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Mathematics 3
2020-2021 (v3)

Table of Contents

Chapter 17: Simpson’s rule .......................................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 18: Applications of integration ......................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 19: Maclaurin and Taylor series ...................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 21: Functions of 2 variables ............................................................................................................ 6
Optimization................................................................................................................................................. 7
Summary per Chapter .................................................................................................................................. 9
Answers Ch 17 Simpson’s rule................................................................................................................... 11
Answers Ch 18 Applications of integrations ................................................................................................ 13
Answers Ch 19 Maclaurin and Taylor series ............................................................................................... 19
Answers Ch 21 Functions of two variables ................................................................................................. 21
Answers Optimisation ................................................................................................................................ 26

Version Date Author Comments

3.0 01-03-2021 D.Bantjes False answer updated (Q2b)
2.0 22-01-2021 D. Bantjes Revised for 2020-2021
1.0 20-01-2020 D. Bantjes; E. de Groote Completely revised with digital answers
0.1 2012 W. Keereweer First document
Chapter 17: Simpson’s rule
Example of how to apply Simpsons rule on an integral.
1π
2
1 − sin (x)
Approximate the integral  1 + sin (x) dx . How many sections are needed?
0

1 − sin (x)
1
Start with 16 intervals: h = 16 * ( 12 π − 0) = 32
1
π ≈ 0,098175; f(x) = .
1 + sin (x)
The accuracy of the result can be determined by comparing Sn en S2n or S(2h) and S(h).
4h 0,392699
2h 0,196350 S(16). odd even S(8)
h 0,098175 16 intervallen 8 interv. odd even
x0 0,000000 f0 1,000000 1,000000 f0 1,000000
x1 0,098175 f1 0,821465 0,821465
x2 0,196350 f2 0,673514 0,673514 f2 0,673514
x3 0,294524 f3 0,550046 0,550046
x4 0,392699 f4 0,446463 0,446463 f4 0,446463
x5 0,490874 f5 0,359253 0,359253
x6 0,589049 f6 0,285702 0,285702 f6 0,285702
x7 0,687223 f7 0,223696 0,223696
x8 0,785398 f8 0,171573 0,171573 f8 0,171573
x9 0,883573 f9 0,128025 0,128025
x10 0,981748 f10 0,092019 0,092019 f10 0,092019
x11 1,079922 f11 0,062744 0,062744
x12 1,178097 f12 0,039566 0,039566 f12 0,039566
x13 1,276272 f13 0,022004 0,022004
x14 1,374447 f14 0,009701 0,009701 f14 0,009701
x15 1,472622 f15 0,002413 0,002413
x16 1,570796 f16 0,000000 0,000000 f16 0,000000
1,000000 2,169645 1,718537 1,000000 1,060936 0,657602
result S(16) 0,429209 S(8) 0,429282
difference S(16) – S(8) -0,000073 S(8) – S(4) -0,001019
Then S(4) 4 int. odd even
use a width of 2h with 8 intervals, and a width of 4h with 4 intervals; see the
f0 1,000000
adjoining tables. The values of S(16), S(8) and S(4) have been found with the
Simpson rule:
S(n) = 13 * h * (f0 + 4 * fodd + 2 * feven + fn )
When h = 14 π and n = 2 sections the values x0, x8 en x16 and its function f4 0,446463
values are used. The approximation using the Simpson rule gives S(2) =
1*1
3 4
π * ( f 0 + 4 * f8 + f16 ) ≈ 0,44147.

The differences between the results of S(16), S(8) and S(4) decrease. What is f8 0,171573
the accuracy of the approximation of the integral?
The difference |S(16) – S(8)|= 0,000073 > 0,00005, so the fourth decimal of
S(8) is unsure.
When we use 8 intervals, three decimals are known: the integral S(8) ≈ 0,429.
The difference |S(8) – S(4)| = 0,001019 < 0,005; f12 0,039566
So the second decimal of S(4) is known: the integral S(4) ≈ 0,43
It is possible to find a primitive function for f:
1
π
1 − tan ( 12 x)  2
1
2
π

 fdx = -x - 2 1 + tan( 1 x)  f16 0,000000

1
= 2 - 2 π ≈ 0,429203.
0 2 0 1,000000 0,486029 0,171573
Compare this value with the remarks on the accuracy. S(4) 0,430301

Page 2 of 31
Find in this way the following integrals; use Excel, use a sufficient number of decimals, so that 3 decimals are sure in your
results (use at least 6 or 7 decimals for intermediate answers).
In general 16, 18 or 20 intervals should be enough.

2
−x
 e ln(1 + x ) dx
2

1. 0

1
π
2
2
 cos(x )dx
2. 0

e
−x
 e ln(x) dx
3. 1

Page 3 of 31
Chapter 18: Applications of integration

1. The following functions are given: the functions f(x) = 2x x and g(x) = –2x + 24 with intersection point (4, 16).
a. Find the arc length of the graph of f(x) across the interval [7,11].
b. Find the centre of mass of the area bounded by the two axes and the graph of g(x).
c. Find the area of the surface of revolution formed by the area of part c) rotated about the x-axis.

L is the solid of revolution about the X-axis of the area bounded by the graph of f, g and the X-axis.
d. Find the volume of L.
e. Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of L.

M is the solid of revolution about the y-axis of the area bounded by the graph of f, g and the x-axis
f. Find the volume of M.

2. Given is the function f(x) = sin(2x).

a. Find the centre of mass of the area bounded by the graph of f and the X-axis across [0, 12 π] .
b. Find the mass moment of inertia around the y-axis of the area bounded by the graph of f and the X-axis across
[0, 12 π] ;
c. Find the mass moment of inertia in the centre of mass of the area bounded by the graph of f and the X-axis across
[0, 12 π] ;
d. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by f rotated about the X-axis across [0, 12 π] .
e. Find the centre of mass of this solid.

3. The graph of y = ln(x) across the interval [1, e] is rotated about the X-axis, giving the solid L.
The graph of y = ln(x) for y ≤ 0 is rotated about the Y-axis, giving the solid M.
a. Find the centre of mass of the area bounded by the graph of y = ln(x) and the X-axis across the interval [1, e].
b. Find the volumes of L and M.
c. Find the centre of mass of the solid L.

4. The area A is bounded by the two axes and the function f(x) = 4 − x .
2

a. Find the centre of mass of the area A.

b. Find the volume of the solid L formed when A is rotated about the X-axis.
c. Find the area of the surface of L.
d. Find the centre of mass of the solid L.

3 2
5. The functions f(x) = 2
and g(x) = 3 are given with x ≥ 1.
x x
The area A is open and bounded by the graphs of f and g for x ≥ 1.
a. Find the centre of mass of the solid L arising when the area A is rotated about the x-axis.
b. Explain why the area A does not have a centre of mass.

6. Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the curve xy = x3 + 3, the x-axis and the coordinates x =
1 and x = 2 is rotated about the X-axis.

7. A lamina is bounded by the function ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 4 , the x-axis and the y-axis.
a. Find the mass moment of inertia of this lamina around the y-axis.
b. Use the parallel axis theory theorem to calculate the mass moment of inertia around a vertical axis through the centre
of mass of this lamina.

Page 4 of 31
Chapter 19: Maclaurin and Taylor series

1. f(x) = 4 + 3 x
a. Find the Maclaurin series for f(x) until the term with x5.
b. Approximate f(0,28) up to 6 d.p. Compare with the exact value.

1
2. Find the Maclaurin series for f(x) = until the term x5.
1 + 2x
1
3. Find the Maclaurin series for f(x) = by using the derivative of problem 2.
(1 + 2 x)2
Check the term with x3 by using the method of a Maclaurin series.

4. Find a series for ln(1 +2x) by using the result of problem 2 until the term with x 5.
Check the term with x3 by using the method of a Maclaurin series.

1 2
5. Find the Taylor series for f(x) = − with x0 = 1 until the sixth term.
x2 x
6. Approximate the value of cos(8°) up to 4 dp. with the Maclaurin series for cos(x).

Page 5 of 31
Chapter 21: Functions of 2 variables

Let z = f(x, y, …).

Find the stationary values and their nature of the following functions:

1. z = x3 − 5x2 − 20y2 + 3x + 20y

2. z = 2 – x2 − xy – y2

3. z = 2x2 + y2 + 3xy − 3y − 5x + 2

4. z = x3 + y2 − 3(x + y) + 1

5. z = xy2 − 2xy − 2x2 − 3x

2 2
6. z = x2 + y2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦

7. z = 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

8. z = 12xy − 3xy2 – x3

9. z = 3x2 – 3xy + y3 – 3x + 2

10. z = x2y2 − 5x2 − 8xy − 5y2

11. z = 2x3 + 6xy2 – 3y3 – 150x

Page 6 of 31
Optimization
The first optimization exercise can be answered by using theory of Chapter 21 Block 4 on stationary values of a
function of two variables. For the other optimization exercises a function of one variable can be found. The theory
of Chapter 16 Block 7 is needed to find maximum and minimum values of a function.

1. A tank with rectangular sides is open at the top and has a volume of 4 m3. If the base measurements (in m) are x and y,
8 8
show that the surface area (in m2) is given by: A(x, y) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 and find the dimensions of the tank for A to be a minimum.

2. A rectangle with a perimeter of 12 cm is bended along one of its sides to form a cylinder.
a. Find the dimensions of the rectangle when the volume of the cylinder is at maximum.
b. Find the dimensions of the rectangle when the area of the closed cylinder is at maximum. (The top and bottom of the
cylinder don’t have to be taken from the rectangle, this material is added.)

3. The framework of a cube with a squared base and rectangular sides has been made up of steel rods with a total length of
36 m.
a. Find the dimensions of the framework when the volume is 20 m 3 (choose x=2 for one solution).
b. Find the dimensions when the volume is at maximum.
c. Is it possible to construct a volume of 20 m3 when rods have a total length of 32 m? Explain!
d. Find the shortest total length of the rods with a volume of 20 m 3.

4. A box is manufactured in the following way: the length of the bottom equals three times the width of the bottom. The
material for the upper part and the bottom costs €10,- per m2 and the material for the sides costs €6,- per m2. The volume
of the box is 60 m3.
a. Find the dimensions of the box when the production costs are at minimum.
b. Show that it is possible to construct the box with the same width and the same minimal costs as in part a), but with a
larger volume by taking a length different from three times the width. Find the maximal possible volume in this case.

The following examples are optional (and a little more complex).

5. On the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 lies a point P(x,y) with minimal distance to the point(0, 2). Find the coordinates of P.

6. An electricity cable has to be laid from point A on one side of the river 125 m B
to point B on the other side. The part AP of the cable goes
underground, which costs € 7200 per meter and the other part of the
cable goes underwater, which costs € 12000 per meter. Find the 50 m
position of the point P when the total costs are at minimum.

A P

7. The cross section of a wooden lock has the form of a trapezium with equal legs. The
bottom is 20 m and the equilateral sides are 8 m. Find the value of x when the area of the
lock is at maximum.
A
150m

8. Two cars start driving. Car A starts in point A (velocity 30 km/h), car B starts in
point B (velocity 50 km/h). Find out if these cars meet or find their minimal
distance and where they are at that moment.
B
O 200m

Page 7 of 31
 9. The zoo of Blijdorp buys a piece of land of 3000 m2 and builds on it three
y equal rectangular cages to keep savage animals. There is a path of width 5 m
6m and a path of width 6 m. See the adjoined drawing.
x
Find the dimensions of the cages when the zoo maximizes the (total) area for
5m the animals.

Page 8 of 31
Summary per Chapter
Chapter 17.4 Trapezium and Simpson rule
𝑏
Trapezium rule: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 12ℎ(𝑓0 +2𝑓1+2𝑓2 +..+2𝑓𝑛−1+𝑓𝑛 )
𝑎

𝑏
Simpson’s rule: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 13ℎ(𝑓0 +4𝑓𝑜𝑑𝑑 +2𝑓𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛+𝑓𝑛 ) y
𝑎

Chapter 18.1 Area between the graphs of two functions (equal interval): y = f(x)
b
area A =
  f(x) − g(x)dx
a
A
y = g(x)
Chapter 18.2 Volume of revolution
Finding the volume of a solid of revolution step by step:
x
1. Make a drawing of the function or functions;
2. Highlight the area that is to be rotated;
a b
3. Rotate the area around the x-axis (y-axis) to create the solid of revolution;
4. Select a disc/washer with width Δx and radius y (width Δy and radius x);
5. Find the volume of one disc: 𝜋𝑦 2 ∙ ∆𝑥 or one washer: (𝜋𝑦12 − 𝜋𝑦22 ) ∙ ∆𝑥
(one disc: 𝜋𝑥 2 ∙ ∆𝑦 or one washer: (𝜋𝑥12 − 𝜋𝑥22 ) ∙ ∆𝑦);
6. Find the upper and lower limit on the x-axis (calculate the upper and lower limit on the y-axis);
7. Determine the integral using step 5 and 6;
8. Fill in the functions (for example 𝑦1 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦2 = 𝑔(𝑥)) (for example 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥2 = 𝑓(𝑦));
9. Integrate and calculate the volume.

Volume of a solid of revolution about the x axis (be careful when there are two functions and the solid has a hole):
b
V = π   f(x)2 dx
a
Volume of a solid of revolution about the y axis (again; be careful when there are two functions):
y =b
V = π   x2dy
y =a

18.3 Calculating centre of gravity

The centre of mass can be determined by equating the moment of the complete figure around the y-axis (or x axis) to the sum
of the all individual moments around the y-axis (or x axis):
Lamina:
Moment (= arm ∙ volume ∙ density) around y-axis: 𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑉 ∙ 𝑚 = ∑(𝑥) ∙ (𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1) ∙ (𝑚)
1
Moment (= arm ∙ volume ∙ density) around x-axis 𝑦̅ ∙ 𝑉 ∙ 𝑚 = ∑(2 ∙ 𝑦) ∙ (𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1) ∙ (𝑚)

Above statements result in the following formulas:

Centre of gravity of a lamina (thickness = 1): Z (x Z , y Z )
b b
   f(x) dx
1 1
x Z =   x  f(x)dx
Centre
yZ =
2
en ( 1 function) of
A a 2A a gravity
b b of a
  x   f(x) − g(x)dx en y Z =   (  f(x) − g(x) )dx
1 1
xZ =
2 2 solid of
area between 2 graphs
A a 2A a
y Z = 0
 b
 π
x Z = V   x  f(x) dx
revolution: 2

 a

Page 9 of 31
18.4 Mass moment of Inertia (massa traagheidsmoment) of a lamina
mass moment of inertia is resistance against the rotation of a mass.
𝑏
Mass moment of Inertia = 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑟 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑚
In which:
𝑟 = distance between mass and rotation axis;
𝑑𝑚 = mass of a small piece.

Parallel axis theory: 𝐼′ = 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝐺 + 𝑟 2 ∙ 𝑀

In which:
𝐼′ = mass moment of inertia in any axis
𝐼𝐶𝑜𝐺 = mass moment of inertia in centre of gravity
𝑟 = distance between new axis and axis in centre of gravity
𝑀 = total mass of the lamina to be calculated

18.5 Arc length of a curve and area of a surface of revolution

Arc length:
𝒃
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝟏 + ∙ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒂

Area of a surface of revolution about the x-axis:

𝒃
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅 ∙ ∫ 𝒚 ∙ √𝟏 + ∙ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒂

19.4 Taylor and Maclaurin series


x x2 xn
MacLaurin series: f(x) = f(0) + f'(0) + f''(0) + ..... =  f (n) (0)
1! 2! n=0 n!

(x − a) (x − a)2 (x − a)n
Taylor series: f(x) = f(a) + f' (a) + f' ' (a) + ..... =  f (n) (a)
1! 2! n= 0 n!
21.2 Partial Differentiation

Stationary values of a function of two variables x, y.

Solve x and y from the simultaneous equations: fx = 0 fy = 0

Find the values of 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and the criterium function 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − (𝑓𝑥𝑦 )2
Learn how to use the value of C(x, y) to find stationary points or saddle points and find the coordinates thereof.

Page 10 of 31
Answers Ch 17 Simpson’s rule
Problem 1-3.
Make columns for the values of x, y and mark the values of y you need when using 20, 16, 10, 8, or … intervals.
In this problem we take n = 16 and n = 8 intervals and we compare the values of Simpson(n = 16) and S(n = 8).

2
−x
 e ln(1 + x ) dx
2

0
n=16 x y odds even n=8 y odd even
0 f0 0
1 f1
2 f2 2
3 f3
4 f4 4
5 f5
6 f6 6
7 f7
8 f8 8
9 f9
10 f10 10
11 f11
12 f12 12
13 f13
14 f14 14
15 f15
16 f16 16

1
π
2
2
 cos(x )dx
0
n=16 x y odds even n=8 y odd even
0 f0 0
1 f1
2 f2 2
3 f3
4 f4 4
5 f5
6 f6 6
7 f7
8 f8 8
9 f9
10 f10 10
11 f11
12 f12 12
13 f13
14 f14 14
15 f15
16 f16 16

Page 11 of 31
e
−x
 e ln(x) dx
1
n=16 x y odds even n=8 y odd even
0 f0 0
1 f1
2 f2 2
3 f3
4 f4 4
5 f5
6 f6 6
7 f7
8 f8 8
9 f9
10 f10 10
11 f11
12 f12 12
13 f13
14 f14 14
15 f15
16 f16 16

1. T(16) = 0,383823909; S(16) = 0,383977191; S(8) = 0,38411236 so 0,384 3 d.p.

2. S(16) = 0,849157371; S(8) = 0,849442068; in 3 d.p. the integral is 0,849

3. T(16) = 0,134270306; S(16) = 0,134661316; S(8) = 0,134630993; in 3 d.p. the integral is 0,135

Page 12 of 31
Answers Ch 18 Applications of integrations
Problem 1-7
𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2
1.a. The formulae for the arc length of a curve is given by: ∫𝑎 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 2
3
𝑑𝑦 3 1
𝑑𝑦 2 3
The function = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 √𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 -> derivative of f(x): 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 2 -> squared: (𝑑𝑥 ) = (2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 2 ) = 9𝑥
11 𝑑𝑢 1
Fill in the formulae for arc length = ∫7 √1 + 9𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -> make substitution -> 𝑢 = 1 + 9𝑥 -> = 9 -> 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 9
𝑥=11 3 𝑥=11 11
1 1 2 2
Use substitution and integrate: arc length = ∫𝑥=7 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ 𝑢 ] 2 = (1 + 9𝑥)√1 + 9𝑥]7
9 9 3 𝑥=7 27
2 2 976
Fill in the limits and calculate: arc length = [27 (100)√100] − [27 (64)√64] = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 27
.

1.b. Sum of the moments = zero -> moment = arm*density*volume -> total moment = sum individual moments
1
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 1 ≈ ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1 and 𝑦̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 1 ≈ ∑ 2 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ and 𝑦̅ the subject and simplify
12 1
Calculate A: 𝐴 = (∫0 −2𝑥 + 24 𝑑𝑥) = ∗ 24 ∗ 12 = 144
2
1 12 1 2 12 1
Fill in for 𝑥̅ : 𝑥̅ = 144 ∫0 −2𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 144 [− 3 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 ] = 144 ([576] − [0]) = 𝑥̅ = 4 (check 1/3*12=4)
0
1 12 1 1 1 12 1
Fill in for 𝑦̅: 𝑦̅ = 288 ∫0 (−2𝑥 + 24)2 𝑑𝑥 = 288 [− 2 ∙ 3 (−2𝑥 + 24)3 ] = 288 ([0] − [−2304]) = 𝑦̅ = 8 (check 1/3*24=8
0
-> Coordinate centre of mass = (4, 8)

𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2
1.c. The formulae for the area of surface of revolution is given by: 𝑆 = ∫𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 ∙ √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
tip: make a drawing of the figure.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
The function = 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 24 -> derivative of g(x): 𝑑𝑥 = −2 -> squared: (𝑑𝑥 ) = (−2)2 = 4
12 12
Fill in and simplify: surface of revolution = 2𝜋 ∫0 (−2𝑥 + 24) ∙ √1 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋√5 ∫0 (−2𝑥 + 24)𝑑𝑥
Integrate, fill in the limits and calculate: surface area = 2𝜋√5 [−𝑥 2 + 24𝑥]12
0 = 2𝜋√5([−144 + 288] − [0]) =
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 288√5𝜋

1.d. The volume of L exists of two parts: the volume arising as result of rotation of the function f and the volume
arising as result of rotation of the function g. See the figure below.
4 2 12 2 4 2 12 4
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜋 ∫0 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫4 (𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (2𝑥 √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫4 (−2𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥=12 1 1 1 𝑥=12 1 1 𝑥=12
𝜋 ∫𝑥=4 − 2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋𝑥 4 ]40 + 𝜋 ∙ − 2 ∙ 3 𝑢3 ] = 𝜋𝑥 4 ]40 + 𝜋 ∙ − 2 ∙ 3 (−2𝑥 + 24)3 ] = (256𝜋 − 0) +
𝑥=4 𝑥=4
1 4096 2816
(− 𝜋(03 − 163 )) = 256𝜋 + 𝜋= 𝜋
6 6 3
𝑑𝑢 1
Where the following substitution is used: 𝑢 = −2𝑥 + 24 -> = −2 -> 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2

1.e. The centre of mass of L is on the x-axis since it is defined by rotation about this axis -> 𝑍 = (𝑥̅ , 0)
𝑥̅ has to be determined. Use: total moment = sum individual moments
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑉 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑏 2
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 where a and b are the x-endpoints of the solid of revolution.
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ the subject and simplify.
This yields a formula of the form
𝑏
𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑉
𝑎
2816
𝑉= 3
𝜋 (see 1d)
Page 13 of 31
Since the volume L is generated by two functions, 𝑦 2 in the formula above is equal to 𝑓(𝑥) between 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 4 and equal to 𝑔(𝑥) between 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 12. Therefore the following integral needs to be solved.

𝜋 4 12 𝜋 4 12
𝑥̅ = 𝑉
(∫0 𝑥(2𝑥 √𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑥(−2𝑥 + 24)2 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑉 (∫0 4𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 4𝑥 3 − 96𝑥 2 − 576𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) =
𝜋 4 4 𝜋 4096 𝜋 4096 3 24576 288
( 𝑥 5 ] + 𝑥 4 − 32𝑥 3 + 288𝑥 2 ]12
4 )= ( + 4096) = 2816 ∙( + 4096) = ∙( )=
𝑉 5 0 𝑉 5 𝜋 5 2816 5 55
3

288
The centre of mass of L is 𝑍 = ( 55 , 0)

1.f. The volume of M exists of two parts: the volume arising as result of rotation of the function f and the volume
arising as result of rotation of the function g. See the figure in answer 1d.
16 24
𝑉𝑀 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑓 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜋 ∫16 𝑥𝑔 2 𝑑𝑦
2 4
1 3 1 1 1
𝑓: 𝑦 = 2𝑥√𝑥 -> 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3 -> 𝑥 3 = 4
𝑦 2 -> 𝑥 = √4 𝑦 2 = 3 ∙ 𝑦 3 -> 𝑥𝑓 2 = 3 ∙ 𝑦3
√4 √16
1
𝑔: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 24 -> 2𝑥 = −𝑦 + 24 -> 𝑥𝑔 = − 𝑦 + 12
2

𝜋 16 4 24 1 2 𝜋 3 7 16
1 1 3 24 𝜋 3 7
𝑉𝑀 = 3 ∫0 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜋 ∫16 (− 2 𝑦 + 12) 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∙ 7
𝑦3] + 𝜋 ∙ 3 ∙ −2 ∙ (− 2 𝑦 + 12) ] = (3 ∙ 7
163 − 0) +
√16 √16 0 16 √16
2 3 3 2 3200
(0 + 3 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 4 ) = 7 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 256 + 3
∙ 𝜋 ∙ 64 = 21
𝜋

1 𝑏
2.a. Find centre of mass: Start with 𝑥̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ->
𝐴
1 1
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1
calculate 𝐴 = ∫02 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 cos 2𝑥]20 = [− 2 ∙ −1] − [− 2 ∙ 1] = 𝐴 = 1
1
1 𝜋
Fill in and integrate by parts 𝑥̅ = 1 ∫02 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣𝑑𝑥 Choose wise for u:
1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢′ = 1 1
𝜋 1
1
𝜋 1 x 1 𝜋
𝑥̅ = 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 − 2 1 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− cos 2𝑥 − − sin 2𝑥]2 =
′ 1
𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑣 = − 2 cos 2𝑥 ∫0 2
∫0 2 2 4 0
1 1
[− ∗ −1 + 0] − [0 + 0] = 𝑥̅ = 𝜋
4 4
1 1 1
1 𝑏 2 1 𝜋 1 𝜋1 1 1 1 1 1 𝜋 1
2
𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2∙1 ∫0 (sin(2𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫02
2 − 2 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (2 𝑥 − 2 ∙ 4 sin(4𝑥))] = 8𝜋
2𝐴 𝑎 2 0
1 1
Centre of mass: 𝑍 = (4 𝜋 , 8 𝜋)

𝑏
2.b. The formula for mass moment of inertia: 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚
Mass of one strip ∆𝑚 ≈ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1 -> distance to the strip: 𝑟 = 𝑥 . Combine findings:
1 1
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝐼=∫ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1 = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑥 2 ∙ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒 → ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1 1
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑣 ′ = sin 2𝑥 2
𝜋
1 2
𝜋
1
[ 1 ] → 𝐼 = 𝑚∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 (𝑥 2 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦:
2
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 2𝑥 0 2 0 2
2
1
𝜋
1 2
𝐼 = 𝑚 (𝑥 2 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 ∙ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
2 0

1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 ′ = cos 2𝑥 1 1 𝜋
2 1
[ ′ 1 ] → 𝐼=𝑚 (𝑥 2 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 + (𝑥 ∙ sin 2𝑥 − ∫ ∙ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥))
𝑢 = 1 𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 2 2 0 2
2
1
𝜋
1 2
1 1 1 2
𝐼 = 𝑚 (𝑥 ∙ − cos 2𝑥 + (𝑥 ∙ sin 2𝑥 + ∙ cos 2𝑥))]
2 2 2 2 0
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝑚 [( 𝜋) ∙ − cos 𝜋 + 𝜋 ∙ sin 𝜋 + cos 𝜋] − [(0)2 ∙ − cos 0 + 0 ∙ sin 0 + cos 0]
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
𝐼 = 𝑚 [ 𝜋 ∙ − ∙ −1 + 0 + ∙ −1] − [0 + 0 + ∙ 1] = 𝑚 ( 𝜋 − − ) = 𝑚 𝜋 − →
4 2 4 4 8 4 4 8 2
Page 14 of 31
Still to do: Rewrite to Mass of the area.

2.c. no answer yet

𝑏
2.d. The formula for the volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
𝜋 2 𝜋1 1 1 1 𝜋 1 1
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫02 (sin(2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫02 2
− 2 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (2 𝑥 − 8 sin (4𝑥))] = 𝜋 ∙ 4 𝜋 = 4 𝜋2
0

2.e. The centre of mass is on the x-axis since it is defined by rotation about this axis -> 𝑍 = (𝑥̅ , 0)
𝑥̅ has to be determined. Use: total moment = sum individual moments
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑉 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑏 2
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 where a and b are the x-endpoints of the solid of revolution.
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ the subject and simplify.
This yields a formula of the form
𝑏
𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑉
𝑎
1
𝑉= 4
𝜋 2 (see 2d)

1 1 1
𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫2 𝑥(sin(2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑉 0
∫2 𝑥 (2 − 2 cos(4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑉 0
∫2 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑉 0
1 1 1 1 1
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1
2 2 2
∫0 𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
2 𝑥 sin(4𝑥)] − ∫02 sin(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin(4𝑥)] + 16 cos(4𝑥)] = (0) + ( − 16) = 0
4 0 4 4 0 0 16
1 1 1 1 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫2 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (∫02 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫02 𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ) = ∫02 𝑥𝑑𝑥 since ∫02 𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (above)
2𝑉 0 2𝑉 2𝑉

1 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 2 𝜋3 𝜋3 1
2
𝑥̅ = ∫2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙ 𝑥2 ] = 2𝑉 ∙ 2 (2 𝜋) = 16𝑉 = 1 = 4𝜋
2𝑉 0 2𝑉 2 0 16∙ 𝜋2
4

1
The centre of mass of the solid is 𝑍 = (4 𝜋 , 0)

3.a.
The area (3a) and the volumes L and M (3b) are shown in the figure below

1 𝑏 1 𝑏
Use the following formulas to find the centre of mass of the area: 𝑥̅ =
𝐴
∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑦̅ = 2𝐴 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
𝐴 = ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥]1𝑒 = (𝑒 ln 𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 1) = 1
1 𝑒 1 1
𝑥̅ =
1
∫1 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -> integr. by parts ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 ; 𝑢′ = 𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 2 𝑥 2
1 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑒1 1 1 1 𝑒 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥̅ =
1
∫1 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥] − ∫1 2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 ] = (2 𝑒 2 − 4 𝑒 2 ) − (− 4) = 4 𝑒 2 + 4
1 1
1 𝑒 1 𝑒
𝑦̅ = 2∙1 ∫1 (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 -> write 𝑦̅ = 2 ∫1 1 ∙ (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 -> integration by parts ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣𝑑𝑥
1
where 𝑢 = (ln 𝑥)2 and 𝑣 ′ = 1 and therefore 𝑢′ = 2 ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
1 𝑒 1 𝑒 1 1 𝑒 1
𝑦̅ = 2 ∫1 1 ∙ (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 ]1𝑒 − ∫1 𝑥 ∙ 2 ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = 2
(𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 ]1𝑒 − 2 ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = (𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 −
2
𝑒 1 𝑒 1 1 1
2(𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥))] = (𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥)] = (𝑒(ln 𝑒)2 − 2𝑒 ln 𝑒 + 2𝑒) − (0 − 0 + 2) = (𝑒 − 2𝑒 + 2𝑒) −
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 1
(2) = (𝑒 − 2)
2 2
1 1 1
The centre of mass is 𝑍 = ( 𝑒 2 + , 𝑒 − 1)
4 4 2

𝑏
3.b. The formula for the volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜋 ∫1 (ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋(𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥)]1𝑒 (see ̅y in 3a) = 𝜋(𝑒 − 2)

Page 15 of 31
 𝑦=𝑏
The formula for the volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
First find 𝑥 as function of 𝑦 so the integral can be written down. 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 -> 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 -> 𝑥 2 = (𝑒 𝑦 )2 = 𝑒 2𝑦
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
𝑉𝑀 = 𝜋 ∫𝑦=−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = lim 𝜋 ∫𝑝 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = lim 𝜋 ∙ 𝑒 2𝑦 ] = lim 𝜋(𝑒 0 − 𝑒 2𝑝 ) = 𝜋
𝑝→−∞ 𝑝→−∞ 2 𝑝 𝑝→−∞ 2 2
The limit notation is used to solve the integral because the integral is improper (lower limit is −∞).

3.c. The centre of mass is on the x-axis since it is defined by rotation about this axis -> 𝑍 = (𝑥̅ , 0)
𝑥̅ has to be determined. Use: total moment = sum individual moments
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑉 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑏 2
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 where a and b are the x-endpoints of the solid of revolution.
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ the subject and simplify.
This yields a formula of the form
𝑏
𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑉
𝑎
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑒 − 2) (see 3b)
𝑒 𝜋 1 1
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 -> integr. by parts ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = (ln 𝑥)2 ; 𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 ; 𝑢′ = 2 ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ; 𝑣
𝑉 1
= 2 𝑥2
𝜋 𝑒 𝜋 1 𝑒 𝑒1 1 𝜋 1 𝑒 𝑒
𝑥̅ = ∫1 𝑥(ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 ] − ∫1 𝑥 2 ∙ 2 ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥) = ( 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 ] − ∫1 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝑉 𝑉 2 1 2 𝑥 𝑉 2 1
𝑒 1 1
To solve ∫1 𝑥 ∙ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -> integr. by parts ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 ; 𝑢′ = 𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 2 𝑥 2
𝜋 1 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑒1 1 𝜋 1 𝑒 1 𝑒 1 𝑒
𝑥̅ = 𝑉 (2 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 ] − (2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥] − ∫1 2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )) = 𝑉 (2 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 ] − (2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥] − 2 ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 )) =
1 1 1 1

𝜋 1 𝑒 1 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝜋 1 1 1 𝑒 𝜋 1 1 1
( 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 ] − (2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥] − 4 𝑥 2 ] )) = 𝑉 (2 𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥)2 − 2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 2 )] = 𝑉 ((2 𝑒 2 (ln 𝑒)2 − 2 𝑒 2 ln 𝑒 + 4 𝑒 2 ) −
𝑉 2 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 𝜋 1 1 1 1 𝜋 1 1 𝜋( 𝑒 2 − ) 𝑒 2 −1
(2 (ln 1)2 − 2 ln 1 + 4)) = 𝑉 ((2 𝑒 2 − 2 𝑒 2 + 4 𝑒 2 ) − (0 − 0 + 4)) = 𝑉 (4 𝑒 2 − 4) = 4 4
= 4(𝑒−2)
𝜋(𝑒−2)
𝑒 2 −1
The centre of mass is 𝑍 = (4(𝑒−2) , 0)

4.a. Start with making a sketch of the area.

𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 -> 𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥 2 -> 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 ; this is the equation of a circle with radius 2.
The area is also bounded by the x-axis and the y-axis, which results in the area in the figure below.

1 𝑏 1 𝑏
Use the following formulas to find the centre of mass of the area: 𝑥̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑦̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 2𝐴
Because of symmetry 𝑥̅ and 𝑦̅ are equal (𝑍 lies on the line 𝑥 = 𝑦). Therefore it is sufficient to find either 𝑥̅ or 𝑦̅.
For completeness here both solutions for 𝑥̅ and 𝑦̅ will be given.
1 1
𝐴 = 4 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4 𝜋 ∙ 22 = 𝜋
2 𝑥=2 𝑥=2 3 𝑥=2 3 𝑥=2
1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑥̅ = 𝐴 ∫0 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 ∫𝑥=0 𝑥 √𝑢 −2𝑥 = 𝐴 ∫𝑥=0 − 2 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴
∙ (− 2) ∙ 3 𝑢2 ] = 𝐴 ∙ (− 2) ∙ 3 (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 ] =
𝑥=0 𝑥=0
3
1 1 2 8 8
𝐴
(0 − (− 2) ∙ 3 (4) ) = 3𝐴 = 3𝜋 2

1 2 1 1 2 1 8 1 16 8 8
𝑦̅ = 2𝐴 ∫0 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐴 (4𝑥 − 3 𝑥 3 )] = 2𝐴 ((8 − 3) − 0) = 2𝐴 ( 3 ) = 3𝐴 = 3𝜋
0
8 8
The centre of mass is 𝑍 = ( , )
3𝜋 3𝜋

𝑏
4.b. The formula for the volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 1 2 8 16
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 (√4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (4𝑥 − 3 𝑥 3 )] = 𝜋 ((8 − 3) − 0) = 3
𝜋
0
1 4 1 4 16
(Also a formula for the volume of 1/2 sphere (hemisphere) exists: 2 ∙ 3 𝜋𝑟 = 2 ∙ 3 𝜋 ∙ 23 = 3
3
𝜋)

Page 16 of 31
 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2
4.c. The formula for the area of surface of revolution is 𝑆 = ∫𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 ∙ √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 −𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 -> = ∙ (4 − 𝑥 2 )−2 ∙ (−2𝑥) = -> (𝑑𝑥 ) = ( ) =
4−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 √4−𝑥 2 √4−𝑥 2
𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑥2 2 4−𝑥 2 𝑥2 2
𝑆= ∫𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 ∙ √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝜋√4 − 𝑥 2 ∙ √1 + 4−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝜋√4 − 𝑥 2 ∙ √4−𝑥 2 + 4−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝜋√4 − 𝑥 2 ∙
4 2 √4 2
√ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝜋√4 − 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝜋 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋𝑥]20 = 8𝜋
4−𝑥 2 √ 4−𝑥 2

4.d. The centre of mass is on the x-axis since it is defined by rotation about this axis -> 𝑍 = (𝑥̅ , 0)
𝑥̅ has to be determined. Use: total moment = sum individual moments
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑉 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑏 2
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 where a and b are the x-endpoints of the solid of revolution.
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ the subject and simplify.
This yields a formula of the form
𝑏
𝜋
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑉
𝑎
16
𝑉= 3
𝜋 (see 4b)
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 𝜋 1 2 𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 3
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 )] = ((8 − 4) − 0) = = 16 =
𝑉 0 𝑉 0 𝑉 4 0 𝑉 𝑉 𝜋 4
3
3
The centre of mass is 𝑍 = (4 , 0)

5.a. The figure below shows the area of interest

The centre of mass is on the x-axis since it is defined by rotation about this axis -> 𝑍 = (𝑥̅ , 0)
𝑥̅ has to be determined. Use: total moment = sum individual moments
𝑥̅ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑉 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑏 2
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝛿𝑥 where a and b are the x-endpoints of the solid of revolution.
Rearrange to make 𝑥̅ the subject and simplify.
This yields a formula of the form
𝜋 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
𝑉
The lower limit of the integral is known: 𝑎 = 1
The upper limit has to be found -> check whether the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) have an intersection point.
3 2 2
𝑥2
= 𝑥 3 -> 3𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 2 -> 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 = 0 -> 𝑥 2 (3𝑥 − 2) = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3 -> no intersection point for 𝑥 ≥ 1.
Therefore the integrals that need to be solved to find 𝑉 and 𝑥̅ will be improper.
The volume 𝑉 can be calculated by finding the volume that arises by rotation of the function 𝑓 and subtracting the
volume that arises by rotation of the function 𝑔 (outer volume minus inner volume).
∞ 3 2 ∞ 2 2 ∞ 3 2 2 2 ∞ 9 4 𝑝 9 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫1 (𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫1 (𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫1 (𝑥 2) − (𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫1 𝑥4
− 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝜋 ∫1 𝑥4
− 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑝→∞
3 4 𝑝 3 4 3 4 4 11
lim 𝜋 (− + )] = lim 𝜋 (− + ) − 𝜋 (− + ) = 𝜋(−0 + 0) − 𝜋 (−3 + ) = 𝜋
𝑝→∞ 𝑥3 5𝑥 5 1 𝑝→∞ 𝑝3 5𝑝5 13 5∙15 5 5
When calculating 𝑥̅ , also take into account that two functions need to be considered.
𝜋 ∞ 3 2 𝜋 ∞ 2 2 𝜋 ∞ 3 2 2 2 𝜋 ∞ 9 4 𝜋 𝑝 9 4
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑉 ∫1 𝑥 (𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉 ∫1 𝑥 (𝑥 2) − 𝑥 (𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉 ∫1 − 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ − 5 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑉 1 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑝→∞ 𝑉 1 𝑥 3 𝑥
𝜋 9 1 𝑝 𝜋 9 1 𝜋 9 1 𝜋 𝜋 9 𝜋 7 𝜋 7 35
lim (− + )] = lim (− + ) − (− + 4) = (−0 + 0) − (− + 1) = ∙ = 11 ∙ =
𝑝→∞ 𝑉 2𝑥 2 𝑥4 1 𝑝→∞ 𝑉 2𝑝2 𝑝4 𝑉 2∙12 1 𝑉 𝑉 2 𝑉 2 𝜋 2 22
5
35
The centre of mass is 𝑍 = (22 , 0)

1 𝑏 1 𝑏
5.b. The following formulas are used to find the centre of mass of the area: 𝑥̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑦̅ = ∫𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 2𝐴
When calculating 𝑥̅ for the area A, take into account that two functions need to be considered.

Page 17 of 31
 1 ∞ 3 1 ∞ 2 1 ∞3 2 1 𝑝3 2 1 2 𝑝 1 2
𝑥̅ = ∫1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 ∫1 − 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫1 − 𝑑𝑥 = lim (3 ln 𝑥 + )] = lim (3 ln 𝑝 + ) −
𝐴 𝐴 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑝→∞ 𝐴 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑝→∞ 𝐴 𝑥 1 𝑝→∞ 𝐴 𝑝
1 2
𝐴
(3 ln 1 + 1) ; lim ln 𝑝 does not exist, so the integral cannot be solved.
𝑝→∞
Since 𝑥̅ cannot be found, the area A does not have a centre of mass.
3
6. The figure below shows the area of interest, given that 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3 -> 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

𝑏
The formula for the volume of a solid of revolution about the x-axis is 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 2 9 1 9 2 1 9 1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫1 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (5 𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥)] = 𝜋 ((5 ∙ 25 + 3 ∙ 22 − 2) − (5 + 3 − 9)) =
1
32 9 1 197
𝜋( + 12 − − − 3 + 9) = 𝜋
5 2 5 10

𝑏
7.a. The formula for mass moment of inertia: 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚
Mass of one strip ∆𝑚 ≈ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ∆𝑥 ∙ 1 -> distance to the strip: 𝑟 = 𝑥 .
2 2 1 4 2 64
Fill in, simplify and integrate: 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑚(−𝑥 2 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 ∫0 −𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 [− 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 ] = 𝑚
5 3 0 15
2 16 3
Express 𝐼 in terms of total mass M: 𝑀 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝑚 ∫0 (−𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 3
𝑚 -> 𝑚 = 16 𝑀
3 64 3 41 4
Replace 𝑚 by 16 𝑀: 𝐼 = 15 16 𝑀 = 5 1 𝑀 = 𝐼 = 5 𝑀

4
7.b. Steiner’s theorem = 𝐼𝑧 ′ = 𝐼𝑧𝑝 + 𝑟 2 𝑀 -> 𝐼𝑧 ′ = 5 𝑀; to calculate 𝐼𝑧𝑝 we need 𝑟; and 𝑟 = 𝑥̅ .
1 𝑏 2 1 2 8 16
𝑥̅ =
𝐴
∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 -> Calculate A: 𝐴 = ∫0 −𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = [− 3 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥] = [− 3 + 8] − [0] = 𝐴 = 3
0

3 2 3 1 2 3 3
Fill in, simplify and integrate for 𝑥̅ = 16 ∫0 𝑥(−𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 16 [− 4 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 ] = 16 ([−4 + 8] − [0]) = 𝑥̅ = 4
0
4 3 2 19
Fill in and simplify for 𝐼𝑧𝑝 = 𝐼𝑧′ − 𝑟 2 𝑀 = 5 𝑀 − (4) 𝑀 = 𝐼𝑧𝑝 = 80 𝑀 .

Page 18 of 31
Answers Ch 19 Maclaurin and Taylor series
Problem 1-6
𝑥2 𝑥3
1.a. Maclaurin series: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯
2! 3!
1
𝑓(𝑥) = √4 + 3𝑥 = (4 + 3𝑥) 2 -> 𝑓(0) = √4 = 2
1 1
1 3 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 2 ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 ∙ 3 = 2 ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 ′ (0) = 4
3 3
3 1 9 9
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = ∙ (− ) ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 ∙ 3 = − ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 ′′ (0) = −
2 2 4 32
5 5
9 3 81 81
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = − 4 ∙ (− 2) ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 ∙ 3 = 8
∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 256
7 7
81 5 1215 1215
𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) = 8
∙ (− 2) ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 ∙ 3 = − 16
∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (0) = − 2048
9 9
1215 7 25515 25515
𝑓 𝑉 (𝑥) = − 16
∙ (− 2) ∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 ∙ 3 = 32
∙ (4 + 3𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 𝑉 (0) = 16384

3 𝑥2 9 𝑥3 81 𝑥4 1215 𝑥5 25515
√4 + 3𝑥 = 2 + 𝑥 ∙ 4 + 2!
∙ (− 32) + 3!
∙ 256 + 4!
∙ (− 2048) + 5!
∙ 16384 + ⋯
3 9 27 405 1701
√4 + 3𝑥 = 2 + 4 𝑥 − 64 𝑥 2 + 512 𝑥 3 − 16384 𝑥 4 + 131072 𝑥 5 + ⋯

1.b. Substitute 𝑥 = 0.28 in Maclaurin series (1a) and find the exact value.
𝑓(0.28) ≈ 2.200003
𝑓(0.28) = √4 + 3 ∙ 0.28 = √4.84 = 2.2

𝑥2 𝑥3
2. Maclaurin series: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯
2! 3!
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1+2𝑥 = (1 + 2𝑥)−1 -> 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −1 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−2 ∙ 2 = −2 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−2 -> 𝑓 ′ (0) = −2
′′ (𝑥) −3 −3
𝑓 = −2 ∙ (−2) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) ∙ 2 = 8 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) -> 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 8
′′′ (𝑥) −4 −4
𝑓 = 8 ∙ (−3) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) ∙ 2 = −48 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) -> 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = −48
𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) −5 −5
𝑓 = −48 ∙ (−4) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) ∙ 2 = 384 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) -> 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (0) = 384
𝑉 (𝑥) −6 −6
𝑓 = 384 ∙ (−5) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) ∙ 2 = −3840 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥) -> 𝑓 𝑉 (0) = −3840

1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
= 1 + 𝑥 ∙ (−2) + ∙8+ ∙ (−48) + ∙ 384 + ∙ (−3840) + ⋯
1+2𝑥 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 2 3 4 5
= 1 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑥 − 32𝑥 + ⋯
1+2𝑥

1 1 1 ′
3. (1+2𝑥)2 = − 2 (1+2𝑥) see answer to exercise 2.
1 1 1
Therefore: Maclaurin series of (1+2𝑥)2 = − 2 ∙ derivative of Maclaurin series of 1+2𝑥
1 1
(1+2𝑥)2
= − 2 ∙ (1 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 4 − 32𝑥 5 + ⋯ )′
1 1
(1+2𝑥)2
= − 2 ∙ (−2 + 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + 64𝑥 3 − 160𝑥 4 + ⋯ )
1
(1+2𝑥)2
= 1 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 3 + 80𝑥 4 + ⋯

𝑥3
Check the term with 𝑥 3 by using the Maclaurin series: 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
3!
𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 2𝑥)−2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−3 ∙ 2 = −4 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −4 ∙ (−3) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−4 ∙ 2 = 24 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−4
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 24 ∙ (−4) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−5 ∙ 2 = −192 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−5 -> 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = −192
𝑥3 𝑥3
Term with 𝑥 3 : 3!
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 3!
∙ (−192) = −32𝑥 3

1 1 1
4. ∫ 1+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
ln|1 + 2𝑥| -> ln|1 + 2𝑥| = 2 ∫ 1+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
The Maclaurin series for ln(1 + 2𝑥) can be found by integrating the Maclaurin series for 1+2𝑥 (exercise 2).
ln(1 + 2𝑥) = 2 ∫ 1 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 4 − 32𝑥 5 + ⋯ 𝑑𝑥
4 16 16 8 32 32
ln(1 + 2𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 + 5
𝑥5 − 3
𝑥 6 + ⋯ + 𝐶) = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 4 + 5
𝑥5 − 3
𝑥6 + ⋯ + 𝐶
Page 19 of 31
If 𝑥 = 0: ln(1 + 2𝑥) = ln(1) = 0 -> 𝐶 = 0
8 32 32
ln(1 + 2𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 4 + 5 𝑥 5 − 3 𝑥 6 + ⋯

𝑥3
Check the term with 𝑥 3 by using the Maclaurin series: 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
3!
𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + 2𝑥)
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+2𝑥 ∙ 2 = 2 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 ∙ (−1) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−2 ∙ 2 = −4 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −4 ∙ (−2) ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−3 ∙ 2 = 16 ∙ (1 + 2𝑥)−3 -> 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 16
𝑥3 𝑥3 8
Term with 𝑥 3 : 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = ∙ 16 = 𝑥 3
3! 3! 3

(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑎)3
5. Taylor series: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + 2!
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 3!
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) + ⋯
1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 − 2𝑥 −1 -> 𝑓(1) = −1
′ (𝑥) −3 −2
𝑓 = −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 -> 𝑓 ′ (1) = 0
′′ (𝑥) −4 −3
𝑓 = 6𝑥 − 4𝑥 -> 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 2
′′′ (𝑥) −5 −4
𝑓 = −24𝑥 + 12𝑥 -> 𝑓 ′′′ (1) = −12
𝐼𝑉 ( ) −6 −5
𝑓 𝑥 = 120𝑥 − 48𝑥 -> 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (1) = 72
𝑉 (𝑥) −7 −5
𝑓 = −720𝑥 + 240𝑥 -> 𝑓 𝑉 (1) = −480

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1) + (𝑥 − 1)𝑓 ′ (1) + 2!
𝑓 ′′ (1) + 3!
𝑓 ′′′ (1) + ⋯

1 2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥−1)4 (𝑥−1)5

− 𝑥 = −1 + (𝑥 − 1) ∙ 0 + ∙2+ ∙ (−12) + ∙ 72 + ∙ (−480) + ⋯
𝑥2 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 2 2 3 4 5
− 𝑥 = −1 + (𝑥 − 1) − 2(𝑥 − 1) + 3(𝑥 − 1) − 4(𝑥 − 1) + ⋯
𝑥2

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
6. Maclaurin series for 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 : cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − + ⋯ (see book Ch19B4, or derive by definition)
2! 4! 6!
𝜋
8° = 180 ∙ 8 rad ≈ 0.14 rad
𝑥4 0.144
Because 4!
≈ 24
≈ 1.6 ∙ 10−5 we use 3 terms
𝑥2 𝑥4
cos(8°) ≈ 1 − 2!
+ 4!
≈ 1 − 0.009748 + 0.0000158 ≈ 0.9903

Page 20 of 31
Answers Ch 21 Functions of two variables
Problem 1-11

1. 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 20𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 20𝑦
1
𝑧𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 3 ∨ 𝑥 = 3
1
𝑧𝑦 = −40𝑦 + 20 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 = 2
1 1 1
coordinates of stationary points: (3, ) and ( , )
2 3 2

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 10
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = −40
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 0

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

1 8 −40 0 −320 saddle point
(3, )
2
1 1 −8 −40 0 320 maximum
( , )
3 2
1 1 1 5 20 148
maximum 𝑧 (3 , 2) = 27 − 9 − + 1 + 10 =
4 27

2. 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2

𝑧𝑥 = −2𝑥 − 𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> −2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 (∗ −1)

𝑧𝑦 = −𝑥 − 2𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> −𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 (∗ −2)

system of linear equations 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0 -
−3𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0

coordinates of stationary point: (0, 0)

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = −2
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = −2
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = −1

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(0, 0) −2 −2 −1 3 maximum

maximum 𝑧(0, 0) = 2

3. 𝑧 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 2

𝑧𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 (∗ 2)
𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 3 (∗ 3)

system of linear equations 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 10

9𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 9 -
−𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑦 = 3

coordinates of stationary point: (−1, 3)

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 4
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 3
Page 21 of 31
 coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion
(−1, 3) 4 2 3 −1 saddle point

4. 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 − 3(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1

𝑧𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑥 2 = 1 -> 𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥 = −1
3
𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 3 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 =
2
3 3
coordinates of stationary points: (1, 2) and (−1, 2)

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 0

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

3 6 2 0 12 minimum
(1, )
2
3 −6 2 0 −12 saddle point
(−1, )
2
3 9 3 13
minimum 𝑧 (1, 2) = 1 + 4 − 3 (1 + 2) + 1 = −
4

5. 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥

𝑧𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 3 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 -> solve this equation first

2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 -> 2𝑥(𝑦 − 1) = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑦 = 1 -> use results in other equation

𝑦 = 1 ∧ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 -> 1 − 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 -> 𝑥 = −1 -> (−1, 1)

𝑥 = 0 ∧ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 -> 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 -> (𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 1) = 0 -> 𝑦 = 3 ∨ 𝑦 = −1 -> (0, 3) (0, −1)
coordinates of stationary points: (−1, 1), (0, 3) and (0, −1)

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = −4
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 2

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(−1, 1) −4 −2 0 8 maximum
(0, 3) −4 0 4 −16 saddle point
(0, −1) −4 0 −4 −16 saddle point

maximum 𝑧(−1, 1) = −1 + 2 − 2 + 3 = 2

2 2
6. 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦

2 2 2
𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0 -> 2𝑥 = 𝑥 2 -> 2𝑥 3 = 2 -> 𝑥 3 = 1 -> 𝑥 = 1
2 2 2
𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 𝑦2 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 2𝑦 − 𝑦2 = 0 -> 2𝑦 = 𝑦2 -> 2𝑦 3 = 2 -> 𝑦 3 = 1 -> 𝑦 = 1
coordinates of stationary point: (1, 1)

4
𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 𝑥 3
4
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2 +
𝑦3
Page 22 of 31
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 0

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(1, 1) 6 6 0 36 minimum

minimum 𝑧(1, 1) = 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 6

7. 𝑧 = 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑧𝑥 = −𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) ∙ 6𝑥 = 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥)

𝑧𝑦 = −𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) ∙ 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)

𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥) = 0 ; 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) = 0 not possible, so solve −3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 = 0

𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) = 0 not possible, so solve −3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0

system of linear equations −3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 = 0

−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0 -
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 -> 6𝑥 = 2𝑦 -> 𝑦 = 3𝑥

1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 ∧ −3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 -> −3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 -> −12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 3𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 = 0 -> (0, 0)
1 1 3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 = 2 -> (2 , 2)
1 3
coordinates of stationary points: (0, 0) and (2 , 2)
𝑧𝑥𝑥 = −𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥) + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−6𝑥 + 6)
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−2𝑦 + 2)
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = −𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥) + 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) (−2𝑦)

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(0, 0) 6 2 0 12 minimum
1 3 3 1 3 12 saddle point
( , ) − 2 − 2 − 4
2 2 𝑒2 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

minimum 𝑧(0, 0) = 0

8. 𝑧 = 12𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3

𝑧𝑥 = 12𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 12𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 = 0

𝑧𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 12𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0 -> solve this equation first
12𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0 -> 6𝑥(2 − 𝑦) = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑦 = 2 -> use results in other equation

𝑥 = 0 ∧ 12𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 -> 12𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 = 0 -> 3𝑦(4 − 𝑦) = 0 -> 𝑦 = 0 ∨ 𝑦 = 4 -> (0, 0) and (0, 4)
𝑦 = 2 ∧ 12𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 -> 24 − 12 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 -> 𝑥 2 = 4 -> 𝑥 = 2 ∨ 𝑥 = −2 -> (2, 2) and (−2, 2)
coordinates of stationary points: (0, 0) , (0, 4) , (2, 2) and (−2, 2)
𝑧𝑥𝑥 = −6𝑥
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = −6𝑥
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 12 − 6𝑦

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(0, 0) 0 0 12 −144 saddle point
(0, 4) 0 0 −12 −144 saddle point
(2, 2) −12 −12 0 144 maximum
(−2, 2) 12 12 0 144 minimum

maximum 𝑧(2, 2) = 16

Page 23 of 31
minimum 𝑧(−2, 2) = −16

9. 𝑧 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 + 2

1 1
𝑧𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 3 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 𝑦 +
2 2
𝑧𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 2 = 𝑥

1 1 1 1 1
substitute 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 + 2 into 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 -> 𝑦 2 = 2 𝑦 + 2 -> 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 -> solutions 𝑦 = 1 ∨ 𝑦 = − 2

1 1
𝑦 = 1 ∧ 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 + 2 -> 𝑥 = 1 -> (1, 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 =− ∧𝑥 = 𝑦+ -> 𝑥 = -> ( , − )
2 2 2 4 4 2
1 1
coordinates of stationary points: (1, 1) and (4 , − 2)
𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 6
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = −3
coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion
(1, 1) 6 6 −3 27 minimum
1 1 6 −3 −3 −27 saddle point
( ,− )
4 2

minimum 𝑧(1, 1) = 0

10. 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 2

𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0 (∗ 𝑥 , ÷ 2)

𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 0 (∗ 𝑦 , ÷ 2)

system of linear equations 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 0

𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 0 -
−5𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 0 -> 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 -> 𝑦 = ±𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0

-> 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 9) = 0
-> 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 = ±3 -> (0, 0) (3, 3) (−3, −3)

𝑦 = −𝑥 ∧ 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑦 = −𝑥 ∧ 𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0

-> 𝑦 = −𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑦 = −𝑥 ∧ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
-> 𝑦 = −𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 = ±1 -> (1, − 1) (−1, 1)

coordinates of stationary points: (0, 0), (3, 3), (−3, −3), (1, − 1) and (−1, 1)
𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 − 10
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 10
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 8

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(0, 0) −10 −10 −8 36 maximum
(3, 3) 8 8 28 −720 saddle point
(−3, −3) 8 8 28 −720 saddle point
(1, − 1) −8 −8 −12 −80 saddle point
(−1, 1) −8 −8 −12 −80 saddle point

maximum 𝑧(0, 0) = 0

Page 24 of 31
11. 𝑧 = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 3 − 150𝑥

𝑧𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 − 150 ; 𝑧𝑥 = 0 -> 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 − 150 = 0 -> 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25

4
𝑧𝑦 = 12𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 ; 𝑧𝑦 = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 = 0 -> 3𝑦(4𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0 -> 𝑦 = 0 ∨ 𝑦 = 3 𝑥

𝑦 = 0 ∧ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 -> 𝑥 2 = 25 -> 𝑥 = ±5 -> (5, 0) (−5, 0)

4 4 2 16 25
𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 -> 𝑥 2 + ( 𝑥) = 25 -> 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 25 -> 𝑥 2 = 25
3 3 9 9
-> 25𝑥 2 = 225 -> 𝑥 2 = 9 -> 𝑥 = ±3 -> (3, 4) (−3, −4)

coordinates of stationary points: (5, 0), (−5, 0), (3, 4) and (−3, −4)

𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 12𝑥
𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 18𝑦
𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 12𝑦

coordinates 𝑧𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(5, 0) 60 60 0 3600 minimum
(−5, 0) −60 −60 0 3600 maximum
(3, 4) 36 −36 48 −3600 saddle point
(−3, −4) −36 36 −48 −3600 saddle point

minimum 𝑧(5, 0) = −500

maximum 𝑧(−5, 0) = 500

Page 25 of 31
Answers Optimisation
Problem 1-9
1. Start by stepwise deducting the formula for the surface area of the tank.
Let 𝑥 be the base measurement corresponding to the sides and 𝑦 the one corresponding to the front/back
𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 2 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 2 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡/𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦
4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 4 and 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ℎ -> 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ ℎ = 4 -> ℎ = 𝑥𝑦
4 4
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑥 ∙ ℎ = 𝑥 ∙ =
𝑥𝑦 𝑦
4 4
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡/𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 𝑦 ∙ ℎ = 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
4 4 8 8
𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 + 2 ∙ 𝑦 + 2 ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥

Now find the dimensions of the tank for A to be a minimum using Chapter 21 Block 4 (stationary values).
8 8
𝐴𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝐴𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 -> 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8 (∗ 𝑦)
8 8
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦2 ; 𝐴𝑦 = 0 -> 𝑥 − 𝑦2 = 0 -> 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 8 (∗ 𝑥)

system of linear equations 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 8𝑦

𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 -
0 = 8𝑦 − 8𝑥 -> 8𝑦 = 8𝑥 -> 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8 -> 𝑥 3 = 8 -> 𝑥 = 2

coordinates of stationary point: (2, 2)

16
𝐴𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥 3
16
𝐴𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦3
𝐴𝑥𝑦 = 1

coordinates 𝐴𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝑥𝑦 𝐶 conclusion

(2, 2) 2 2 1 3 minimum

minimum 𝐴(2, 2) = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12

2.a. The figures below show the rectangle and cylinder.

The perimeter of the rectangle is 12 cm, therefore the following equations hold:
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 -> 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥

The cylinder arises by bending the rectangle, therefore the following equations hold:
𝑥
𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑟 -> 𝑟 = 2𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑦

The subject of the objective function is the volume of the cylinder. This function depends on several variables. Using the
information above, the function can be rewritten such that it depends on only one variable.
𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 (6−𝑥) −𝑥 3 +6𝑥 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑦 = 𝜋 ∙ ( ) ∙ (6 − 𝑥) = 𝜋 ∙ ∙ (6 − 𝑥) = =
2𝜋 4𝜋 2 4𝜋 4𝜋

𝑑𝑉
Look for the location of a maximum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑉 −3𝑥 2 +12𝑥 −3𝑥 2 +12𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝜋
-> 4𝜋
= 0 -> −3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 0 -> 3𝑥(−𝑥 + 4) = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 = 4
The solution 𝑥 = 0 is not possible since this does not correspond with a meaningful rectangle.
Therefore 𝑥 = 4 is the only possible location of a maximum.

Page 26 of 31
The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = 4 is a maximum point:
𝑑 2𝑉 −6𝑥+12 𝑑 2𝑉 𝑑 2𝑉
𝑑𝑥 2
= 4𝜋
; the sign of the second derivative 𝑑𝑥 2 in 𝑥 = 4 is negative: 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0 so 𝑥 = 4 is a maximum point.

The dimensions of the rectangle when the volume of the cylinder is at maximum: 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 2 (6−𝑥) 16∙2 8
The volume is: 𝑉 = 4𝜋
= 4𝜋
=𝜋

2.b. The subject of the objective function is the area of the closed cylinder.
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 2 ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2 ∙ 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥
This function can be rewritten such that it depends on only one variable using 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 and 𝑟 = (see 2a)
2𝜋
𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥2 1
𝐴 = 𝑥(6 − 𝑥) + 2𝜋 (2𝜋) = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝜋 4𝜋 2 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝜋 = 6𝑥 − (1 − 2𝜋 ) 𝑥 2

𝑑𝐴
Look for the location of a maximum point by solving =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 1 1 1 6 3 3 2𝜋 6𝜋
= 6 − 2 (1 − ) 𝑥 -> 6 − 2 (1 − ) 𝑥 = 0 -> 2 (1 − ) 𝑥 = 6 -> 𝑥 = 1 = 1 = 1 ∙
2𝜋
=
2𝜋−1
𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2(1−2𝜋) (1− ) (1− )
2𝜋 2𝜋

6𝜋
The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = is a maximum point:
2𝜋−1
𝑑2 𝐴 1 𝑑2 𝐴 6𝜋
= −2 (1 − ); < 0 so 𝑥 = is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝜋 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝜋−1

6𝜋 6𝜋 6(2𝜋−1) 6𝜋 6𝜋−6
The dimensions of the rectangle: 𝑥 = 2𝜋−1 and 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 = 6 − 2𝜋−1 = − =
2𝜋−1 2𝜋−1 2𝜋−1
6𝜋 6𝜋 1 6𝜋 2
The area is: 𝐴 (𝑥 = 2𝜋−1) = 6 (2𝜋−1) − (1 − 2𝜋) (2𝜋−1) which can be simplified as follows:
6𝜋 36𝜋 1 36𝜋 2 36𝜋 2𝜋−1 36𝜋 2 36𝜋 36𝜋 2 36𝜋 18𝜋 18𝜋
𝐴 (𝑥 = )= − (1 − ) ((2𝜋−1)2 ) = −( ) ((2𝜋−1)2 ) = − = − =
2𝜋−1 2𝜋−1 2𝜋 2𝜋−1 2𝜋 2𝜋−1 2𝜋(2𝜋−1) 2𝜋−1 2𝜋−1 2𝜋−1

3.a. The figure below shows the framework. The base is squared, so both rods in the base are named 𝑥.
The volume of the cube is 20 m3, therefore the following equations hold:
20
𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑉 = 20 -> 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 20 -> 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

The total length of the rods is 36 m, therefore the following equations hold:
4𝑦 + 8𝑥 = 36 -> 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9

Substitute 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9 into 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 20 -> 𝑥 2 (−2𝑥 + 9) = 20 -> −2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 = 20 -> −2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 20 = 0

To solve −2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 20 = 0 use the given solution 𝑥 = 2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) = 0 and find 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 using long division (or equation coefficients)

𝑥 − 2 /−2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 20 \ −2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10
3 2
−2𝑥 + 4𝑥 -
5𝑥 2 − 20
5𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 -
10𝑥 − 20
10𝑥 − 20 -
0

(𝑥 − 2)(−2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10) = 0
−5±√25−4∙(−2)∙10 5±√105
𝑥 = −2 ∨ −2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 2∙(−2)
= 4
5+√105 5−√105
-> 𝑥 = 4 (> 0) ∨ 𝑥 = 4 (< 0 not feasible)
So the dimensions of the framework when the volume of the cube is 20 m3 are
20 20 5+√105 5+√105 13−√105
𝑥 = −2 & 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 = (−2)2 = 5 OR 𝑥 = 4
& 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9 = −2 ( 4
)+9 = 2

3.b. 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9 (see 3a) -> 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 (−2𝑥 + 9) = −2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2

𝑑𝑉
Look for the location of a maximum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Page 27 of 31
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑥
= −6𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 -> −6𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 (not a feasible solution) ∨ 𝑥 = 3

The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = 3 is a maximum point:
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑 2𝑉 𝑑 2𝑉
= −12𝑥 + 18 ; in 𝑥 = 3 we have = −18 so < 0 and therefore 𝑥 = 3 is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

The dimensions when the volume is at maximum: 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 3 ; the maximum volume is 𝑉 = 27

3.c. When the rods have a total length of 32 m the following equations hold:
4𝑦 + 8𝑥 = 32 -> 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8
𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 -> 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 (−2𝑥 + 8) = −2𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2

𝑑𝑉
Look for the location of a maximum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑉 8
= −6𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 -> −6𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 (not a feasible solution) ∨ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3

8
The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = is a maximum point:
3
𝑑 2𝑉 8 𝑑2𝑉 𝑑 2𝑉 8
= −12𝑥 + 16 ; in 𝑥 = we have = −16 so < 0 and therefore 𝑥 = is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 3

8 3 8 2 512 512
The maximum volume is therefore: 𝑉 = −2𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 = −2 (3) + 8 (3) = 27
-> 27
< 20
So it is impossible to have 𝑉 = 20

20
3.d. 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑉 = 20 -> 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 20 -> 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (see 3a)
20 80
Let 𝐿 = 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 -> 𝐿 = 8𝑥 + 4 ∙ 𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝐿
𝐿 needs to be minimized. Look for the location of a minimum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝐿 160 160 160 3
= 8− -> 8 − = 0 -> 8 = -> 8𝑥 3 = 160 -> 𝑥 3 = 20 -> 𝑥 = √20
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3

3
The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = √20 is a minimum point:
𝑑 2𝐿 480 3 𝑑 2𝐿 3
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑥4
; in 𝑥 = √20 we have 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 so 𝑥 = √20 is a minimum point

3 3 80
The shortest total length of the rods is 𝐿( √20) = 8 ∙ √20 + 2
( 3√20)
3 3 3
Which can be simplified by using √20 ∙ 20 ∙ √20 = √20 ∙ 20 ∙ 20 = 20 as follows:
3 3
3 3 80 3 80 √20 3 80 √20 3 3 3
𝐿( √20) = 8 ∙ √20 + 3 = 8 ∙ √20 + 3 ∙3 = 8 ∙ √20 + 3 ∙3 = 8 ∙ √20 + 4 ∙ √20 = 12 √20
√20∙20 √20∙20 √20 √20∙20 √20
3 3 3
Since √20 ∙ 20 ∙ √20 = √20 ∙ 20 ∙ 20 = 20

4.a. The figure below shows the box. The length of the bottom equals three times the width, hence 𝑥 and 3𝑥.
The volume of the cube is 60 m3, therefore the following equations hold:
20
𝑉 = 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑉 = 60 -> 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 60 -> 𝑦 = 2
𝑥

The subject of the objective function is production cost.

𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 10 ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 6 ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
20
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 10 ∙ 2 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 + 6 ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 + 2 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) = 60𝑥 2 + 48𝑥𝑦 -> use 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to rewrite
20 960
𝐶(𝑥) = 60𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 (𝑥 2) = 60𝑥 2 + 𝑥

𝑑𝐶
𝐶(𝑥) needs to be minimized. Look for the location of a minimum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝐶 960 960 960 3
= 120𝑥 − -> 120𝑥 − = 0 -> 120𝑥 = -> 120𝑥 3 = 960 -> 𝑥 3 = 8 -> 𝑥 = √8 -> 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2

The second-derivative test can be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = 2 is a minimum point:
𝑑 2𝐶 1920 𝑑 2𝐿
𝑑𝑥 2
= 120 + 𝑥3
; in 𝑥 = 2 we have 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 so 𝑥 = 2 is a minimum point
Page 28 of 31
The dimensions of the box are: 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 5
The minimum production costs are: 𝐶(𝑥 = 2) = 720

4.b. Same width and same minimal costs -> 𝑥 = 2 and 𝐶 = 720
If the length is denoted by 𝐿, the cost function is as follows:
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝐿) = 10 ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 6 ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝐿) = 10 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑥 + 6 ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 + 2 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑦) = 10 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 2 + 6 ∙ (2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑦 + 2 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑦)
𝐶(𝑦, 𝐿) = 40𝐿 + 12𝑦(2 + 𝐿)

720−40𝐿
Given 𝐶 = 720 -> 40𝐿 + 12𝑦(2 + 𝐿) = 720 -> 𝑦 = 12(𝐿+2)

The maximum volume needs to be found.

720−40𝐿 20 18𝐿−𝐿2
𝑉 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑦 = 2𝐿𝑦 = 2𝐿 ∙ = ∙
12(𝐿+2) 3 𝐿+2

𝑑𝑉
𝑉 needs to be maximized. Look for the location of a maximum point by solving =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 20 (18−2𝐿)(𝐿+2)−(18𝐿−𝐿2 ) 20 (18−2𝐿)(𝐿+2)−(18𝐿−𝐿2 )
𝑑𝑥
= 3
∙( (𝐿+2)2
) -> 3
∙( (𝐿+2)2
)=0
-> (18 − 2𝐿)(𝐿 + 2) − (18𝐿 − 𝐿2 ) = 0
-> 18𝐿 + 36 − 2𝐿2 − 4𝐿 − 18𝐿 + 𝐿2 = 0
-> −𝐿2 − 4𝐿 + 36 = 0
4±√(−4)2 −4∙(−1)∙36 4±√160 4±4√10
-> 𝐿 = = = = −2 ± 2√10
2∙(−1) −2 −2
-> 𝐿 = −2 − 2√10 not feasible since < 0
-> use solution 𝐿 = −2 + 2√10

The second derivative is quite complicated. Therefore the first-derivative test will be used to check whether this point 𝐿 =
−2 + 2√10 is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
to the left 𝑑𝑥 > 0 and to the right 𝑑𝑥 < 0 -> 𝐿 = −2 + 2√10 is a maximum point

2
20 18(−2+2√10)−(−2+2√10)
The maximum volume is 𝑉(𝐿 = −2 + 2√10) = ∙ which can be simplified:
3 (−2+2√10)+2
2
20 18(−2+2√10)−(−2+2√10) 20 −36+36√10−(4−8√10+40) 20 −80+44√10 −800+440√10
𝑉(𝐿 = −2 + 2√10) = ∙ = ∙ = ∙ = 𝑉(𝐿 = −2 +
3 (−2+2√10)+2 3 2√10 3 2√10 3√10
−800+440√10 √10 −800√10+440∙10 −80√10+440
2√10) = 3√10
∙ = 3∙10
= 3
√10

5. The figure below shows the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

The distance between two point equals: 𝑑2 = (𝑥𝐴 − 𝑥𝐵 )2 + (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐵 )2
Minimum distance 𝑑 <=> minimum 𝑑2 (because 𝑑 > 0)

In this case the distance of interest is: 𝑑2 = (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 -> 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2

Use 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 to rewrite 𝑑2 : 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 2 + 1 − 2)2 -> 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 2 − 1)2

𝑑2 needs to be minimized. Look for the location of a minimum point by solving (𝑑2 )′ = 0
(𝑑2 )′ = 2𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 − 1) ∙ 2𝑥 = 2𝑥(1 + 2(𝑥 2 − 1)) = 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 1)
(𝑑2 )′ = 0 -> 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 1) = 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 2𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
1
-> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 2 = 2
1 1
-> 𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 = ±√2 = ± 2 √2

The second-derivative test is used to check whether these solutions are a minimum:
(𝑑2 )′ = 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 1) = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
(𝑑2 )′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 2
𝑥 = 0 -> (𝑑2 )′′ < 0 -> 𝑥 = 0 is a maximum

Page 29 of 31
 1 1
𝑥 = ± √2 -> (𝑑2 )′′ > 0 -> 𝑥 = ± √2 is a minimum
2 2

1 3
The point P has to coordinates: 𝑥 = ± 2 √2 and 𝑦 = 2
1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1
√3
The minimum distance is 𝑑 (𝑥 = ± 2 √2) = √2 + (2 − 2) = √2 + (− 2) = √2 + 4 = √4 = = 2 √3
√4

6. Let 𝑄 be a point right above 𝑃 in the figure (so on the side of the river of 𝐵)
Denote the distance from point 𝐵 to 𝑄 by 𝑥, then the following can be derived:
𝐵𝑄 = 𝑥
𝐵𝑃 = √𝑃𝑄2 + 𝐵𝑄2 = √502 + 𝑥 2 = √2500 + 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑃 = 125 − 𝑥

The cost function is:

𝐶(𝑥) = 7200 ∙ 𝐴𝑃 + 12000 ∙ 𝐵𝑃 = 7200(125 − 𝑥) + 12000√2500 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝐶
𝐶(𝑥) needs to be minimized. Look for the location of a minimum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
𝑑𝐶 1 𝑥
= −7200 + 12000 ∙ ∙ (2500 + 𝑥 2 )−2 ∙ 2𝑥 = −7200 + 12000 ∙
𝑑𝑥 2 √2500+𝑥 2
𝑑𝐶 𝑥
=0 -> −7200 + 12000 ∙ =0
𝑑𝑥 √2500+𝑥 2
-> 12000𝑥 = 7200√2500 + 𝑥 2
-> 5𝑥 = 3√2500 + 𝑥 2
2
-> (5𝑥)2 = (3√2500 + 𝑥 2 )
-> 25𝑥 2 = 9(2500 + 𝑥 2 )
-> 25𝑥 2 = 22500 + 9𝑥 2
-> 16𝑥 2 = 22500
-> 𝑥 2 = 1406.25 -> 𝑥 = ±√1406.25 = ±37.5 -> 𝑥 = −37.5 is not a feasible solutions -> 𝑥 = 37.5

The second derivative is quite complicated. Therefore the first-derivative test will be used to check whether this point 𝑥 =
37.5 is a minimum point.
𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝐶
to the left 𝑑𝑥 < 0 and to the right 𝑑𝑥 > 0 -> 𝑥 = 37.5 is a minimum point
𝐶(37.5) = 7200(125 − 37.5) + 12000√2500 + (37.5)2 = 1380000

7. The subject of the objective function is the area 𝐴. Start by finding this function. Use the figure below.
The points A and B are located at half of the height on the sides of the cross section.
The distance 𝐴𝐵 is: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 20
The height ℎ can be written in terms of 𝑥 using Pythagoras’ theorem: ℎ = √64 − 𝑥 2
The area of the lock is: 𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐴𝐵 ∙ ℎ = (𝑥 + 20)√64 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝐴
𝐴(𝑥) needs to be minimized. Look for the location of a minimum point by solving =0
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝐴 1 2 −2 −𝑥(𝑥+20)
= 1 ∙ √64 − 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 20) ∙ 2 ∙ (64 − 𝑥 ) ∙ (−2𝑥) = √64 − 𝑥 2 +
𝑑𝑥 √64−𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴 −𝑥(𝑥+20)
=0 -> √64 − 𝑥2 + =0
𝑑𝑥 √64−𝑥 2
𝑥(𝑥+20)
-> √64 − 𝑥 2 =
√64−𝑥 2
-> 64 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 20)
-> 64 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥
-> 2𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 64 = 0
-> 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 32 = 0
−10±√(10)2 −4∙1∙(−32) −10±√228 −5±2√57
-> 𝑥 = 2∙1
= 2
= 2
= −2.5 ± √57
-> 𝑥 = −2.5 − √57 not feasible since < 0
-> use solution 𝑥 = −2.5 + √57

The first-derivative test will be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = −2.5 + √57 is a maximum point.

Page 30 of 31
 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
to the left 𝑑𝑥 > 0 and to the right 𝑑𝑥 < 0 -> 𝑥 = −2.5 + √57 is a maximum point

8. The distances in km of car A and B with respect to O are defined as a function of the time 𝑡:
𝐴𝑂 = 0.150 − 30𝑡
𝐵𝑂 = 0.200 − 50𝑡
The distance between car A and B can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem:
𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝑑2 = (0.15 − 30𝑡)2 + (0.2 − 50𝑡)2 = 3400𝑡 2 − 29𝑡 + 0.0625
If the cars meet 𝑑2 = 0, so check whether this is possible.
𝑑2 = 0 -> 3400𝑡 2 − 29𝑡 + 0.0625 = 0
29±√(−29)2 −4∙3400∙(0.0625)
-> 𝑡 =
2∙3400
-> √(−29)2 − 4 ∙ 3400 ∙ (0.0625) = √−9 -> discriminant 𝐷 = −9 so no solutions for 𝑑2 = 0
-> Meeting of cars A and B impossible

The minimum distance can be found by solving (𝑑2 )′ = 0

(𝑑2 )′ = 6800𝑡 − 29
29
(𝑑2 )′ = 0 -> 6800𝑡 − 29 = 0 -> 𝑡 = ℎ
6800
29
(𝑑2 )′′ = 6800 -> (𝑑2 )′′ > 0 -> 𝑡 = ℎ is a minimum
6800

29 2 29
The minimum distance is: 𝑑 = √3400 (6800) − 29 (6800) + 0.0625 which can be simplified:
3400∙29∙29−29∙29∙6800+0.0625∙6800∙6800 30600 9 √9 3 3
𝑑=√ =√ =√ = = = km
6800∙6800 6800∙6800 13600 √13600 √4∙100∙34 20√34
3 3000 150
Which is 𝑑 = 20√34 ∙ 1000 = 20√34 = m
√34
375 225
The locations of car A and B at minimum distance are: 𝐴𝑂 = m and 𝐵𝑂 = − m
17 17

9. The land has dimensions (2𝑥 + 6) and (2𝑦 + 5)

The area of the land is 3000 m2 so the following equation holds: (2𝑥 + 6)(2𝑦 + 5) = 3000
From this equation 𝑦 can be written as function of 𝑥:
3000
(2𝑥 + 6)(2𝑦 + 5) = 3000 -> 2𝑦 + 5 =
2𝑥+6
1500 1500 𝑥+3 1500−5𝑥−15 1485−5𝑥
-> 2𝑦 = −5 = − 5 ∗ 𝑥+3 = =
𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3
1485−5𝑥
-> 𝑦 = 2𝑥+6
The subject of the objective function is the area for the animals 𝐴. The function for 𝐴 is as follows:
1485−5𝑥 1485𝑥−5𝑥 2
𝐴 = 𝑥∙𝑦 = 𝑥∙ =
2𝑥+6 2𝑥+6

𝑑𝐴
𝐴(𝑥) needs to be maximized. Look for the location of a maximum point by solving 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝐴 (1485−10𝑥)(2𝑥+6)−2(1485𝑥−5𝑥 2 ) −10𝑥 2 −60𝑥+8910
= (2𝑥+6)2
= (2𝑥+6)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 −10𝑥 2 −60𝑥+8910
𝑑𝑥
=0 -> (2𝑥+6)2
=0
2
-> −10𝑥 − 60𝑥 + 8910 = 0
-> 10𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 − 8910 = 0
-> 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 891 = 0
−6±√62 −4∙1∙(−891) −6±√3600 −6±60
-> 𝑥 = 2∙1
= 2
= 2
-> 𝑥 = −33 not feasible since < 0
-> use solution 𝑥 = 27

The first-derivative test will be used to check whether this point 𝑥 = 27 is a maximum point.
−10𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 8910 is a mound shaped parabola.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
to the left > 0 and to the right < 0 -> 𝑥 = 27 is a maximum point
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1485−5∙27
The dimensions of the cages when the area is maximized: 𝑥 = 27 and 𝑦 = 2∙27+6
= 22.5

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