S2 Pastpapers Updated

EDEXCEL AS and A-Level
____________
Exam Grade Boundary
A* A B C D E Total marks
2014 jan 69 64 56 48 41 34
2014 june 67 60 53 47 41 35
2015 jan 67 60 52 44 37 30
2015 june 67 60 52 44 37 30
2016 jan 70 65 57 49 42 35
2016 june 68 52 54 47 40 33
2016 oct 68 61 54 47 40 33
2017 jan 66 59 52 45 38 31
2017 june 66 58 50 42 34 26
2017 oct 63 56 49 42 35 29
2018 jan 67 59 49 42 37 30
2018 june 68 61 53 45 37 29
2018 oct 68 61 53 46 39 32
2019 jan 67 59 51 43 35 27
2019 june 67 59 51 43 36 29
2019 oct 69 63 56 49 42 36
2020 jan 69 64 56 48 40 32
2020 june 59 49 39 29 19 10
2021 jan 57 47 37 28 19 10
2021 oct 59 49 39 30 21 12
Statistics S2
Candidates sitting S2 may also require those formulae listed under Statistics S1, and also
those listed under Core Mathematics C1 and C2.
Discrete distributions
Standard discrete distributions:
Distribution of X P( X = x) Mean Variance

n x
Binomial B(n, p ) p (1 − p ) n − x np np(1 − p )
x
Poisson Po(λ )
λx
e −λ λ λ
x!
Continuous distributions
For a continuous random variable X having probability density function f
Expectation (mean): E( X ) = µ = x f( x) dx
Variance: Var( X ) = σ 2 = ( x − µ ) 2 f( x) dx = x 2 f( x) dx − µ 2
For a function g( X ) : E(g( X )) = g( x) f( x) dx
x0
Cumulative distribution function: F( x0 ) = P( X ≤ x0 ) = f (t ) dt

−∞
Standard continuous distribution:
Distribution of X P.D.F. Mean Variance
1
Uniform (Rectangular) on [a, b] 1
2
( a + b) 1
(b − a) 2
b−a 12
BINOMIAL CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
The tabulated value is P(X ≤ x), where X has a binomial distribution with index n and parameter p.
p= 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
n = 5, x = 0 0.7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0312
1 0.9774 0.9185 0.8352 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.4284 0.3370 0.2562 0.1875
2 0.9988 0.9914 0.9734 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.7648 0.6826 0.5931 0.5000
3 1.0000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9460 0.9130 0.8688 0.8125
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9947 0.9898 0.9815 0.9688
n = 6, x = 0 0.7351 0.5314 0.3771 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0754 0.0467 0.0277 0.0156
1 0.9672 0.8857 0.7765 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.3191 0.2333 0.1636 0.1094
2 0.9978 0.9842 0.9527 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.6471 0.5443 0.4415 0.3438
3 0.9999 0.9987 0.9941 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8826 0.8208 0.7447 0.6563
4 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9777 0.9590 0.9308 0.8906
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9982 0.9959 0.9917 0.9844
n = 7, x = 0 0.6983 0.4783 0.3206 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0490 0.0280 0.0152 0.0078
1 0.9556 0.8503 0.7166 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.2338 0.1586 0.1024 0.0625
2 0.9962 0.9743 0.9262 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.5323 0.4199 0.3164 0.2266
3 0.9998 0.9973 0.9879 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.8002 0.7102 0.6083 0.5000
4 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9444 0.9037 0.8471 0.7734
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9910 0.9812 0.9643 0.9375
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9984 0.9963 0.9922
n = 8, x = 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.2725 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0319 0.0168 0.0084 0.0039
1 0.9428 0.8131 0.6572 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1691 0.1064 0.0632 0.0352
2 0.9942 0.9619 0.8948 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.4278 0.3154 0.2201 0.1445
3 0.9996 0.9950 0.9786 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.7064 0.5941 0.4770 0.3633
4 1.0000 0.9996 0.9971 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8939 0.8263 0.7396 0.6367
5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9747 0.9502 0.9115 0.8555
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9964 0.9915 0.9819 0.9648
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9983 0.9961
n = 9, x = 0 0.6302 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207 0.0101 0.0046 0.0020
1 0.9288 0.7748 0.5995 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.1211 0.0705 0.0385 0.0195
2 0.9916 0.9470 0.8591 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.3373 0.2318 0.1495 0.0898
3 0.9994 0.9917 0.9661 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.6089 0.4826 0.3614 0.2539
4 1.0000 0.9991 0.9944 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.8283 0.7334 0.6214 0.5000
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9464 0.9006 0.8342 0.7461
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9888 0.9750 0.9502 0.9102
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9986 0.9962 0.9909 0.9805
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980
n = 10, x = 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0.0010
1 0.9139 0.7361 0.5443 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0860 0.0464 0.0233 0.0107
2 0.9885 0.9298 0.8202 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.2616 0.1673 0.0996 0.0547
3 0.9990 0.9872 0.9500 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.5138 0.3823 0.2660 0.1719
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9901 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.7515 0.6331 0.5044 0.3770
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9986 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.9051 0.8338 0.7384 0.6230
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9740 0.9452 0.8980 0.8281
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9952 0.9877 0.9726 0.9453
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9983 0.9955 0.9893
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990
p= 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
n = 12, x = 0 0.5404 0.2824 0.1422 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0057 0.0022 0.0008 0.0002
1 0.8816 0.6590 0.4435 0.2749 0.1584 0.0850 0.0424 0.0196 0.0083 0.0032
2 0.9804 0.8891 0.7358 0.5583 0.3907 0.2528 0.1513 0.0834 0.0421 0.0193
3 0.9978 0.9744 0.9078 0.7946 0.6488 0.4925 0.3467 0.2253 0.1345 0.0730
4 0.9998 0.9957 0.9761 0.9274 0.8424 0.7237 0.5833 0.4382 0.3044 0.1938
5 1.0000 0.9995 0.9954 0.9806 0.9456 0.8822 0.7873 0.6652 0.5269 0.3872
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9857 0.9614 0.9154 0.8418 0.7393 0.6128
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9972 0.9905 0.9745 0.9427 0.8883 0.8062
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9983 0.9944 0.9847 0.9644 0.9270
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9992 0.9972 0.9921 0.9807
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9989 0.9968
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
n = 15, x = 0 0.4633 0.2059 0.0874 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.8290 0.5490 0.3186 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0142 0.0052 0.0017 0.0005
2 0.9638 0.8159 0.6042 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0617 0.0271 0.0107 0.0037
3 0.9945 0.9444 0.8227 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.1727 0.0905 0.0424 0.0176
4 0.9994 0.9873 0.9383 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.3519 0.2173 0.1204 0.0592
5 0.9999 0.9978 0.9832 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.5643 0.4032 0.2608 0.1509
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9964 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.7548 0.6098 0.4522 0.3036
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.8868 0.7869 0.6535 0.5000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9578 0.9050 0.8182 0.6964
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9876 0.9662 0.9231 0.8491
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9972 0.9907 0.9745 0.9408
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9981 0.9937 0.9824
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9989 0.9963
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
n = 20, x = 0 0.3585 0.1216 0.0388 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7358 0.3917 0.1756 0.0692 0.0243 0.0076 0.0021 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.9245 0.6769 0.4049 0.2061 0.0913 0.0355 0.0121 0.0036 0.0009 0.0002
3 0.9841 0.8670 0.6477 0.4114 0.2252 0.1071 0.0444 0.0160 0.0049 0.0013
4 0.9974 0.9568 0.8298 0.6296 0.4148 0.2375 0.1182 0.0510 0.0189 0.0059
5 0.9997 0.9887 0.9327 0.8042 0.6172 0.4164 0.2454 0.1256 0.0553 0.0207
6 1.0000 0.9976 0.9781 0.9133 0.7858 0.6080 0.4166 0.2500 0.1299 0.0577
7 1.0000 0.9996 0.9941 0.9679 0.8982 0.7723 0.6010 0.4159 0.2520 0.1316
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9900 0.9591 0.8867 0.7624 0.5956 0.4143 0.2517
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9974 0.9861 0.9520 0.8782 0.7553 0.5914 0.4119
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9961 0.9829 0.9468 0.8725 0.7507 0.5881
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9949 0.9804 0.9435 0.8692 0.7483
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9987 0.9940 0.9790 0.9420 0.8684
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9985 0.9935 0.9786 0.9423
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9984 0.9936 0.9793
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9985 0.9941
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
p= 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
n = 25, x = 0 0.2774 0.0718 0.0172 0.0038 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6424 0.2712 0.0931 0.0274 0.0070 0.0016 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8729 0.5371 0.2537 0.0982 0.0321 0.0090 0.0021 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.9659 0.7636 0.4711 0.2340 0.0962 0.0332 0.0097 0.0024 0.0005 0.0001
4 0.9928 0.9020 0.6821 0.4207 0.2137 0.0905 0.0320 0.0095 0.0023 0.0005
5 0.9988 0.9666 0.8385 0.6167 0.3783 0.1935 0.0826 0.0294 0.0086 0.0020
6 0.9998 0.9905 0.9305 0.7800 0.5611 0.3407 0.1734 0.0736 0.0258 0.0073
7 1.0000 0.9977 0.9745 0.8909 0.7265 0.5118 0.3061 0.1536 0.0639 0.0216
8 1.0000 0.9995 0.9920 0.9532 0.8506 0.6769 0.4668 0.2735 0.1340 0.0539
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9827 0.9287 0.8106 0.6303 0.4246 0.2424 0.1148
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9944 0.9703 0.9022 0.7712 0.5858 0.3843 0.2122
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9985 0.9893 0.9558 0.8746 0.7323 0.5426 0.3450
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9966 0.9825 0.9396 0.8462 0.6937 0.5000
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9940 0.9745 0.9222 0.8173 0.6550
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9982 0.9907 0.9656 0.9040 0.7878
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9971 0.9868 0.9560 0.8852
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9957 0.9826 0.9461
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9942 0.9784
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9984 0.9927
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9980
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
n = 30, x = 0 0.2146 0.0424 0.0076 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5535 0.1837 0.0480 0.0105 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8122 0.4114 0.1514 0.0442 0.0106 0.0021 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9392 0.6474 0.3217 0.1227 0.0374 0.0093 0.0019 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9844 0.8245 0.5245 0.2552 0.0979 0.0302 0.0075 0.0015 0.0002 0.0000
5 0.9967 0.9268 0.7106 0.4275 0.2026 0.0766 0.0233 0.0057 0.0011 0.0002
6 0.9994 0.9742 0.8474 0.6070 0.3481 0.1595 0.0586 0.0172 0.0040 0.0007
7 0.9999 0.9922 0.9302 0.7608 0.5143 0.2814 0.1238 0.0435 0.0121 0.0026
8 1.0000 0.9980 0.9722 0.8713 0.6736 0.4315 0.2247 0.0940 0.0312 0.0081
9 1.0000 0.9995 0.9903 0.9389 0.8034 0.5888 0.3575 0.1763 0.0694 0.0214
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9971 0.9744 0.8943 0.7304 0.5078 0.2915 0.1350 0.0494
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9905 0.9493 0.8407 0.6548 0.4311 0.2327 0.1002
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9969 0.9784 0.9155 0.7802 0.5785 0.3592 0.1808
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9918 0.9599 0.8737 0.7145 0.5025 0.2923
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9973 0.9831 0.9348 0.8246 0.6448 0.4278
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9936 0.9699 0.9029 0.7691 0.5722
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9979 0.9876 0.9519 0.8644 0.7077
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9955 0.9788 0.9286 0.8192
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9986 0.9917 0.9666 0.8998
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9971 0.9862 0.9506
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9950 0.9786
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9984 0.9919
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9974
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
p= 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
n = 40, x = 0 0.1285 0.0148 0.0015 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3991 0.0805 0.0121 0.0015 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.6767 0.2228 0.0486 0.0079 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.8619 0.4231 0.1302 0.0285 0.0047 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9520 0.6290 0.2633 0.0759 0.0160 0.0026 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9861 0.7937 0.4325 0.1613 0.0433 0.0086 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9966 0.9005 0.6067 0.2859 0.0962 0.0238 0.0044 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000
7 0.9993 0.9581 0.7559 0.4371 0.1820 0.0553 0.0124 0.0021 0.0002 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9845 0.8646 0.5931 0.2998 0.1110 0.0303 0.0061 0.0009 0.0001
9 1.0000 0.9949 0.9328 0.7318 0.4395 0.1959 0.0644 0.0156 0.0027 0.0003
10 1.0000 0.9985 0.9701 0.8392 0.5839 0.3087 0.1215 0.0352 0.0074 0.0011
11 1.0000 0.9996 0.9880 0.9125 0.7151 0.4406 0.2053 0.0709 0.0179 0.0032
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9957 0.9568 0.8209 0.5772 0.3143 0.1285 0.0386 0.0083
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986 0.9806 0.8968 0.7032 0.4408 0.2112 0.0751 0.0192
14 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9921 0.9456 0.8074 0.5721 0.3174 0.1326 0.0403
15 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9971 0.9738 0.8849 0.6946 0.4402 0.2142 0.0769
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990 0.9884 0.9367 0.7978 0.5681 0.3185 0.1341
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9953 0.9680 0.8761 0.6885 0.4391 0.2148
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9852 0.9301 0.7911 0.5651 0.3179
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9937 0.9637 0.8702 0.6844 0.4373
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9976 0.9827 0.9256 0.7870 0.5627
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9925 0.9608 0.8669 0.6821
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9970 0.9811 0.9233 0.7852
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9989 0.9917 0.9595 0.8659
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9966 0.9804 0.9231
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9988 0.9914 0.9597
26 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9966 0.9808
27 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9988 0.9917
28 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9968
29 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9989
30 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997
31 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
32 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
p= 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
n = 50, x = 0 0.0769 0.0052 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.2794 0.0338 0.0029 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.5405 0.1117 0.0142 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.7604 0.2503 0.0460 0.0057 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.8964 0.4312 0.1121 0.0185 0.0021 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9622 0.6161 0.2194 0.0480 0.0070 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9882 0.7702 0.3613 0.1034 0.0194 0.0025 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9968 0.8779 0.5188 0.1904 0.0453 0.0073 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.9992 0.9421 0.6681 0.3073 0.0916 0.0183 0.0025 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
9 0.9998 0.9755 0.7911 0.4437 0.1637 0.0402 0.0067 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9906 0.8801 0.5836 0.2622 0.0789 0.0160 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9968 0.9372 0.7107 0.3816 0.1390 0.0342 0.0057 0.0006 0.0000
12 1.0000 0.9990 0.9699 0.8139 0.5110 0.2229 0.0661 0.0133 0.0018 0.0002
13 1.0000 0.9997 0.9868 0.8894 0.6370 0.3279 0.1163 0.0280 0.0045 0.0005
14 1.0000 0.9999 0.9947 0.9393 0.7481 0.4468 0.1878 0.0540 0.0104 0.0013
15 1.0000 1.0000 0.9981 0.9692 0.8369 0.5692 0.2801 0.0955 0.0220 0.0033
16 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9856 0.9017 0.6839 0.3889 0.1561 0.0427 0.0077
17 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9937 0.9449 0.7822 0.5060 0.2369 0.0765 0.0164
18 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9975 0.9713 0.8594 0.6216 0.3356 0.1273 0.0325
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9861 0.9152 0.7264 0.4465 0.1974 0.0595
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9937 0.9522 0.8139 0.5610 0.2862 0.1013
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9974 0.9749 0.8813 0.6701 0.3900 0.1611
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990 0.9877 0.9290 0.7660 0.5019 0.2399
23 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9944 0.9604 0.8438 0.6134 0.3359
24 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9976 0.9793 0.9022 0.7160 0.4439
25 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9900 0.9427 0.8034 0.5561
26 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9955 0.9686 0.8721 0.6641
27 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9840 0.9220 0.7601
28 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9924 0.9556 0.8389
29 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9966 0.9765 0.8987
30 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9986 0.9884 0.9405
31 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9947 0.9675
32 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9836
33 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9923
34 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967
35 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987
36 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995
37 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
38 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
POISSON CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
The tabulated value is P(X ≤ x), where X has a Poisson distribution with parameter λ.
λ= 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
x=0 0.6065 0.3679 0.2231 0.1353 0.0821 0.0498 0.0302 0.0183 0.0111 0.0067
1 0.9098 0.7358 0.5578 0.4060 0.2873 0.1991 0.1359 0.0916 0.0611 0.0404
2 0.9856 0.9197 0.8088 0.6767 0.5438 0.4232 0.3208 0.2381 0.1736 0.1247
3 0.9982 0.9810 0.9344 0.8571 0.7576 0.6472 0.5366 0.4335 0.3423 0.2650
4 0.9998 0.9963 0.9814 0.9473 0.8912 0.8153 0.7254 0.6288 0.5321 0.4405
5 1.0000 0.9994 0.9955 0.9834 0.9580 0.9161 0.8576 0.7851 0.7029 0.6160
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9955 0.9858 0.9665 0.9347 0.8893 0.8311 0.7622
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9958 0.9881 0.9733 0.9489 0.9134 0.8666
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9962 0.9901 0.9786 0.9597 0.9319
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9989 0.9967 0.9919 0.9829 0.9682
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9972 0.9933 0.9863
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9976 0.9945
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
λ= 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
x=0 0.0041 0.0025 0.0015 0.0009 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.0266 0.0174 0.0113 0.0073 0.0047 0.0030 0.0019 0.0012 0.0008 0.0005
2 0.0884 0.0620 0.0430 0.0296 0.0203 0.0138 0.0093 0.0062 0.0042 0.0028
3 0.2017 0.1512 0.1118 0.0818 0.0591 0.0424 0.0301 0.0212 0.0149 0.0103
4 0.3575 0.2851 0.2237 0.1730 0.1321 0.0996 0.0744 0.0550 0.0403 0.0293
5 0.5289 0.4457 0.3690 0.3007 0.2414 0.1912 0.1496 0.1157 0.0885 0.0671
6 0.6860 0.6063 0.5265 0.4497 0.3782 0.3134 0.2562 0.2068 0.1649 0.1301
7 0.8095 0.7440 0.6728 0.5987 0.5246 0.4530 0.3856 0.3239 0.2687 0.2202
8 0.8944 0.8472 0.7916 0.7291 0.6620 0.5925 0.5231 0.4557 0.3918 0.3328
9 0.9462 0.9161 0.8774 0.8305 0.7764 0.7166 0.6530 0.5874 0.5218 0.4579
10 0.9747 0.9574 0.9332 0.9015 0.8622 0.8159 0.7634 0.7060 0.6453 0.5830
11 0.9890 0.9799 0.9661 0.9467 0.9208 0.8881 0.8487 0.8030 0.7520 0.6968
12 0.9955 0.9912 0.9840 0.9730 0.9573 0.9362 0.9091 0.8758 0.8364 0.7916
13 0.9983 0.9964 0.9929 0.9872 0.9784 0.9658 0.9486 0.9261 0.8981 0.8645
14 0.9994 0.9986 0.9970 0.9943 0.9897 0.9827 0.9726 0.9585 0.9400 0.9165
15 0.9998 0.9995 0.9988 0.9976 0.9954 0.9918 0.9862 0.9780 0.9665 0.9513
16 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9990 0.9980 0.9963 0.9934 0.9889 0.9823 0.9730
17 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9984 0.9970 0.9947 0.9911 0.9857
18 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9987 0.9976 0.9957 0.9928
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9995 0.9989 0.9980 0.9965
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9991 0.9984
21 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9993
22 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
z
1 − 12 t 2
The function tabulated below is Φ(z), defined as Φ(z) = e dt .
2π −∞
z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z)

0.00 0.5000 0.50 0.6915 1.00 0.8413 1.50 0.9332 2.00 0.9772
0.01 0.5040 0.51 0.6950 1.01 0.8438 1.51 0.9345 2.02 0.9783
0.02 0.5080 0.52 0.6985 1.02 0.8461 1.52 0.9357 2.04 0.9793
0.03 0.5120 0.53 0.7019 1.03 0.8485 1.53 0.9370 2.06 0.9803
0.04 0.5160 0.54 0.7054 1.04 0.8508 1.54 0.9382 2.08 0.9812
0.05 0.5199 0.55 0.7088 1.05 0.8531 1.55 0.9394 2.10 0.9821
0.06 0.5239 0.56 0.7123 1.06 0.8554 1.56 0.9406 2.12 0.9830
0.07 0.5279 0.57 0.7157 1.07 0.8577 1.57 0.9418 2.14 0.9838
0.08 0.5319 0.58 0.7190 1.08 0.8599 1.58 0.9429 2.16 0.9846
0.09 0.5359 0.59 0.7224 1.09 0.8621 1.59 0.9441 2.18 0.9854
0.10 0.5398 0.60 0.7257 1.10 0.8643 1.60 0.9452 2.20 0.9861
0.11 0.5438 0.61 0.7291 1.11 0.8665 1.61 0.9463 2.22 0.9868
0.12 0.5478 0.62 0.7324 1.12 0.8686 1.62 0.9474 2.24 0.9875
0.13 0.5517 0.63 0.7357 1.13 0.8708 1.63 0.9484 2.26 0.9881
0.14 0.5557 0.64 0.7389 1.14 0.8729 1.64 0.9495 2.28 0.9887
0.15 0.5596 0.65 0.7422 1.15 0.8749 1.65 0.9505 2.30 0.9893
0.16 0.5636 0.66 0.7454 1.16 0.8770 1.66 0.9515 2.32 0.9898
0.17 0.5675 0.67 0.7486 1.17 0.8790 1.67 0.9525 2.34 0.9904
0.18 0.5714 0.68 0.7517 1.18 0.8810 1.68 0.9535 2.36 0.9909
0.19 0.5753 0.69 0.7549 1.19 0.8830 1.69 0.9545 2.38 0.9913
0.20 0.5793 0.70 0.7580 1.20 0.8849 1.70 0.9554 2.40 0.9918
0.21 0.5832 0.71 0.7611 1.21 0.8869 1.71 0.9564 2.42 0.9922
0.22 0.5871 0.72 0.7642 1.22 0.8888 1.72 0.9573 2.44 0.9927
0.23 0.5910 0.73 0.7673 1.23 0.8907 1.73 0.9582 2.46 0.9931
0.24 0.5948 0.74 0.7704 1.24 0.8925 1.74 0.9591 2.48 0.9934
0.25 0.5987 0.75 0.7734 1.25 0.8944 1.75 0.9599 2.50 0.9938
0.26 0.6026 0.76 0.7764 1.26 0.8962 1.76 0.9608 2.55 0.9946
0.27 0.6064 0.77 0.7794 1.27 0.8980 1.77 0.9616 2.60 0.9953
0.28 0.6103 0.78 0.7823 1.28 0.8997 1.78 0.9625 2.65 0.9960
0.29 0.6141 0.79 0.7852 1.29 0.9015 1.79 0.9633 2.70 0.9965
0.30 0.6179 0.80 0.7881 1.30 0.9032 1.80 0.9641 2.75 0.9970
0.31 0.6217 0.81 0.7910 1.31 0.9049 1.81 0.9649 2.80 0.9974
0.32 0.6255 0.82 0.7939 1.32 0.9066 1.82 0.9656 2.85 0.9978
0.33 0.6293 0.83 0.7967 1.33 0.9082 1.83 0.9664 2.90 0.9981
0.34 0.6331 0.84 0.7995 1.34 0.9099 1.84 0.9671 2.95 0.9984
0.35 0.6368 0.85 0.8023 1.35 0.9115 1.85 0.9678 3.00 0.9987
0.36 0.6406 0.86 0.8051 1.36 0.9131 1.86 0.9686 3.05 0.9989
0.37 0.6443 0.87 0.8078 1.37 0.9147 1.87 0.9693 3.10 0.9990
0.38 0.6480 0.88 0.8106 1.38 0.9162 1.88 0.9699 3.15 0.9992
0.39 0.6517 0.89 0.8133 1.39 0.9177 1.89 0.9706 3.20 0.9993
0.40 0.6554 0.90 0.8159 1.40 0.9192 1.90 0.9713 3.25 0.9994
0.41 0.6591 0.91 0.8186 1.41 0.9207 1.91 0.9719 3.30 0.9995
0.42 0.6628 0.92 0.8212 1.42 0.9222 1.92 0.9726 3.35 0.9996
0.43 0.6664 0.93 0.8238 1.43 0.9236 1.93 0.9732 3.40 0.9997
0.44 0.6700 0.94 0.8264 1.44 0.9251 1.94 0.9738 3.50 0.9998
0.45 0.6736 0.95 0.8289 1.45 0.9265 1.95 0.9744 3.60 0.9998
0.46 0.6772 0.96 0.8315 1.46 0.9279 1.96 0.9750 3.70 0.9999
0.47 0.6808 0.97 0.8340 1.47 0.9292 1.97 0.9756 3.80 0.9999
0.48 0.6844 0.98 0.8365 1.48 0.9306 1.98 0.9761 3.90 1.0000
0.49 0.6879 0.99 0.8389 1.49 0.9319 1.99 0.9767 4.00 1.0000
0.50 0.6915 1.00 0.8413 1.50 0.9332 2.00 0.9772
PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The values z in the table are those which a random variable Z ∼ N(0, 1) exceeds with probability p;
that is, P(Z > z) = 1 − Φ(z) = p.
p z p z
0.5000 0.0000 0.0500 1.6449
0.4000 0.2533 0.0250 1.9600
0.3000 0.5244 0.0100 2.3263
0.2000 0.8416 0.0050 2.5758
0.1500 1.0364 0.0010 3.0902
0.1000 1.2816 0.0005 3.2905
S2 Definition
Population：a collection of individual items
Sample：a selection of individual members to items from a population
Statistic: a quantity calculated solely from the observations in a sample
Sampling distribution: a sampling distribution of a statistic gives all the values of a statistic
and the probability that each would happen by chance alone
Sampling unit: individual member of a population
Sampling frame: a list of sampling units used in practice to represent a population

Simple random sampling: of size n, is one taken with replacement, so that every member of
the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Null hypothesis H0: denoted by H0, is the hypothesis that we assume to be correct unless
proved otherwise.
Alternative hypothesis H1: denoted by H1, tells us about the value of the population
parameter if our assumption is shown to be wrong.
Significance level α%: is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given
that it were true
Critical region: the range of values of the test statistic that would lead to you rejects H0
Critical value: the values on the boundary of the critical region.
Poisson distribution condition:

- singly in space or time
- independently of each other
- at a constant rate in the sense that the mean number of occurrences in the interval is
proportional to the length of the interval
Binomial distribution condition

- A fixed number of trials, n
- Each trial should be success or failure
- The trials are independent
- The probability of success, p, at each trial is constant
Write your name here
Surname Other names
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Advanced/Advanced Subsidiary
Friday 17 January 2014 – Afternoon Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WST02/01

You must have: Total Marks
Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables (Blue)
Candidates may use any calculator allowed by the regulations of the

Joint Council for Qualifications. Calculators must not have the facility
for symbolic algebra manipulation, differentiation and integration, or
have retrievable mathematical formulae stored in them.
Instructions
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Coloured pencils and highlighter pens must not be used.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
Answer all questions and ensure that your answers to parts of questions are
clearly labelled.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers
without working may not gain full credit.
Values from the statistical tables should be quoted in full. When a calculator is
used, the answer should be given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
Information
The total mark for this paper is 75.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
Advice
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Try to answer every question.
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
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1. The probability of a leaf cutting successfully taking root is 0.05
Find the probability that, in a batch of 10 randomly selected leaf cuttings, the number
taking root will be
(a) (i) exactly 1

(ii) more than 2
(5)
A second random sample of 160 leaf cuttings is selected.
(b) Using a suitable approximation, estimate the probability of at least 10 leaf cuttings
taking root.
(3)
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2. Bill owns a restaurant. Over the next four weeks Bill decides to carry out a sample survey
to obtain the customers’ opinions.
(a) Suggest a suitable sampling frame for the sample survey.

(1)
(b) Identify the sampling units.

(1)
(c) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of taking a census rather than a sample
survey.
(2)
Bill believes that only 30% of customers would like a greater choice on the menu. He
takes a random sample of 50 customers and finds that 20 of them would like a greater
choice on the menu.
(d) Test, at the 5% significance level, whether or not the percentage of customers who
would like a greater choice on the menu is more than Bill believes. State your
hypotheses clearly.
(6)
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3. The continuous random variable X has cumulative distribution function given by
 0 x<0
 1
F( x) =  x( x + 1) 0 x 2
6
 1 x>2
(a) Find the value of a such that P(X a) = 0.4
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

(3)
(b) Use calculus to find (i) E(X)
(ii) Var(X).
(8)
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4. The number of telephone calls per hour received by a business is a random variable with
distribution Po( ).
Charlotte records the number of calls, C, received in 4 hours.
A test of the null hypothesis H0 = 1.5 is carried out.
H0 is rejected if C 10
(a) Write down the alternative hypothesis.

(1)
(b) Find the significance level of the test.

(3)
Given that P(C 10) 0.1
(c) find the largest possible value of that can be found by using the tables.
(3)
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5. A school photocopier breaks down randomly at a rate of 15 times per year.
(a) Find the probability that there will be exactly 3 breakdowns in the next month.
(3)
(b) Show that the probability that there will be at least 2 breakdowns in the next month
is 0.355 to 3 decimal places.
(2)
(c) Find the probability of at least 2 breakdowns in each of the next 4 months.
(2)
The teachers would like a new photocopier. The head teacher agrees to monitor the
situation for the next 12 months. The head teacher decides he will buy a new photocopier
if there is more than 1 month when the photocopier has at least 2 breakdowns.
(d) Find the probability that the head teacher will buy a new photocopier.
(5)
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6. The continuous random variable X has probability density function given by
 k ( x + 1) 2 −1 x 1

f ( x ) =  k (6 − 2 x ) 1< x 3
 0 otherwise

where k is a positive constant.
(a) Sketch the graph of f (x).

(2)
3
(b) Show that the value of k is
20 (5)
(c) Define fully the cumulative distribution function F(x).

(5)
(d) Find the median of X, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(3)
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7. The random variable Y ~ B(n, p).
Using a normal approximation the probability that Y is at least 65 is 0.2266 and the
probability that Y is more than 52 is 0.8944
Find the value of n and the value of p.

(12)
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Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Tuesday 24 June 2014 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
clearly labelled.
Information
Advice
Turn over
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1. (a) State the conditions under which the Poisson distribution may be used as an
approximation to the binomial distribution.
(1)
A farmer supplies a bakery with eggs. The manager of the bakery claims that the
proportion of eggs having a double yolk is 0.009
The farmer claims that the proportion of his eggs having a double yolk is more than 0.009
(b) State suitable hypotheses for testing these claims.

(1)
In a batch of 500 eggs the baker records 9 eggs with a double yolk.
(c) Using a suitable approximation, test at the 5% level of significance whether or not this
supports the farmer’s claim.
(5)
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2. The amount of flour used by a factory in a week is Y thousand kg where Y has probability
density function
k (4 − y 2 ) 0 y 2
f ( y) = 
 0 otherwise
3
(a) Show that the value of k is
16 (4)
Use algebraic integration to find
(b) the mean number of kilograms of flour used by the factory in a week,
(4)
(c) the standard deviation of the number of kilograms of flour used by the factory in a
week,
(5)
(d) the probability that more than 1500 kg of flour will be used by the factory next week.
(3)
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3. The continuous random variable T is uniformly distributed on the interval [ , ]
where
16
Given that E(T) = 2 and Var(T) = , find
3
(a) the value of and the value of ,
(5)
(b) P(T 3.4)

(2)
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4. Pieces of ribbon are cut to length L cm where L ~ N( , 0.52)
(a) Given that 30% of the pieces of ribbon have length more than 100 cm, find the value
of to the nearest 0.1 cm.
(3)
John selects 12 pieces of ribbon at random.
(b) Find the probability that fewer than 3 of these pieces of ribbon have length more than
100 cm.
(3)
Aditi selects 400 pieces of ribbon at random.
(c) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that more than 127 of these
pieces of ribbon will have length more than 100 cm.
(6)
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5. A company claims that 35% of its peas germinate. In order to test this claim Ann decides
to plant 15 of these peas and record the number which germinate.
(a) (i) State suitable hypotheses for a two-tailed test of this claim.
(ii) Using a 5% level of significance, find an appropriate critical region for this test.
The probability in each of the tails should be as close to 2.5% as possible.
(4)
(b) Ann found that 8 of the 15 peas germinated. State whether or not the company’s
claim is supported. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
(c) State the actual significance level of this test.

(1)
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6. A continuous random variable X has cumulative distribution function F(x) given by
0 x<0

 x2
F( x) =  (9 − 2 x) 0 x 2
 20
 x>2
1
(a) Verify that the median of X lies between 1.23 and 1.24
(3)
(b) Specify fully the probability density function f(x).

(3)
(c) Find the mode of X.

(2)
(d) Describe the skewness of this distribution. Justify your answer.

(2)
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7. Flaws occur at random in a particular type of material at a mean rate of 2 per 50 m.
(a) Find the probability that in a randomly chosen 50 m length of this material there will
be exactly 5 flaws.
(2)
This material is sold in rolls of length 200 m. Susie buys 4 rolls of this material.
(b) Find the probability that only one of these rolls will have fewer than 7 flaws.
(6)
A piece of this material of length x m is produced.
Using a normal approximation, the probability that this piece of material contains fewer
than 26 flaws is 0.5398
(c) Find the value of x.

(8)
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Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Thursday 22 January 2015 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
clearly labelled.
Information
Advice
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P45065A
*P45065A0128*
5/5/5/
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1. The number of cars caught speeding per day, by a particular camera, has a Poisson
distribution with mean 0.8
(a) Find the probability that in a given 4 day period exactly 3 cars will be caught speeding
by this camera.
(3)
A car has been caught speeding by this camera.
(b) Find the probability that the period of time that elapses before the next car is caught
speeding by this camera is less than 48 hours.
(3)
Given that 4 cars were caught speeding by this camera in a two day period,
(c) find the probability that 1 was caught on the first day and 3 were caught on the second
day.
(5)
Each car that is caught speeding by this camera is fined £60
(d) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that, in 90 days, the total amount
of fines issued will be more than £5000
(5)
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2. A continuous random variable X has cumulative distribution function
 0 x 1
1

F( x) =  ( x − 1) 1 x 6
5
 1 x 6
(a) Find P(X 4)

(2)
(b) Write down the value of P(X

(1)
(c) Find the probability density function of X, specifying it for all values of x
(2)
(d) Write down the value of E(X )

(1)
(e) Find Var(X )

(2)
(f ) Hence or otherwise find E(3X 2 + 1)

(3)
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3. Explain what you understand by
(a) a statistic,
(1)
(b) a sampling distribution.

(1)
A factory stores screws in packets. A small packet contains 100 screws and a large
packet contains 200 screws. The factory keeps small and large packets in the ratio 4:3
respectively.
(c) Find the mean and the variance of the number of screws in the packets stored at the
factory.
(3)
A random sample of 3 packets is taken from the factory and Y1, Y2 and Y3 denote the
number of screws in each of these packets.
(d) List all the possible samples.

(2)
(e) Find the sampling distribution of Ȳ

(4)
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4. Accidents occur randomly at a crossroads at a rate of 0.5 per month. A researcher records
the number of accidents, X, which occur at the crossroads in a year.
(a) Find P(5 X 7)

(3)
A new system is introduced at the crossroads. In the first 18 months, 4 accidents occur at
the crossroads.
(b) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not there is reason to believe that the
new system has led to a reduction in the mean number of accidents per month. State
your hypotheses clearly.
(4)
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5. The continuous random variable X has probability density function f(x) given by
 k (x2 + a) –1 x 2

f ( x) =  3k 2 x 3
 0 otherwise

where k and a are constants.
17
Given that E( X ) =
12
(a) find the value of k and the value of a
(8)
(b) Write down the mode of X

(1)
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6. The Headteacher of a school claims that 30% of parents do not support a new curriculum.
In a survey of 20 randomly selected parents, the number, X, who do not support the new
curriculum is recorded.
Assuming that the Headteacher’s claim is correct, find
(a) the probability that X = 5

(2)
(b) the mean and the standard deviation of X

(3)
The Director of Studies believes that the proportion of parents who do not support the new
curriculum is greater than 30%. Given that in the survey of 20 parents 8 do not support
the new curriculum,
(c) test, at the 5% level of significance, the Director of Studies’ belief. State your
hypotheses clearly.
(5)
The teachers believe that the sample in the original survey was biased and claim that only
25% of the parents are in support of the new curriculum. A second random sample, of size
2n, is taken and exactly half of this sample supports the new curriculum.
A test is carried out at a 10% level of significance of the teachers’ belief using this sample
of size 2n
Using the hypotheses H0: p = 0.25 and H1: p 0.25
(d) find the minimum value of n for which the outcome of the test is that the teachers’
belief is rejected.
(3)
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7. A multiple choice examination paper has n questions where n > 30
Each question has 5 answers of which only 1 is correct. A pass on the paper is obtained
by answering 30 or more questions correctly.
The probability of obtaining a pass by randomly guessing the answer to each question
should not exceed 0.0228
Use a normal approximation to work out the greatest number of questions that could be
used.
(8)
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Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Monday 22 June 2015 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
clearly labelled.
Information
Advice
Turn over
P44847A
*P44847A0124*
5/1/1/
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
 0 x<2

 1 2
 ( x − 4) 2 x 4
 20
F( x ) = 
 1
 (2 x − 5) 4<x 5
 5

 1 x>5

(a) Calculate P(X 4)

(2)
(b) Find the value of a such that P(3 X a) = 0.642

(4)
(c) Find the probability density function of X, specifying it for all values of x.
(4)
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2. A company produces chocolate chip biscuits. The number of chocolate chips per biscuit
has a Poisson distribution with mean 8
(a) Find the probability that one of these biscuits, selected at random, does not contain 8
chocolate chips.
(2)
A small packet contains 4 of these biscuits, selected at random.
(b) Find the probability that each biscuit in the packet contains at least 8 chocolate chips.
(3)
A large packet contains 9 of these biscuits, selected at random.
(c) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that there are more than 75
chocolate chips in the packet.
(5)
A shop sells packets of biscuits, randomly, at a rate of 1.5 packets per hour. Following an
advertising campaign, 11 packets are sold in 4 hours.
(d) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not there is evidence that the rate of
sales of packets of biscuits has increased. State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
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3. A piece of spaghetti has length 2c, where c is a positive constant. It is cut into two pieces
at a random point. The continuous random variable X represents the length of the longer
piece and is uniformly distributed over the interval [c, 2c].
(a) Sketch the graph of the probability density function of X

(2)
c2
(b) Use integration to prove that Var(X) =
12 (6)
(c) Find the probability that the longer piece is more than twice the length of the shorter
piece.
(3)
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4. A single observation x is to be taken from a Poisson distribution with parameter
This observation is to be used to test, at a 5% level of significance,
H0: = k H1: k
where k is a positive integer.
Given that the critical region for this test is (X = 0) ∪ (X 9)
(a) find the value of k, justifying your answer.

(3)
(b) Find the actual significance level of this test.

(2)
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5. A bag contains a large number of counters with 35% of the counters having a value of 6
and 65% of the counters having a value of 9
A random sample of size 2 is taken from the bag and the value of each counter is recorded
as X1 and X2 respectively.
The statistic Y is calculated using the formula

2 X1 + X 2
Y =
3
(a) List all the possible values of Y.
(2)
(b) Find the sampling distribution of Y.

(5)
(c) Find E(Y).

(2)
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6. Past information at a computer shop shows that 40% of customers buy insurance when
they purchase a product. In a random sample of 30 customers, X buy insurance.
(a) Write down a suitable model for the distribution of X.

(1)
(b) State an assumption that has been made for the model in part (a) to be suitable.
(1)
The probability that fewer than r customers buy insurance is less than 0.05
(c) Find the largest possible value of r.

(2)
A second random sample, of 100 customers, is taken.
The probability that at least t of these customers buy insurance is 0.938, correct to 3
decimal places.
(d) Using a suitable approximation, find the value of t.

(6)
The shop now offers an extended warranty on all products. Following this, a random
sample of 25 customers is taken and 6 of them buy insurance.
(e) Test, at the 10% level of significance, whether or not there is evidence that the
proportion of customers who buy insurance has decreased. State your hypotheses
clearly.
(5)
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7. A random variable X has probability density function

 2x
 0 x k
 15


 1
f ( x) = 
 (5 − x ) k x 5
 5


 0 otherwise

(a) Showing your working clearly, find the value of k.

(5)
(b) Write down the mode of X.

(1)
 k 
(c) Find P  X X k
2 
  (4)
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Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Friday 29 January 2016 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
black ink or ball-point pen.
is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre
number and candidate number.
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
be more space than you need.
• without working
may not gain full credit.
• Values from the statistical tables should be quoted in full. When a calculator is
Information
•• The
marks for each question are shown in brackets
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over
P46950A
*P46950A0124*
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1. The manager of a clothing shop wishes to investigate how satisfied customers are with the
quality of service they receive. A database of the shop’s customers is used as a sampling
frame for this investigation.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(a) Identify one potential problem with this sampling frame.
(1)
Customers are asked to complete a survey about the quality of service they receive. Past
information shows that 35% of customers complete the survey.
A random sample of 20 customers is taken.
(b) Write down a suitable distribution to model the number of customers in this sample
that complete the survey.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that more than half of the customers in the sample complete the
survey.
(2)
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2. The continuous random variable X is uniformly distributed over the interval [a, b]
1
Given that P(3 < X < 5) = and E(X) = 4

8
(a) find the value of a and the value of b
(3)
(b) find the value of the constant, c, such that E(cX – 2) = 0

(2)
(c) find the exact value of E(X 2)

(3)
(d) find P(2X – b > a)

(2)
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3. Left-handed people make up 10% of a population. A random sample of 60 people is taken
from this population. The discrete random variable Y represents the number of left-handed
people in the sample.

(a) (i) Write down an expression for the exact value of P(Y 1)
(ii) Evaluate your expression, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(3)
(b) Using a Poisson approximation, estimate P(Y 1)

(2)
(c) Using a normal approximation, estimate P(Y 1)

(5)
(d) Give a reason why the Poisson approximation is a more suitable

estimate of P(Y 1)
(1)
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0 x<0

1
 x 0 x 1
4
F( x) = 
 1 x4 + 1 1< x d
 20 5
1 x>d

(a) Show that d = 2

(2)
(b) Find P(X < 1.5)

(2)
(c) Write down the value of the lower quartile of X

(1)
(d) Find the median of X

(3)
(e) Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of k such that P(X > 1.9) = P(X < k)
(4)
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5. The number of eruptions of a volcano in a 10 year period is modelled by a Poisson
distribution with mean 1

(a) Find the probability that this volcano erupts at least once in each of 2 randomly
selected 10 year periods.
(2)
(b) Find the probability that this volcano does not erupt in a randomly selected 20 year
period.
(2)
The probability that this volcano erupts exactly 4 times in a randomly selected w year
period is 0.0443 to 3 significant figures.
(c) Use the tables to find the value of w

(3)
A scientist claims that the mean number of eruptions of this volcano in a 10 year period is
more than 1

She selects a 100 year period at random in order to test her claim.
(d) State the null hypothesis for this test.

(1)
(e) Determine the critical region for the test at the 5% level of significance.
(2)
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6. A continuous random variable X has probability density function
ax 2 + bx 1 x 7

f ( x) = 
0 otherwise
where a and b are constants.
(a) Show that 114a + 24b = 1

(4)
1
Given that a =
90
(b) use algebraic integration to find E(X)
(4)
(c) find the cumulative distribution function of X, specifying it for all values of x
(3)
(d) find P(X > E(X ))

(2)

(e) use your answer to part (d) to describe the skewness of the distribution.
(2)
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7. A fisherman is known to catch fish at a mean rate of 4 per hour. The number of fish caught
by the fisherman in an hour follows a Poisson distribution.

The fisherman takes 5 fishing trips each lasting 1 hour.
(a) Find the probability that this fisherman catches at least 6 fish on exactly 3 of these
trips.
(6)
The fisherman buys some new equipment and wants to test whether or not there is a
change in the mean number of fish caught per hour.
Given that the fisherman caught 14 fish in a 2 hour period using the new equipment,
(b) carry out the test at the 5% level of significance. State your hypotheses clearly.
(6)
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*P46950A02224*
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P46668A
*P46668A0128*
1/1/
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1. During a typical day, a school website receives visits randomly at a rate of 9 per hour.
The probability that the school website receives fewer than v visits in a randomly selected

one hour period is less than 0.75
(a) Find the largest possible value of v

(1)
(b) Find the probability that in a randomly selected one hour period, the school website
receives at least 4 but at most 11 visits.
(2)
(c) Find the probability that in a randomly selected 10 minute period, the school website
receives more than 1 visit.
(3)
(d) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that in a randomly selected 8 hour
period the school website receives more than 80 visits.
(5)
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2. The random variable X ~ B(10, p)
(a) (i) Write down an expression for P(X = 3) in terms of p

(ii) Find the value of p such that P(X = 3) is 16 times the value of P(X = 7)
(4)
The random variable Y
(b) Find the value of such that P(Y = 3) is 5 times the value of P(Y = 5)
(3)
The random variable W ~ B(n, 0.4)
(c) Find the value of n and the value of such that W can be approximated by the normal
distribution, N(32, )
(3)
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3. A single observation x is to be taken from X ~ B(12, p)
This observation is used to test H0 : p = 0.45 against H1: p 0.45

(a) Using a 5% level of significance, find the critical region for this test.
(2)
(b) State the actual significance level of this test.

(1)
The value of the observation is found to be 9
(c) State the conclusion that can be made based on this observation.
(1)
(d) State whether or not this conclusion would change if the same test was carried out at
the
(i) 10% level of significance,

(ii) 1% level of significance.
(2)
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4. The waiting times, in minutes, between flight take-offs at an airport are modelled by the
continuous random variable X with probability density function

1
 2 x 7
f ( x) =  5
 0 otherwise
(a) Write down the name of this distribution.

(1)
A randomly selected flight takes off at 9 am
(b) Find the probability that the next flight takes off before 9.05 am
(1)
(c) Find the probability that at least 1 of the next 5 flights has a waiting time of more than
6 minutes.
(3)
(d) Find the cumulative distribution function of X, for all x

(3)
(e) Sketch the cumulative distribution function of X for 2 x 7

(2)
On foggy days, an extra 2 minutes is added to each waiting time.
(f) Find the mean and variance of the waiting times between flight take-offs on foggy
days.
(3)
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5. A bag contains a large number of coins. It contains only 1p, 5p and 10p coins. The
fraction of 1p coins in the bag is q, the fraction of 5p coins in the bag is r and the fraction
of 10p coins in the bag is s.

Two coins are selected at random from the bag and the coin with the highest value is
recorded. Let M represent the value of the highest coin.
The sampling distribution of M is given below
m 1 5 10
1 13 319
P(M = m)
25 80 400
(a) List all the possible samples of two coins which may be selected.
(2)
(b) Find the value of q, the value of r and the value of s

(7)

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ax − bx 2 0 x 2

f ( x) = 
0 otherwise
Given that the mode is 1
(a) show that a = 2b

(2)
(b) Find the value of a and the value of b

(5)
(c) Calculate F(1.5)

(2)
(d) State whether the upper quartile of X is greater than 1.5, equal to 1.5, or less than 1.5
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
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7. Last year 4% of cars tested in a large chain of garages failed an emissions test.
A random sample of n of these cars is taken. The number of cars that fail the test is

represented by X
Given that the standard deviation of X is 1.44
(a) (i) find the value of n
(ii) find E(X)

(4)
A random sample of 20 of the cars tested is taken.
(b) Find the probability that all of these cars passed the emissions test.
(1)
Given that at least 1 of these cars failed the emissions test,
(c) find the probability that exactly 3 of these cars failed the emissions test.

(4)
A car mechanic claims that more than 4% of the cars tested at the garage chain this year
are failing the emissions test. A random sample of 125 of these cars is taken and 10 of
these cars fail the emissions test.
(d) Using a suitable approximation, test whether or not there is evidence to support the
mechanic’s claim. Use a 5% level of significance and state your hypotheses clearly.
(6)
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*P46668A02428*
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Thursday 27 October 2016 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 75.
Advice
P48241A
*P48241A0128*
1/1/1/1/1/
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1. A mobile phone company claims that each year 5% of its customers have their mobile
phone stolen. An insurance company claims this percentage is higher. A random sample
of 30 of the mobile phone company’s customers is taken and 4 of them have had their

mobile phone stolen during the last year.
(a) Test the insurance company’s claim at the 10% level of significance. State your
hypotheses clearly.
(6)
A new random sample of 90 customers is taken. A test is carried out using these 90
customers, to see if the percentage of customers who have had a mobile phone stolen in
the last year is more than 5%
(b) Using a suitable approximation and a 10% level of significance, find the critical
region for this test.
(4)
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2. The lifetime of a particular battery, T hours, is modelled using the cumulative distribution
function

0 t 8

F(t ) =  961 (74t − 52 t 2 + k ) 8 t 12

 1 t 12
(a) Show that k = – 432

(2)
(b) Find the probability density function of T, for all values of t.

(2)
(c) Write down the mode of T.

(1)
(d) Find the median of T.

(3)

(e) Find the probability that a randomly selected battery has a lifetime of less than
9 hours.
(2)
A battery is selected at random. Given that its lifetime is at least 9 hours,
(f) find the probability that its lifetime is no more than 11 hours.
(4)
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3. A large number of students sat an examination. All of the students answered the first
question. The first question was answered correctly by 40% of the students.

In a random sample of 20 students who sat the examination, X denotes the number of
students who answered the first question correctly.
(a) Write down the distribution of the random variable X

(1)
(b) Find P(4 X 9)

(2)
Students gain 7 points if they answer the first question correctly and they lose 3 points if
they do not answer it correctly.
(c) Find the probability that the total number of points scored on the first question by the
20 students is more than 0
(4)
(d) Calculate the variance of the total number of points scored on the first question by a

random sample of 20 students.
(3)
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4.
f(x)

k
0 5 10.5 x
Figure 1
A continuous random variable X has the probability density function f (x) shown in
Figure 1
mx 0 x 5

f ( x) = k 5 x 10.5
0 otherwise


where m and k are constants.
1
(a) (i) Show that k =
8
(ii) Find the value of m
(3)
(b) Find E(X)

(3)
(c) Find the interquartile range of X

(4)
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5. A string of length 40 cm is cut into 2 pieces at a random point.
The continuous random variable L represents the length of the longer piece of string.

(a) Write down the distribution of L
(2)
(b) Find the probability that the length of the longer piece of string is 28 cm to the
nearest cm
(2)
Each piece of string is used to form the perimeter of a square.
(c) Calculate the probability that the area of the larger square is less than 64 cm2
(3)
(d) Calculate the probability that the difference in area between the two squares is greater
than 81 cm2
(4)
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6. According to an electric company, power failures occur randomly at a rate of every
10 weeks, 1 10

(a) Write down an expression in terms of for the probability that there are fewer than 2
power failures in a randomly selected 10 week period.
(2)
(b) Write down an expression in terms of for the probability that there is exactly 1
power failure in a randomly selected 5 week period.
(2)
Over a 100 week period, the probability, using a normal approximation, that fewer than 15
power failures occur is 0.0179 (to 3 significant figures).
(c) (i) Justify the use of a normal approximation.
(ii) Find the value of .

Show each stage of your working clearly.
(8)
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7. An ice cream shop sells a large number of 1 scoop, 2 scoop and 3 scoop ice cream cones
to its customers in the ratio 5 : 2 : 1

A random sample of 2 customers at the ice cream shop is taken. Each customer orders a
1 scoop or a 2 scoop or a 3 scoop ice cream cone.
Let S represent the total number of ice cream scoops ordered by these 2 customers.
(a) Find the sampling distribution of S

(5)
A random sample of customers at the ice cream shop is taken. Each customer orders
a 1 scoop or a 2 scoop or a 3 scoop ice cream cone. The probability that more than
n scoops of ice cream are ordered by these customers is greater than 0.99
(b) Find the smallest possible value of n

(3)
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*P48241A02628*
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Wednesday 25 January 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P48247A
1/1/1/
*P48247A0124*
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
*P48247A0224*
W
X
X
*P48247A0424*
X
X
X
X
*P48247A0624*
X
X
X
x
*P48247A01024*
4
otherwise
x
0  x (4 − x)
X
3 2
f ( x) =  64
0

X
X
O
x
*P48247A01424*
*P48247A01824*
X x
 1 3
 20 x

0 x 2


f ( x) =  1
(6 − x) 2 < x 6
 10

 0 otherwise
x x

5
P( X < a X > 2) =
8
a
*P48247A02024*
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Monday 26 June 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P50716A
1/1/1/
*P50716A0124*
f
*P50716A0224*
f
*P50716A0424*
Crispy-crisps
X
 ax + b 1 x<4

 3 1
f ( x) =  − x 4 x 6
2 4
 0 otherwise
a b

O x
a b
*P50716A0824*
w
*P50716A01224*
w
Y
n
n
Y
Y
*P50716A01624*
t<0
t 5
t>5
0
T
F(t ) = 0.3 t − 0.004 t 3

T
0
1


*P50716A02024*
S
S S
M
M
M
S
S
M
S S
a b
*P50716A02224*
X
X
b
a
b
X
X
b + a)
2
3 3
1
X
X
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Wednesday 1 November 2017 – Morning Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P50806A
1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P50806A0124*
*P50806A0224*
L
L
*P50806A0424*
2 < s < 10
otherwise
256
3
k ( s − 2)(10 − s )
k
0
X
S
X
X
X
X


s
S
Birdscope

Birdscope
Birdscope
Birdscope
Birdscope
Birdscope

Birdscope
Birdscope
Birdscope
Birdscope
*P50806A0824*
*P50806A01224*
Y
Y
X
X
Y
X
X
Y–
X
Y y
0 y<3

k ( y 2 − 2 y − 3) 3! y ! α

F( y ) = 
 4k (2 y − 7) α< y !6
 1 y>6

*P50806A01624*
*P50806A02024*
X
n
X
n
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2
Wednesday 24 January 2018 – Afternoon Paper Reference


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P59006A
1/
*p59006A0128*
*P59006A0228*
x <1
1! x ! 5
x>5
F( x) =  ( x − 1) 2
16
0
 1
 1
X
X
X
X
X
R
n
*P59006A0428*
X
X
X
X X X
T
X
X
X
R
T
n
T
*P59006A0828*
D
D
D
*P59006A01228*
p
p
n
*P59006A01628*
k
k
p
p
p
n
*P59006A02028*
X
n
X
X x
1 2

 16 x 1 x<3

f ( x ) = k ( 4 − x ) 3 x 4

0 otherwise

11
k =
12
x x
25
E( X ) =
9

X
0 x <1
1
 ( x3 + c) 1 x<3
 48
F( x ) = 
 11 ( 4 x − 1 x 2 + d ) 3 x 4
12 2
1 x>4

d
*P59006A02428*
Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Statistics S2


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
P51513A
1/1/1/
*P51513A0124*
*P51513A0224*
*P51513A0424*
l
l
l
x
*P51513A0824*
X
x
X
X
k
X
2
3
k
x
k
X
k
M
M M M X

M 12 − μ
σ
2
2 M 11 12
 Mi − μ 12
3M 1 +
6
∑  σ 
i =1 
∑ (2M
i =1
i )
−3

*P51513A01224*
*P51513A01424*
n
n
x
*P51513A01824*
4 0 x 1
1 x 2
 0 otherwise
x
X
X
 3
1
5
x
f ( x) = 



X
X
*P51513A02224*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 31 October 2018

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WST02/01
Statistics S2
You must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks


Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
• centre
• clearly
labelled.
• – there may
• without working
Information
•• The
Advice
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
Turn over
P54945A
1/1/1/
*P54945A0128*
*P54945A0228*
*P54945A0428*
n
*P54945A0828*
x
Y
−x
− y
Y
x+
ky
Y
y =



x =

Y
x
x
k
*P54945A01228*
D
D
D
D
*P54945A01628*
x
x
x
x
ax + bx +
b


x =


X
a
b
X
a
X
W
*P54945A02028*
a b
W
b
W
a
W
n
*P54945A02428*
m
n
m

International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 23 January 2019

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WST02/01
Statistics S2


Joint Council for Qualifications. Calculators must not have the facility for
symbolic algebra manipulation, differentiation and integration, or have
retrievable mathematical formulae stored in them.
Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
• clearly labelled.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided

• You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 75.
Advice
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1. A bus company sells tickets for a journey from London to Oxford every Saturday.
Past records show that 5% of people who buy a ticket do not turn up for the journey.

The bus has seats for 48 people.
Each week the bus company sells tickets to exactly 50 people for the journey.
The random variable X represents the number of these people who do not turn up for
the journey.
(a) State one assumption required to model X as a binomial distribution.

(1)
For this week’s journey find,
(b) (i) the probability that all 50 people turn up for the journey,
(ii) P(X = 1)
(3)
The bus company receives £20 for each ticket sold and all 50 tickets are sold. It must pay

out £60 to each person who buys a ticket and turns up for the journey but does not have
a seat.
(c) Find the bus company’s expected total earnings per journey.
(3)
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2. During morning hours, employees arrive randomly at an office drinks dispenser at a rate
of 2 every 10 minutes.

The number of employees arriving at the drinks dispenser is assumed to follow a
Poisson distribution.
(a) Find the probability that fewer than 5 employees arrive at the drinks dispenser during
a 10-minute period one morning.
(2)
During a 30-minute period one morning, the probability that n employees arrive at
the drinks dispenser is the same as the probability that n + 1 employees arrive at the
drinks dispenser.
(b) Find the value of n

(3)
During a 45-minute period one morning, the probability that between c and 12, inclusive,
employees arrive at the drinks dispenser is 0.8546

(c) Find the value of c
(3)
(d) Find the probability that exactly 2 employees arrive at the drinks dispenser in exactly
4 of the 6 non-overlapping 10-minute intervals between 10 am and 11am one morning.
(4)
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*P54946A0424*
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3. Figure 1 shows an accurate graph of the cumulative distribution function, F(x),
for the continuous random variable X

1.0
F(x) 0.5
O x
2 4 6 8
Figure 1
(a) Find P(3 X 7)

(2)
The probability density function of X is given by

a 2 x 4
b 4 x 6

f ( x) = 
c 6 x 8
 0 otherwise
where a, b and c are constants.
(b) Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of c

(3)
(c) Find E(X

(3)
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4. At a shop, past figures show that 35% of customers pay by credit card. Following the
shop’s decision to no longer charge a fee for using a credit card, a random sample of
20 customers is taken and 11 are found to have paid by credit card.

Hadi believes that the proportion of customers paying by credit card is now greater
than 35%
(a) Test Hadi’s belief at the 5% level of significance. State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
For a random sample of 20 customers,
(b) show that 11 lies less than 2 standard deviations above the mean number of customers
paying by credit card.
You may assume that 35% is the true proportion of customers who pay by credit card.
(4)
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5. The continuous random variable X is uniformly distributed over the interval [a, b]
where 0 a b

1
Given that P(X b a) =
3
5a
(a) (i) show that E(X
2
(3)
(ii) find P(X b a)

(1)
The continuous random variable Y is uniformly distributed over the interval [3, c]
where c 3
Given that Var(Y c
(b) (i) the value of c

(3)

(ii) P(2Y Y
(3)
(iii) E(Y 2)
(3)
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6. (i) (a) State the conditions under which the Poisson distribution may be used as an
approximation to the binomial distribution.
(1)

A factory produces tyres for bicycles and 0.25% of the tyres produced are defective.
A company orders 3000 tyres from the factory.
(b) Find, using a Poisson approximation, the probability that there are more than
7 defective tyres in the company’s order.
(3)
(ii) At the company 40% of employees are known to cycle to work. A random sample of
150 employees is taken. The random variable C represents the number of employees
in the sample who cycle to work.
(a) Describe a suitable sampling frame that can be used to take this sample.
(1)
(b) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of C

(1)
Louis uses a normal approximation to calculate the probability that at most employees
in the sample cycle to work. He forgets to use a continuity correction and obtains the
incorrect probability 0.0668
Find, showing all stages of your working,
(c) the value of

(4)
(d) the correct probability.

(2)
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*P54946A01624*
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7. The continuous random variable X has probability density function

 c( x + 3) −3 x < 0

 5
f ( x) =  (3 − x) 0 x 3
 36

0 otherwise

where c is a positive constant.
1
(a) Show that c =
12 (3)
(b) (i) Sketch the probability density function.
(ii) Explain why the mode of X = 0

(3)

(c) Find the cumulative distribution function of X, for all values of x
(4)
2
(d) Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of d such that P(X d|X 0) =
5 (4)
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*P54946A02024*
122
123
Bn
123
124
125
FEE
126
126
i
127
128
129

International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 30 October 2019

Mathematics
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Statistics S2

Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables (Blue), calculator
Candidates may use any calculator permitted by Pearson regulations.

Calculators must not have the facility for symbolic algebra manipulation,
differentiation and integration, or have retrievable mathematical
formulae stored in them.
••
Instructions
•
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and
•
candidate number.
Answer all questions and ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly
•
labelled.
•
You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers without
•
working may not gain full credit.
Values from statistical tables should be quoted in full. If a calculator is used instead of the
•
tables the value should be given to an equivalent degree of accuracy.
Inexact answers should be given to three significant figures unless otherwise stated.
••
Information
A booklet ‘Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables’ is provided.
•
There are 7 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 75.
••
Advice
••
If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out and put your new answer and
any working underneath.
Turn over
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p
X p p
131 2
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X
Y a b
a b
X Y X Y
a b
132
4
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133
6
*P58508A0624*
X
 1 x 2 (3 − x) 1 x 3
15

3
x  ( x − 3)
 10 3 x 5

 0 otherwise
k X k
134 10
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T
135 14
*P58508A01424*
136 18
e
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X
0 x<0
 1
x  (25 x 4 − 4 x5 ) 0 x 5
 3125
 1 x>5
13722
*P58508A02224*

International
Advanced Level
Thursday 23 January 2020

Mathematics
Statistics S2


differentiation and integration, or have retrievable mathematical formulae
stored in them.
Instructions
• Fill
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and
• clearly
candidate number.
• – there may
labelled.
• without working
• instead of the tables, the value

Values from the statistical tables should be quoted in full. If a calculator is used
•Information
should be given to an equivalent degree of accuracy.
•• AThere
booklet ‘Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables’ is provided.
•
are 6 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 75.
Advice
•• Check
your answers if you have time at the end.
If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out and put your new answer and
any working underneath.
Turn over
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1/1/1/1/
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138
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1. Flogcar is a car hire company that only allows cars to be hired for single days. The
numbers of cars hired on different days are statistically independent. The number of cars
hired on a randomly selected day from Flogcar is modelled by a Poisson distribution with
mean 4
(a) Calculate the probability that exactly 6 cars are hired from Flogcar on a randomly
selected day.
(2)
(b) Calculate the probability that on 2 randomly selected days, the total number of cars
hired from Flogcar is between 3 and 7 inclusive.
(3)
(c) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that on 7 randomly selected days,
the total number of cars hired from Flogcar is more than 30
(5)
The probability that a car hired from Flogcar is returned in good condition is 0.97
In a randomly chosen period, Flogcar hires out 100 cars.
(d) (i) Explain why the distribution of the number of cars returned in good condition
would not be well approximated by the Poisson distribution.
(1)
(ii) By considering the number of cars hired out that are not returned in good
condition, use a Poisson approximation to estimate the probability that more than
95 of the cars hired out in this period are returned in good condition. Show your
working clearly.
(3)
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2. Duck eggs are classed as large or small.
Kiyoshi knows that 35% of the eggs laid by his ducks are classed as large and the rest are
classed as small. The eggs are randomly allocated to boxes each containing 6 eggs.
A box is selected at random.
Calculate the probability that this box contains
(a) (i) exactly 2 large eggs,
(ii) more large eggs than small eggs.

(5)
Kiyoshi believes that the proportion of large eggs produced by the ducks will increase if
he adds a supplement to the ducks’ food. To check his belief he takes a random sample of
50 eggs after the supplement has been added to the ducks’ food and finds that 25 of them
are large eggs.
(b) Use a suitable test, at the 5% level of significance, to determine whether or not there
is evidence to support Kiyoshi’s belief. State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
Kiyoshi sells boxes that contain more large eggs than small eggs for a profit of £1.20 and
the rest of the boxes for a profit of £0.60
The proportion of large eggs produced by Kiyoshi’s ducks has increased to 45% and the
cost of the supplement is £0.10 per box of eggs. Given that the eggs are still randomly
allocated to boxes,
(c) explain whether or not Kiyoshi should continue to add the supplement to the ducks’
food in order to make a greater profit.
(5)
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3. A task was designed to take a person 25 minutes to complete. The random variable T
represents the time, in minutes, it takes to complete the task and is uniformly distributed
over the interval [25 – k, 25 + 3k] where k 0
(a) Find P(25 – 0.5k T 25 + 2.5k)

(1)
Given that E(T 2) = 918.76
(b) find the value of k.

(6)
The task is to be completed by 50 people. Assuming that people complete the task
independently,
(c) calculate the probability that at least 20 of these people complete the task in less than
25 minutes.
(3)
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4. The random variable T has probability density function f(t) where
1
3 1 t 2

f(t) = 
 k (4t − t ) 2 t 4
2 3

0 otherwise
1
(a) Show that k =
22
(3)
(b) Sketch the probability density function.

(2)
(c) Find the mode of T.

(3)
(d) Find the cumulative distribution function F(t) for all values of t.
(5)
(e) Find the probability that T is greater than 3

(2)
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5. Chris runs boat trips between two islands during the summer. During her trips, Chris
claims that whales are seen randomly at a mean rate of 2 in every 9 trips.
To investigate Chris’s claim, a random sample of 18 boat trips run by Chris was taken.
(a) Using a 5% level of significance, find the critical region, for a two-tailed test, to
enable Chris to test her claim.
(3)
(b) State the actual level of significance of this test.

(1)
The total number of whales seen in the 18 boat trips was 6
(c) State what this suggests about Chris’s claim. Give a reason for your answer.
(1)
The following summer, Chris decides to run n trips so that the probability of her seeing at
least one whale is more than 0.9
(d) Assuming Chris’s claim is true, find the minimum value of n.

(4)
Chris believes that she sees fewer whales during the winter. A random sample of 45 trips
run in the winter was taken and the total number of whales seen was 5
(e) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not the mean rate of whales seen in
winter is less than 2 in every 9 trips. State your hypotheses clearly.
(4)
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6. The random variable X has probability density function f(x) where
1 2
 8 ( x + 2 x + 1) −1 x < 1


f(x) =  1 11
4 1 x
3

 0 otherwise
31
Given that E(X ) =
18
(a) use algebraic integration to find Var(X )
(4)
 1  1
(b) Calculate P  X < −  + P  X > 
 2  2
(4)
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International
Advanced Level
Friday 12 June 2020

Mathematics
Statistics S2


stored in them.
Instructions
•
••
candidate number.
Answer all questions and ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
•
You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers without working
•
Values from the statistical tables should be quoted in full. If a calculator is used instead of
•
the tables, the value should be given to an equivalent degree of accuracy.
Information
•• A booklet ‘Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables’ is provided.
•
Advice
••
If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out and put your new answer and any
working underneath.
Turn over
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1/1/1/
*P65762A0124*
145
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1.
f(x)
x
O 1 2 3
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows a sketch of the probability density function f(x) of the random variable X.
#1 &
For 1 x 2, f(x) is represented by a curve with equation f(x) = k % x3 ! 3 x 2 " ax " 1(
$2 '
For all other values of x, f(x) = 0
(a) Use algebraic integration to show that k(12a =8

(4)
Given that a = 5
(b) calculate the mode of X.

(4)
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2. In the summer Kylie catches a local steam train to work each day. The published arrival
time for the train is 10 am.
The random variable W is the train’s actual arrival time minus the published arrival time,
in minutes. When the value of W is positive, the train is late.
The cumulative distribution function F(w) is shown in the sketch below.
F(w)
1
–1.4 O 6.6 W
(a) Specify fully the probability density function f(w) of W.

(2)
(b) Write down the value of E(W)

(1)
(c) Calculate such that P( 1.6) = 0.35

(2)
A day is selected at random.
(d) Calculate the probability that on this day the train arrives between 1.2 minutes late
and 2.4 minutes late.
(2)
Given that on this day the train was between 1.2 minutes late and 2.4 minutes late,
(e) calculate the probability that it was more than 2 minutes late.
(2)
A random sample of 40 days is taken.
(f) Calculate the probability that for at least 10 of these days the train is
between 1.2 minutes late and 2.4 minutes late.
(3)
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3. A manufacturer produces plates. The proportion of plates that are flawed is 45%, with
flawed plates occurring independently.
A random sample of 10 of these plates is selected.
(a) Find the probability that the sample contains
(i) fewer than 2 flawed plates,
(ii) at least 6 flawed plates.

(4)
George believes that the proportion of flawed plates is not 45%. To assess his belief
George takes a random sample of 120 plates. The random variable F represents the
number of flawed plates found in the sample.
(b) Using a normal approximation, find the maximum number of plates, c, and the
minimum number of plates, d, such that
P(F c) 0.05 and P(F d) 0.05
where F ~ B (120, 0.45)

(7)
The manufacturer claims that, after a change to the production process, the proportion of
flawed plates has decreased. A random sample of 30 plates, taken after the change to the
production process, contains 8 flawed plates.
(c) Use a suitable hypothesis test, at the 5% level of significance, to assess the
manufacturer’s claim. State your hypotheses clearly.
(4)
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4. In a peat bog, Common Spotted-orchids occur at a mean rate of 4.5 per m2
(a) Give an assumption, not already stated, that is required for the number of Common
Spotted-orchids per m2 of the peat bog to follow a Poisson distribution.
(1)
Given that the number of Common Spotted-orchids in 1 m2 of the peat bog can be modelled
by a Poisson distribution,
(b) find the probability that in a randomly selected 1 m2 of the peat bog
(i) there are exactly 6 Common Spotted-orchids,
(ii) there are fewer than 10 but more than 4 Common Spotted-orchids.
(4)
Juan believes that by introducing a new management scheme the number of Common
Spotted-orchids in the peat bog will increase. After three years under the new management
scheme, a randomly selected 2 m2 of the peat bog contains 11 Common Spotted-orchids.
(c) Using a 5% significance level assess Juan’s belief. State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
Assuming that in the peat bog, Common Spotted-orchids still occur at a mean rate of
4.5 per m2
(d) use a normal approximation to find the probability that in a randomly selected 20 m2
of the peat bog there are fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids.
(3)
Following a period of dry weather, the probability that there are fewer than 70 Common
Spotted-orchids in a randomly selected 20 m2 of the peat bog is 0.012
A random sample of 200 non-overlapping 20 m2 areas of the peat bog is taken.
(e) Using a suitable approximation, calculate the probability that at most 1 of these areas
contains fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids.
(3)
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5. The waiting time, T minutes, of a customer to be served in a local post office has
probability density function
"1
$ 50 (18 ! 2t ) 0 t 3
$$
f(t ) = # 1
$ 20 3 t 5
$
$% 0 otherwise
Given that the mean number of minutes a customer waits to be served is 1.66
(a) use algebraic integration to find Var(T), giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(5)
(b) Find the cumulative distribution function F(t) for all values of t.
(4)
(c) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen customer’s waiting time will be
more than 2 minutes.
(2)
(d) Calculate P ([E(T) – 2] < T < [E(T) + 2])

(2)
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6. (a) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of a statistic.
(1)
A factory produces beads in bags for craft shops. A small bag contains 40 beads, a
medium bag contains 80 beads and a large bag contains 150 beads. The factory produces
small, medium and large bags in the ratio 5:3:2 respectively.
A random sample of 3 bags is taken from the factory.
(b) Find the sampling distribution for the range of the number of beads in the 3 bags in
the sample.
(7)
A random sample of n sets of 3 bags is taken. The random variable Y represents the
number of these n sets of 3 bags that have a range of 70
(c) Calculate the minimum value of n such that P(Y = 0) < 0.2
(3)
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152

International
Advanced Level
Tuesday 19 January 2021

Mathematics
Statistics S2


stored in them.
Instructions
•
••
candidate number.
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•
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•
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••
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1/1/1/1/
153
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1. Jim farms oysters in a particular lake. He knows from past experience that 5% of young
oysters do not survive to be harvested.
In a random sample of 30 young oysters, the random variable X represents the number
that do not survive to be harvested.
(a) Write down a suitable model for the distribution of X.

(1)
(b) State an assumption that has been made for the model in part (a).
(1)
(c) Find the probability that
(i) exactly 24 young oysters do survive to be harvested,
(ii) at least 3 young oysters do not survive to be harvested.

(4)
A second random sample, of 200 young oysters, is taken.

The probability that at least n of these young oysters do not survive to be harvested is more
than 0.8
(d) Using a suitable approximation, find the maximum value of n.

(3)
Jim believes that the level of salt in the lake water has changed and it has altered the
survival rate of his oysters. He takes a random sample of 25 young oysters and places
them in the lake.
When Jim harvests the oysters, he finds that 21 do survive to be harvested.
(e) Use a suitable test, at the 5% level of significance, to assess whether or not there is
evidence that the proportion of oysters not surviving to be harvested is more than 5%.
State your hypotheses clearly.
(5)
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2. The distance, in metres, a novice tightrope artist, walking on a wire, walks before falling
is modelled by the random variable W with cumulative distribution function
 0 w<0

 1 w4 
F( w) =   w −  0 w 4
 3 256 
 1 w>4
(a) Find the probability that a novice tightrope artist, walking on the wire, walks at least
3.5 metres before falling.
(2)
A random sample of 30 novice tightrope artists is taken.
(b) Find the probability that more than 1 of these novice tightrope artists, walking on the
wire, walks at least 3.5 metres before falling.
(3)
Given E(W ) = 1.6
(c) use algebraic integration to find Var(W )

(5)
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3. The number of water fleas, in 100 ml of pond water, has a Poisson distribution with
mean 7
(a) Find the probability that a sample of 100 ml of the pond water does not contain
exactly 4 water fleas.
(2)
Aja collects 5 separate samples, each of 100 ml, of the pond water.
(b) Find the probability that exactly 1 of these samples contains exactly 4 water fleas.
(3)
Using a normal approximation, the probability that more than 3 water fleas will be found
in a random sample of n ml of the pond water is 0.9394 correct to 4 significant figures.
n
(c) (i) Show that n − 1.55 − 50 = 0
0.07
(5)
(ii) Hence find the value of n

(2)
After the pond has been cleaned, the number of water fleas in a 100 ml random sample of
the pond water is 15
(d) Using a suitable test, at the 1% level of significance, assess whether or not there is
evidence that the number of water fleas per 100 ml of the pond water has increased.
(5)
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 k (a − x) 2 0 xa
f ( x) = 
 0 otherwise
(a) Show that ka3 = 3

(3)
Given that E(X ) = 1.5
(b) use algebraic integration to show that a = 6

(4)
(c) Verify that the median of X is 1.2 to one decimal place.

(3)
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5. A piece of wood AB is 3 metres long. The wood is cut at random at a point C and the
random variable W represents the length of the piece of wood AC.
(a) Find the probability that the length of the piece of wood AC is more than 1.8 metres.
(2)
The two pieces of wood AC and CB form the two shortest sides of a right-angled triangle.
The random variable X represents the length of the longest side of the right-angled triangle.
2 2
(b) Show that X = 2W − 6W + 9
(2)
[You may assume for random variables S, T and U and for constants a and b
that if S = aT + bU then E(S ) = aE(T ) + bE(U )]
(c) Find E(X )

2
(6)
2
(d) Find P(X > 5)
(4)
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6. The owner of a very large youth club has designed a new method for allocating people
to teams. Before introducing the method he decided to find out how the members of the
youth club might react.
(a) Explain why the owner decided to take a random sample of the youth club members
rather than ask all the youth club members.
(1)
(b) Suggest a suitable sampling frame.

(1)
(c) Identify the sampling units.

(1)
The new method uses a bag containing a large number of balls. Each ball is numbered
either 20, 50 or 70
When a ball is selected at random, the random variable X represents the number on the
ball where
P(X = 20) = p P(X = 50) = q P(X = 70) = r
A youth club member takes a ball from the bag, records its number and replaces it in
the bag.
He then takes a second ball from the bag, records its number and replaces it in the bag.
The random variable M is the mean of the 2 numbers recorded.
Given that
25 1
P(M = 20) = P(M = 60) = and q > r
64 16
1
(d) show that P(M = 50) =
16
(7)
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162

International
Advanced Level
Time 1 hour 30 minutes

Paper
reference WST02/01
Mathematics
Statistics S2
June 2021

Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables (Yellow), calculator

stored in them.
Instructions
•
••
candidate number.
•
•
Values from the statistical tables should be quoted in full. If a calculator is used instead of the
•Information
tables, the value should be given to an equivalent degree of accuracy.
•
Advice
••
•
working underneath.
Good luck with your examination.
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*P63151A0124*
P63151A
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
163
1. Spany sells seeds and claims that 5% of its pansy seeds do not germinate. A packet of
pansy seeds contains 20 seeds. Each seed germinates independently of the other seeds.
(a) Find the probability that in a packet of Spany’s pansy seeds
(i) more than 2 but fewer than 5 seeds do not germinate,
(ii) more than 18 seeds germinate.
(5)
Jem buys 5 packets of Spany’s pansy seeds.
(b) Calculate the probability that all of these packets contain more than 18 seeds
that germinate.
(2)
Jem believes that Spany’s claim is incorrect. She believes that the percentage of pansy
seeds that do not germinate is greater than 5%
(c) Write down the hypotheses for a suitable test to examine Jem’s belief.
(1)
Jem planted all of the 100 seeds she bought from Spany and found that 8 did not germinate.
(d) Using a suitable approximation, carry out the test using a 5% level of significance.
(6)
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2. Luis makes and sells rugs. He knows that faults occur randomly in his rugs at a
rate of 3 every 4 m2
(a) Find the probability of there being exactly 5 faults in one of his rugs that is 4 m2 in
size.
(2)
(b) Find the probability that there are more than 5 faults in one of his rugs that is 6 m2 in
size.
(2)
Luis makes a rug that is 4 m2 in size and finds it has exactly 5 faults in it.
(c) Write down the probability that the next rug that Luis makes, which is 4 m2 in size,
will have exactly 5 faults. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
A small rug has dimensions 80 cm by 150 cm. Faults still occur randomly at a rate of
3 every 4 m2
Luis makes a profit of £80 on each small rug he sells that contains no faults but a profit
of £60 on any small rug he sells that contains faults.
Luis sells n small rugs and expects to make a profit of at least £4000
(d) Calculate the minimum value of n
(4)
Luis wishes to increase the productivity of his business and employs Rhiannon. Faults
also occur randomly in Rhiannon’s rugs and independently to faults made by Luis.
Luis randomly selects 10 small rugs made by Rhiannon and finds 13 faults.
(e) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not there is evidence to support the
suggestion that the rate at which faults occur is higher for Rhiannon than for Luis.
(5)
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167
3. The continuous random variable Y has the following probability density function
 6
 ( y − 1) 1 y < 2
25

 3
f( y) =  (4 y 2 − y 3 ) 2  y < 4
 50
 0 otherwise

(a) Sketch f( y)
(2)
(b) Find the mode of Y
(3)
(c) Use algebraic integration to calculate E(Y 2)
(4)
Given that E(Y ) = 2.696
(d) find Var(Y )
(2)
(e) Find the value of y for which P(Y  y) = 0.9
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(4)
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4. A bag contains a large number of balls, each with one of the numbers 1, 2 or 5 written
on it in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 respectively.
A random sample of 3 balls is taken from the bag.
The random variable B represents the range of the numbers written on the balls in the sample.
(i) Find P(B = 4)
(ii) Find the sampling distribution of B.
(10)
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5. A game uses two turntables, one red and one yellow. Each turntable has a point marked
on the circumference that is lined up with an arrow at the start of the game. Jim spins
both turntables and measures the distance, in metres, each point is from the arrow, around
the circumference in an anticlockwise direction when the turntables stop spinning.
The continuous random variable Y represents the distance, in metres, the point is from the
arrow for the yellow turntable. The cumulative distribution function of Y is given by F( y)
where
 0 y<0

F( y) =  1 − (α + βy )
2
0 y5
 1 y>5

(a) Explain why (i) α = 1
1
(ii) β = –
25 (2)
(b) Find the probability density function of Y
(2)
The continuous random variable R represents the distance, in metres, the point is from
the arrow for the red turntable. The distribution of R is modelled by a continuous
uniform distribution over the interval [d, 3d ]
 11  5
Given that P  R >  = P  Y > 
 5  3
(c) find the value of d
(3)
In the game each turntable is spun 3 times. The distance between the point and the
arrow is determined for each spin. To win a prize, at least 5 of the distances the point is
11
from the arrow when a turntable is spun must be less than m
5
Jo plays the game once.
(d) Calculate the probability of Jo winning a prize.
(4)
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171
6. The random variable Y ~ B(225, p)
Using a normal approximation, the probability that Y is at least 188 is 0.1056 to
4 decimal places.
(i) Show that p satisfies 145p2 – 241p + 100 = 0 when the normal probability tables are used.
(ii) Hence find the value of p, justifying your answer.
(10)
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172 *P63151A02224*
Centre Number Candidate Number
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WST02/01
Mathematics
 

Statistics S2
October 2021
Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables (Yellow), calculator

stored in them.
Instructions
•
•
candidate number.
Answer all questions and ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly
•
labelled.
•
•
•
Information
•
Advice
••
If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out and put your new answer
and any working underneath. Turn over
*P71285A0124*
P71285A
E:1/1/1/
173
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1. A research project into food purchases found that 35% of people who buy eggs do not buy
free range eggs.
A random sample of 30 people who bought eggs is taken. The random variable F denotes
the number of people who do not buy free range eggs.
(a) Find P(F  12)

(2)
(b) Find P(8  F < 15)

(2)
A farm shop gives 3 loyalty points with every purchase of free range eggs. With every
purchase of eggs that are not free range the farm shop gives 1 loyalty point.
A random sample of 30 customers who buy eggs from the farm shop is taken.
(c) Find the probability that the total number of points given to these customers is
less than 70
(3)
The manager of the farm shop believes that the proportion of customers who buy eggs but
do not buy free range eggs is more than 35%
In a survey of 200 customers who buy eggs, 86 do not buy free range eggs.
Using a suitable test and a normal approximation,
(d) determine, at the 5% level of significance, whether there is evidence to support the
manager's belief. State your hypotheses clearly.
(7)
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2. (i) The continuous random variable X is uniformly distributed over the interval [a, b]
1
Given that P(8 < X < 14) = and E(X ) = 11
5
(a) write down P(X > 14)

(1)
(b) find P(6X > a + b)

(4)
(ii) Susie makes a strip of pasta 45 cm long. She then cuts the strip of pasta, at a randomly
chosen point, into two pieces. The random variable S is the length of the shortest
piece of pasta.
(a) Write down the distribution of S

(1)
(b) Calculate the probability that the shortest piece of pasta is less than 12 cm long.
(2)
Susie makes 20 strips of pasta, all 45 cm long, and separately cuts each strip of pasta,
at a randomly chosen point, into two pieces.
(c) Calculate the probability that exactly 6 of the pieces of pasta are less than
12 cm long.
(3)
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0 x<0
 4ax 2 0 x 1

F( x) = 
 a (bx − x + 1) 1< x  3
3 4
 1 x>3
where a and b are positive constants.
(a) Show that b = 4

(1)
(b) Find the exact value of a

(2)
(c) Find P(X > 2.25)

(2)
(d) Showing your working clearly,
(i) sketch the probability density function of X

(ii) calculate the mode of X
(5)
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4. The number of cars entering a safari park per 10-minute period can be modelled by a
Poisson distribution with mean 6
(a) Find the probability that in a given 10-minute period exactly 8 cars will enter the
safari park.
(2)
(b) Find the smallest value of n such that the probability that at least n cars enter the safari
park in 10 minutes is less than 0.05
(2)
The probability that no cars enter the safari park in m minutes, where m is an integer, is
less than 0.05
(c) Find the smallest value of m

(2)
A car enters the safari park.
(d) Find the probability that there is less than 5 minutes before the next car enters the
safari park.
(3)
Given that exactly 15 cars entered the safari park in a 30-minute period,
(e) find the probability that exactly 1 car entered the safari park in the first 5 minutes of
the 30-minute period.
(4)
Aston claims that the mean number of cars entering the safari park per 10-minute period
is more than 6
He selects a 15-minute period at random in order to test whether there is evidence to
support his claim.
(f) Determine the critical region for the test at the 5% level of significance.
(2)
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5. A bag contains a large number of counters.
40% of the counters are numbered 1

In a game Alif draws two counters at random from the bag. His score is 4 times the number
on the first counter minus 2 times the number on the second counter.
(a) Show that Alif gets a score of 8 with probability 0.0875

(1)
(b) Find the sampling distribution of Alif’s score.

(5)
(c) Calculate Alif’s expected score.

(2)
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6. The continuous random variable Y has probability density function f(y) given by
 1
 14 ( y + 2) − 1< y 1

 3 1< y  3
 14
f ( y) = 
 1 (6 − y ) 3< y 5
 14

0 otherwise

(a) Sketch the probability density function f(y)

(2)
131
Given that E(Y 2) =
21
(b) find Var (2Y − 3)

(4)
The cumulative distribution function of Y is F( y)
1  y2 3
(c) Show that F( y) =  + 2y +  for −1 < y  1
14 2 2
(2)
(d) Find F( y) for all values of y

(5)
(e) Find the exact value of the 30th percentile of Y

(2)
(f) Find P(4Y  5 | Y  3)

(2)
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EDEXCEL AS and A-Level

Distribution of X P( X = x) Mean Variance

Cumulative distribution function: F( x0 ) = P( X ≤ x0 ) = f (t ) dt

Standard continuous distribution:

Distribution of X P.D.F. Mean Variance

z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z) z Φ(z)

Sample：a selection of individual members to items from a population

Statistic: a quantity calculated solely from the observations in a sample

Sampling unit: individual member of a population

Sampling frame: a list of sampling units used in practice to represent a population

Critical value: the values on the boundary of the critical region.

Poisson distribution condition:

Binomial distribution condition

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

Friday 17 January 2014 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WST02/01

Candidates may use any calculator allowed by the regulations of the

(a) (i) exactly 1

A second random sample of 160 leaf cuttings is selected.

(a) Suggest a suitable sampling frame for the sample survey.

(b) Identify the sampling units.

(a) Find the value of a such that P(X a) = 0.4

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

(b) Use calculus to find (i) E(X)

Charlotte records the number of calls, C, received in 4 hours.

A test of the null hypothesis H0 = 1.5 is carried out.

(a) Write down the alternative hypothesis.

(b) Find the significance level of the test.

Given that P(C 10) 0.1

where k is a positive constant.

(a) Sketch the graph of f (x).

(c) Define fully the cumulative distribution function F(x).

(d) Find the median of X, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

Find the value of n and the value of p.

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

Tuesday 24 June 2014 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WST02/01

Candidates may use any calculator allowed by the regulations of the

(b) State suitable hypotheses for testing these claims.

Use algebraic integration to find

(b) P(T 3.4)

John selects 12 pieces of ribbon at random.

Aditi selects 400 pieces of ribbon at random.

(c) State the actual significance level of this test.

(b) Specify fully the probability density function f(x).

(c) Find the mode of X.

(d) Describe the skewness of this distribution. Justify your answer.

A piece of this material of length x m is produced.

(c) Find the value of x.

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

Thursday 22 January 2015 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WST02/01

Candidates may use any calculator allowed by the regulations of the

A car has been caught speeding by this camera.

Each car that is caught speeding by this camera is fined £60

(a) Find P(X 4)

(b) Write down the value of P(X

(d) Write down the value of E(X )

(e) Find Var(X )

(f ) Hence or otherwise find E(3X 2 + 1)

(b) a sampling distribution.

(d) List all the possible samples.

(e) Find the sampling distribution of Ȳ

(a) Find P(5 X 7)