue of The Internet Journal
of Pulmonary Medicine, performed on mice, reports that Garcinia kola improved respiratory function
after 28 days of use of a Garcinia extract. Although basic isoforms of chitinases, from IF of coffee
leaves, were present in both compatible and incompatible interactions, they were detected earlier in
the incompatible ones. An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of
body surfaces. Health Benefits Of Bitter Kola, Garlic Ginger And Honey. The antibacterial activity
of the ethanolic and the Chloroform leaf extract was tested against four bacteria; Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method.
And just because you’ve never actively bought it before doesn’t mean you’ve never tried it, as it’s
often used as a flavouring for sodas. It has been suggested that ROS produced during the oxidative
burst may function in the defence-signalling pathways leading to different defence responses against
pathogens (Neill et al., 2002; Laloi et al., 2004). These molecules also have the potential to act
directly as antimicrobial agents (Baker and Orlandi 1995). After setting, an overnight broth culture
of Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Escherichia coli were introduced into the
surface of the sterile plates and sterile glass spreader was used for even distribution. Other important
varieties grown are Maran, Assam, Himachal, Kuruppampadi, Wynad Local, Suprabha, Suruchi,
Suravi, Himgiri, Varada, Mahima, Rejatha etc. Papillae produced in response to Colletotrichum spp.
However, it was after the creation of CIFC that coffee breeding for rust resistance received a decisive
impulse. A 2018 study showed that bitter kola can help combat coughs, bacterial infections, and
viral. CJ, Lopes J (1965) Study of the physiologic specialization of the coffee rust H. For snake
prevention, spread it around the building. This shows the importance of re-evaluating existing
varieties with the new rust races and the care needed before the release of new ones. Streptococcus
pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest inhibition of (28 mm and 25 mm
respectively) while Streptococcus agalactiae showed the least sensitivity of (6 mm). The leaves are
dark green, 15-20cm long, narrow,lanceolate and with a prominent midrib. In several recent studies,
men who took bitter kola supplements every day found that they had an increased sex drive and an
improved sexual performance. Saponin is mainly used as tonic for the liver, it enhances the functions
of the liver and gallbladder. Beds of 15cm height, 1m width and of conveneient lenght may be
prepared giving at least 50cm spacing between beds. For snake prevention, spread it around the
building. Health benefits of bitter kola, garlic ginger and honey. Researchers on the study explained
that by decreasing inflammation, the risk of colon cancer is also likely to decrease. It is found in
Benin, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria,
Senegal, and Sierra Leone.
Extract towards Bioactive Food, Nutrition and Health Resources. Ginger provides a variety of
vitamins and minerals. Arjmandi, professor at and chair of the department of nutrition at Florida
State University. Use red spherical sticky traps to trap adults, place one trap for every 100 apple
fruits; bag apples by tying or stapling polythene bags around fruit to prevent adults laying eggs - cut
corners from bags to ensure air supply to fruit; spray fruit with insecticide prior to eggs being laid.
Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation. In folk medicine, the seed is used for the
treatment of liver disorder and it’s also used in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. The same
pattern of responses was observed in resistant hypocotyls of C. Misshapen, pitted and sunken areas
on fruit surface; browning and rotting of apple flesh. The results of their study revealed that the
ophthalmic solution in Garcinia Kola significantly reduces eye pressure when used twice a day. The
leaves of the tree are oval in shape and can reach up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and 7 cm (2.8 in) in
width. Apple may also be referred to as mela or appel and the domestic tree is believed to have
originated from Western Asia and the Mediterranean from several wild ancestors. A study involving
74 volunteers carried out at the University of Georgia found that daily ginger supplementation
reduced exercise-induced muscle pain by 25%. Ginger has a long history of use for relieving
digestive problems such as nausea, loss of appetite, motion sickness and pain. Try adding some bitter
kola to your breakfast if you find yourself reaching for the unhealthy stuff a couple of hours before
lunchtime. 7. Increases energy levels We already know that bitter kola is a fantastic source of
caffeine, which is great for getting you out of that mid-afternoon slump at work. Bitter kola has been
used for years as a digestive aid, because it is thought to promote the production of gastric acid,
which supports the digestive enzymes in the stomach. Some of these mechanisms are constitutively
expressed and provide physical and chemical barriers while others are induced only after pathogen
attack which involves a network of signal transduction and the rapid activation of gene expression
(Dixon and Lamb 1990; Bradley et al., 1992; Heath 1997a). Treatment of cough, cold and catarrh
Chew bitter kola to relieve the symptoms of cough, could and catarrh. Most researchers put this
down to bitter kola’s ability to speed up blood flow around the body, which offers natural
aphrodisiac effects. 12. Improves asthma symptoms As we know, bitter kola is an anti-inflammatory
agent, and is effective in treating physical inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. This host
response was also observed in compatible interactions, but latter in the infection process (from the 7
th day post-inoculation) and only in a small number of haustoria (Rijo and Vasconcelos, 1984; Silva,
1996; Silva et al., 1999a, 2002). The haustoria encased material in resistant or susceptible leaves
reacted positively for callose and b-1,4-glucans, as indicated by the use of polyclonal antibodies
raised against b-1,3-glucans and an exoglucanase-gold complex, respectively. In: Bailey JA, Jeger MJ
(eds), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control, pp.88-120. Wallingford UK: CAB
International. Spray neem oil (0.5%) at fortnightly intervals if found necessary. This is the case of
several plant-pathogen interactions, particularly those involving biotrophic parasites such as rusts,
which are governed by specific interactions between pathogen avirulence ( avr ) loci and alleles of
the corresponding plant disease resistance ( R ) locus (Flor, 1942). Peroxidase activity often increases
in response to infection, and may function in defence through production of antimicrobial quantities
of hydrogen peroxide as well as in cell wall lignification and crosslinking (Peng and Kuc, 1992;
Rasmussen et al., 1995; Chittor et al., 1999; Do et al., 2003). Increase in activity of phenoloxidases
and its interaction with endogenous phenols have been correlated with the onset of HR
(Hammerschmidt and Nicholson 1999). Steel knives are not used as they are found to stain the
produce. WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION in Ginger Farming: Proper drainage channels are to
be provided in the inter rows to drain off stagnant water. In: Prusky D, Freeman S, Dickman MB
(eds), Colletotrichum Host specificity, Pathology, and Host-Pathogen Interaction, pp.57-77. The
American Phytopathological Society, St. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. Three
candidate genes were selected: CaNDR1 (EST CO773976), CaWRKY1 (CO773974) and EST
CaR111 had homology to a protein of unknown function, and may be a novel and interesting
component of plant disease resistance. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19(1): 200.
Glucosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of glucose residues to numerous substrates and regulate the
activity of compounds that play important roles in plant defence against pathogens, such as salicylic
acid (Chong et al., 2002). Two ESTs putatively encoded an AP2-type transcription factor and a
WRKY transcription factor. One milliliter of sterile nutrient agar was poured into each of the petri-
dishes.
That was 24 percent of the total U.S. fresh-market crop that year. Animal studies and clinical trials
are necessary to validate these beneficial properties and translate them into clinical utility. Trans-
caryophyllene at retention time 18.161 with a peak area of 2.7 has an anti-microbial. Application of
well rotten cow dung or compost at 2.5 to 3 tonnes acre may be made as a basal dose while planting
the rhizomes in the pits. It leaves a bitter taste in the mouth when it is eaten. In 2006-2007,
commercial world production of apples was at 44,119,244 metric tons. In vitro, antioxidant activity
of these medicinal plants extract was investigated by DPPH-radical scavenging assay. In: Clarke RJ,
Macrae R (eds), Coffee Agronomy Vol. 4, pp.199-234. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD,
London and New York. The mother stool beds are then left exposed until further growth of the new
shoots has occurred, and another cycle of hilling begins. She also said that the chemical, Saponin, in
bitter kola is responsible for its cleansing effect. The phenolic compounds in ginger are known to
help relieve gastrointestinal irritation, stimulate saliva and bile production and suppress gastric
contractions and movement of food and fluids through the GI tract. This interspecific hybrid has the
same number of chromosomes as C. Restricted use of bordeaux mixture (1%) in disease prone areas
may be made to control it as spot application. Spot out the shoots infested by the borerand cut open
the shoot and pick out the caterpillar and destroy them. Eating a piece of bitter kola daily can help in
the treatment for low libido, low sperm count, erectile dysfunction, arthritis, reduction of eye
pressure, treating hangover, improving lung function and knee osteoarthritis among others.
Nutritionists say that while some foods are better eaten when cooked, some others such as fruits and
certain vegetables are better eaten raw in order to get the most of each nutrient. Ad discover all the
benefits that you might get if you include it in your routine. The produce from this buffer zone belt
shall not be treated as organic. Conidia adhere to the cuticle and germinate to produce germ tubes,
forming thereafter appressoria which penetrate the cuticle directly (Perfect et al., 1999; O'Connell et
al., 1996, 2000). Maturation of the appressorium involves formation of a penetration pore in the base
of the cell, deposition of new wall layers, and secretion of extracellular matrix materials. Though
migraines are more common in children and teenagers, many adults are chronic migraine sufferers,
too. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some extracts of the Garcinia kola. The rapid outbreaks of
CBD in Eastern Africa prompted some countries to carry out hybridisation programmes with the
objective of combining yield with resistance to CBD and coffee leaf rust (CLR) as in Kenya and
Tanzania. Bitter kola with honey is an excellent antioxidant and antibacterial drug. Ginger is part of
the Zingiberaceae family, alongside cardamom and turmeric. They also recommend rinsing the
mouth with water to help wash away the acid and sugars. On the other hand, unmelanized
appressoria induced by the use of the fungicide tricyclazole showed turgor pressures as low as one
quarter as melanized ones and, as a consequence, the percentage of infection on coffee leaves and
green berries was much lower. A similar disease is known in the Philippines, but no information exists
about its relationship to CoRSV. The flowers are small, yellowish, speckled,each with a purple
speckled lip and borne on a spike. In: Datta SK, Muthukrishnan S (eds), Pathogenesis-Related
Proteins in Plants, pp.1-19. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC. Ginger
produced in India, goes for domestic consumption and only a small quantity is exported.