1.

2. b

3. b

4. c

a. A condition where people’s income is too low to enable them to meet their basic needs.
b. In my opinion, because parents cannot educate their children well, there is not enough money
to send their children to school, it means that if the child does not go to school and
does not have sufficient education, then the child only follows the style and way of daily life of
his parents and this method does not make his child develop forward to get the right education
and how to make money. Some children are resistant to some of the adverse effects of poverty,
but many studies show a significant relationship between poverty and child abuse, adverse
childhood experiences, increased material hardship, poorer physical health, low birth
weight, structural changes in brain development, health mentally. problems, decreased
educational attainment, and increased risk, delinquency, and criminal behavior in adolescence
and adulthood. Regarding the timing and severity of poverty, the literature documents that
early childhood poverty, prolonged poverty, and deep poverty are all associated with
poorer child and adult outcomes. The point is that someone must provide support from
the government or rich people to help poor children by giving money for school, food and
daily necessities, so that their lives can be more advanced and can earn their own money
with intelligence. In this way it can also help the country's economy to prosper and develop
rapidly.
c. Fiscal policy increases poverty, meaning that a larger number of the market income poor and
vulnerable are made poorer by taxes and transfers than the number of people who escape
poverty. Governments can intervene to promote equity, and reduce inequality and poverty,
through the tax and benefits system. This means employing a progressive tax and benefits
system which takes proportionately more tax from those on higher levels of income, and
redistributes welfare benefits to those on lower incomes.
d. If the people earning the minimum wage are heads of low-income households, higher minimum
wages are likely to reduce poverty. If low-income workers lose jobs and cannot find jobs
because of a higher minimum wage, social safety nets for low-income households can protect
against increased poverty. If higher minimum wages cause workers to lose formal sector jobs,
they are not likely to reduce poverty. If low-income workers lose jobs and cannot find new ones
because of higher minimum wages and there are no social safety nets, higher minimum wages
will increase poverty.