MATH SL

EXERCISES 6.6-6.8 SOLUTIONS

MONOTONY-CONCAVITY-OPTIMISATION
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

MAX-MIN-POINTS OF INFLECTION

A. Practice Questions
1. (a) f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 + 1 > 0 , f increasing (b) f ′( x ) = −25 x 4 ≤ 0 , f decreasing

2e x
(c) f ′( x ) = −6e 2 x < 0 , f decreasing (d) f ′( x ) = > 0 , f increasing
(e x + 1) 2

2. (a) x = −3 (max) x = 1 (min) (b) x = −1 (point of inflection) (c) look at the GDC
3. (a) and (b) x = −1 (stationary point of inflection) (c) look at the GDC
4. x = 1 (max) x = 3 (min) x = 4 (stationary point of inflection)
5. x = 1 and x = 3 are points of inflection ( x = 4 is not)
6. a = 1, b = −6, c = 9 , minimum at x = 3

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

7 (a)
A B E
f ′(x) negative 0 negative
A1A1A1 N3
(b)
A C E
f ′′(x) positive positive negative
A1A1A1 N3
[6]
8. (a)
Interval g′ g′′
a<x<b positive positive
e<x<f negative negative
A1A1 A1A1 N4
(b)
Conditions Point
g′ (x) = 0, g′′ (x) < 0 C
g′ (x) < 0, g′′ (x) = 0 D
A1A1 N1N1
[6]

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9. (a) f ′ (x) = x2 + 4x − 5 A1A1A1 N3
(b) evidence of attempting to solve f ′(x) = 0 (M1)
evidence of correct working A1
− 4 ± 16 + 20
eg (x + 5) (x − 1), , sketch
2
x = − 5, x = 1 (A1)
so x = − 5 A1 N2
(c) METHOD 1
f ′′(x) = 2x + 4 (may be seen later) A1
evidence of setting second derivative = 0 (M1)
eg 2x + 4 = 0
x=−2 A1 N2
METHOD 2
evidence of use of symmetry (M1)
eg midpoint of max/min, reference to shape of cubic
correct calculation A1
− 5 +1
eg ,
2
x=−2 A1 N2
(d) attempting to find the value of the derivative when x = 3 (M1)
f ′(3) = 16 A1
valid approach to finding the equation of a line M1
eg y − 12 = 16(x − 3), 12 = 16 × 3 + b
y = 16x − 36 A1 N2
[14]

10. (a) f ′ (x) = 2xe−x − x2e−x (= (2x − x2)e−x = x (2 − x)e−x) A1A1 N2

(b) Maximum occurs at x = 2 (A1)
Exact maximum value = 4e−2 A1 N2
 4 ± 16 − 8 
(c)

( )
For inflexion, f ″(x) = 0  x 2 − 4 x + 2 = 0 , x =
2
, etc.

M1
 

x=
4+ 8
2
(
=2+ 2 ) A1 N1
[6]
5 3
11. (a) (i) x=– (ii) y = (A1)(A1) 2
2 2
(b) By quotient rule (M1)
dy (2 x + 5)(3) − (3x − 2)(2) 19
= = (A1)(A1) 3
dx (2 x + 5) 2
( 2 x + 5) 2
(c) There are no points of inflexion. (A1) 1
[6]

2
12.
y

(1, 2)
2

0 x
–2 –1 1 2

–1
(0, –1)

–2

A1A1A1A1A1A1 N6
Notes: On interval [− 2,0], award A1 for decreasing, A1 for concave up.
On interval [0,1], award A1 for increasing, A1 for concave up.
On interval [1,2], award A1 for change of concavity, A1for concave down.
[6]
13. (a) x=1 (A1) 1
(b) Using quotient rule (M1)
( x − 1) 2 (1) − ( x − 2)[2( x − 1)]
Substituting correctly g′(x) = A1
( x − 1) 4
( x − 1) − (2 x − 4)
= = 3 − x 3 (Accept a = 3, n = 3) (A1)A1 4
( x − 1) 3
( x − 1)
(c) Recognizing at point of inflexion g″(x) = 0 M1
x=4 A1
Finding corresponding y-value = 2 = 0.222 ie P  4, 2  A1 3
9  9
[8]
14. (a) x=1 (A1)
EITHER The gradient of g ( x) goes from positive to negative (R1)
OR g ( x) goes from increasing to decreasing (R1)
OR when x = 1, g ′′( x ) is negative (R1) 2
(b) −3 < x < −2 and 1 < x < 3 (A1)
g ′( x ) is negative (R1) 2
1
(c) x=− (A1)
2
g ′′( x ) changes from positive to negative OR concavity changes (R1) 2
(d)

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3

(A3) 3
[9]

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 OPTIMISATION
A. Practice Questions

15. (a) D = ( x − 5) 2 + (2 x) 2 = x 2 − 10 x + 25 + 4 x 2 = 5 x 2 − 10 x + 25
dD 1 5x − 5
(b) = (10 x − 10) =
dx 2 5 x 2 − 10 x + 25 5 x 2 − 10 x + 25
dD
(c) = 0 ⇔ x = 1 (using table of signs we easily see it gives a min)
dx
P(1,2) and the minimum distance is D = 20

16. METHOD 1
Let S = AP2 = (x – 2)2 + (x2 + 1 2
2
). (M1)
The graph of S is as follows:
S

41/4

x
0 1 2
The minimum value of S is 2.6686. (G3)
Therefore the minimum distance = 2.6686 = 1.63 (3 s.f.) (A2)
OR
The minimum point is (0.682, 1.63) (G3)
The minimum distance is 1.63 (3 s.f.) (G2) (C6)
METHOD 2
Let S = AP2 = (x – 2)2 + (x2 + 12 )2. (M1)
dS
= 2(x – 2) + 4x(x2 + 12 ) = 4(x3 + x2 + 1) (A2)
dx
Solving x3 + x – 1 = 0 gives x = 0.68233 (G2)
Therefore, minimum distance = (0.68233 − 2) + (0.68233 + 0.5) = 1.63 (A1) (C6)
2 2 2

[6]
17. (only guidelines and the final answers)
4a − 2x
Let us call x one side of the rectangle. The other side will be y = = 2a − x
2
Then the area is given by A = x (2a − x) = 2ax − x 2
(a) It is the square of side x = a and the maximum area is A = a 2
(b) The domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 2a . At the endpoints of x, that is for x = 0 or x = 2a , the area is 0.

18. (only guidelines and the final answers)

a2
Let us call x the length of the rectangle. The other side will be y = .
x
2a 2
Then the perimeter is given by P = 2x +
x
(a) It is the square of side x = a and the minimum perimeter is P = 4a
(b) The domain is x > 0 . There is no maximum perimeter (it can be as large as possible!)

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19. (only guidelines)
(a) y = 50 − x 2
3

(b) V = x + (50− x ) . By using derivatives we find a minimum point at x=5

3 2 2

That is two similar squares of total volume 250.

(c) The maximum total volume is obtained when one of the squares does not exist,
that is when x = 0 (or x = 50 and the total volume is V = ( 50)3 = 50 50 ≅ 354
20.

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

21. METHOD 1
l + 2w = 60 (M1)
l = 60 − 2w (A1)
A = w(60 − 2w) (= 60w − 2w2) (A1)
dA
= 60 − 4w (A1)
dw
dA
Using =0 (60 − 4w = 0) (M1)
dw
w = 15 (A1) (C6)

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 METHOD 2
w + 2l = 60 (A1)
w = 60 − 2l (A1)
A = l(60 − 2l) (= 60l − 2l2) (A1)
dA
= 60 − 4l (A1)
dl
dA
Using =0 (60 − 4l = 0) (M1)
dl
l = 15
w = 30 (A1) (C6)
[6]
Modification of the problem
Let x = width (AD=BC) and y = length (DC)
xy = 450 ⇒ y = 450/x
The length of the fence is L = 2x+y = 2x + 450/x
dL/dx = 2 – 450/x2
dL/dx = 0 ⇔ x2 = 225 ⇔ x = 15
Therefore, x = 15, y = 30 and the minimum fence length is L = 60 m

GRAPHS
A. Practice Questions
22.

6
B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

23.
Function Derivative diagram
f1 (d) (AG)
f2 (e) (A2)
f3 (b) (A2)
f4 (a) (A2)
(C6)
[6]
24.
Graph Diagram
(a) f′ (x) I
(b) f ″ (x) IV
A3 A3 N3N3
[6]
25. (a)
y

p q r x

A1A1 N2
Note: Award A1 for negative gradient, A1 for x- intercept of q. It need not be linear.
(b)
x - coordinate
(i) Maximum point on f r
(i) Inflexion point on f q
A1A1 N2
(c) METHOD 1
Second derivative is zero, second derivative changes sign. R1R1 N2
METHOD 2
There is a maximum on the graph of the first derivative. R2 N2
[6]
26.
y

(A2)(A1)(A1)(A2) (C6)
Note: Award A2 for correct shape (approximately parabolic), A1 A1 for intercepts at 0
and 4, A2 for minimum between x = 1.5 and x = 2.5.
[6]

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27. (a) x=4 g″ changes sign at x = 4 or concavity changes (A1)(R1) 2
(b) x=2 (A1)
EITHER g′ goes from negative to positive OR g′ (2) = 0 and g″ (2) is positive (R1) 2
(c)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P

M
(A2)(A1)(A1) 4
Note: Award (A2) for a cubic curve through (4,0), (A1) for M at x=2, (A1) for P at (4,0).
[8]

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

28. (a) y = e2x cos x

dy
= e2x (–sin x) + cos x (2e2x) (A1)(M1)
dx
= e2x (2 cos x – sin x) (AG) 2
d2 y
(b) 2
= 2e2x (2 cos x – sin x) + e2x (–2 sin x – cos x) (A1)(A1)
dx
= e2x (4 cos x – 2 sin x – 2 sin x – cos x) (A1)
= e2x (3 cos x – 4 sin x) (A1) 4
d2 y
(c) (i) At P, =0 (R1)
dx 2
⇒ 3 cos x = 4 sin x (M1)
3
⇒ tan x =
4
3
At P, x = a, ie tan a = (A1)
4
(ii) The gradient at any point e2x (2 cos x – sin x) (M1)
Therefore, the gradient at P = e2a (2 cos a – sin a)
3 4 3
When tan a = , cos a = , sin a = (A1)(A1)
4 5 5
(by drawing a right triangle, or by calculator)
8 3
Therefore, the gradient at P = e2a  −  (A1)
5 5
2a
=e (A1) 8
[14]

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29. (a) (i) Vertical asymptote x = –l (ii) Horizontal asymptote y = 0 (A1) (A1)
(iii)

4
y
2

–3 –2 –1 0 1 x 2 3

–2

(A1)(A1)
Note: Award (A1) for each branch.
4
2
– 6x
(b) (i) f ' (x) =
(1 + x )
3 2

f '' (x) =
(1 + x ) (– 12 x ) + 6 x (2)(1 + x ) (3x )
3 2 2 3 1 2
(M1)
(1 + x ) 3 4

=
(1 + x )(– 12 x ) + 36 x
3 4
(A1)
(1 + x ) 3 3

– 12 – 12 x + 36 x4
12 x (2 x – 1)
4 3
= = (A1) (AG)
(1 + x ) 3 3
(1 + x ) 3 3

(ii) Point of inflexion => f " (x) = 0 (M1)

1
=> x = 0 or x = 3
2
x = 0 or x = 0.794 (3 sf) (A1)(A1)
OR
x = 0, x = 0.794 (G1)(G2) 6
[10]
30. (a) x=1 (A1) 1
(b) (i) f (–1000) = 2.01 (ii) y = 2 (A1)(A1) 2
( x − 1) 2 ( 4 x − 13) − 2( x − 1)(2 x 2 − 13 x + 20)
(c) f ′(x) = (A1)(A1)
( x − 1) 4
( 4 x 2 − 17 x + 13) − ( 4 x 2 − 26 x + 40) 9 x − 27
= = (A1) (AG) 3
( x − 1) 3
( x − 1) 3

(d) f ′(3) = 0 ⇒ stationary (or turning) point (R1)

18
f ″(3) = > 0 ⇒ minimum (R1) 2
16
(e) Point of inflexion ⇒ f ″(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 4 (A1)
x=4⇒y=0 ⇒ Point of inflexion = (4, 0) (A1)
OR
Point of inflexion = (4, 0) (G2) 2
[10]

9
31. (a)
y

Q
1
P
R

x
1 2 3

A1A1A1 N3
Note: Award A1 for the shape of the curve, A1 for correct domain,
A1 for labelling both points P and Q in approximately correct positions.
(b) (i) Correctly finding derivative of 2x + 1 ie 2 (A1)
Correctly finding derivative of e−x ie −e−x (A1)
Evidence of using the product rule (M1)
f ′ (x) = 2e−x + (2x + 1)(−e−x) A1
= (1 − 2x)e−x AG N0
(ii) At Q, f ′(x) = 0 (M1)
x = 0.5, y = 2e−0.5 A1A1
Q is (0.5, 2e−0.5) N3
(c) 1 ≤ k < 2e−0.5 A2 N2
(d) Using f ″ (x) = 0 at the point of inflexion M1
e−x (−3 + 2x) = 0 This equation has only one root. R1
So f has only one point of inflexion. AG N0
[14]
32. (a) evidence of using the product rule M1
f ′(x) = ex(1 − x2) + ex(−2x) A1A1
Note: Award A1 for e (1− x ), A1 for e (−2x).
x 2 x

f ′(x) = ex(1 − 2x −x2) AG N0

(b) y=0 A1 N1
(c) at the local maximum or minimum point
f′ (x) = 0 (ex(1 − 2x − x2) = 0) (M1)
⇒ 1 − 2x − x2 = 0 (M1)
r = −2.41 s = 0.414 A1A1 N2N2
(d) f′ (0) = 1 A1
gradient of the normal = −1 A1
evidence of substituting into an equation for a straight line (M1)
correct substitution A1
eg y − 1 = −1(x − 0), y − 1 = −x, y = −x + 1
x+y=1 AG N0
(e) (i) intersection points at (0,1) and (1,0) A1A1
[14]

10
  1 
x× × 2  − (ln 2 x × 1)
1 − ln 2 x
f ′(x) =  
2 x
33. (a) (i) = (M1)(M1) (AG)
x 2
x2
(ii) f ′(x) = 0 for max/min. (R1)
1 − ln 2 x e
2
= 0 only at 1 point, when x = (R1)
x 2
Note: Award no marks if the reason given is of the sort “by
looking at the graph”.
(iii) Maximum point when f ′(x) = 0.
e
f ′(x) = 0 for x = (= 1.36) (A1)
2
e 2
y=f   = (= 0.736) (A1) 6
2 e
1
− × 2 × x 2 − (1 − ln 2 x)2 x
(b) f ″(x) = 2 x (M1)(M1)
x4
2 ln 2 x − 3
= (AG)
x3
Inflexion point ⇒ f ″(x) = 0 (M1)
⇒ 2ln 2x = 3 (M1)
e 1.5
x= (= 2.24) (A1) 6
2
[12]

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