COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936

ND II STREAM A

QUESTIONS

Q1) Using a Flowchart show a program that can be use to take for the
shortest guy in ND2.

Q2) Write an Algorithm to find the tallest in Computer Science ND2.

Q3) Tokens are use for what in C language, Give an example.

Q4) Write a program in C language using String Constant.

Q5) In a Tabular form, Show the difference between the following Primary
and Secondary storage.

Q6) In a Tabular form, Show the difference between,

i. Cache and primary memory.

ii. Optical and Secondary memory.

Q7) Explain the difference between Symbolic and Assembly language.

Q8) Explain with Diagram Compilation Model.

Q9) In assembly language write a program to add (2+3+4+5)-(5+6+7+8)

Q10) List and explain 5 special symbols in C program with examples

1
 COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

Q1) USING A FLOWCHART SHOW A PROGRAM THAT CAN BE USE

TO TAKE FOR THE SHORTEST GUY IN NDII

Start

declare a, b,c as shortest in

Nd2.

read a b,c

If a < b
NO YES

NO
If b < c YES NO If a < c YES

c is shortest b is shortest a is shortest

Stop

2
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

Q2) WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO FIND THE TALLEST IN COMPUTER

SCIENCE NDII

STEP1: START

STEP2: declare a, b, c as tallest in NDII.

STEP3: read a, b, c from the user.

STEP4: if (a > b and a > c ) Then

STEP5: Print “ a is tallest “

STEP6: Elseif(b>a) Then

STEP7: Print “ b is a tallest “

STEP8: Else

STEP9:Print “c is a tallest “

STEP10: End if

STEP11: STOP

Q3) TOKENS ARE USE FOR WHAT IN C LANGUAGE, GIVE AN

EXAMPLE.

Tokens are the smallest element of a program, which are meaningful to

the compiler. The compiler breaks a program into the smallest units is
called tokens and these tokens proceed to the different stages of
compilation. The following are the type of tokens: Keywords, Identifier,
Constant, Strings, Operators, e.t.c.

3
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

C TOKEN WITH THEIR EXAMPLE

o Keywords in C (e.g: int, while),

o Identifiers in C (e.g: main, total ),
o Strings in C (eg: “total”, “hello”),
o Operators in C (eg: +, /, -, *)
o Constant in C (eg: 5, 10)
o Special Characters in C (eg: (), {}),

Q4) WRITE A PROGRAM IN C LANGUAGE USING STRING

CONSTANT.

#include<stdio.h>

Int main()

const char ab[]=(“Am by name nabila”);

Printf(“%25s”,ab);

Q5) IN A TABULAR FORM, SHOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

FOLLOWING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

S/N PRIMARY MEMORY SECOND MEMORY

1 It is also known as Main
It is also known as Permanent and
Memory and Internal
External Memory.
Memory.
2 Primary memory is directly Secondary memory is not directly
4
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

accessible by Processor/CPU. accessible by the CPU.

3 Limited capacity Extensible capacity

4 primary memories are Secondary memories are optical and

semiconductor magnetic memories
memoris
5 Primary memory is also Secondary memory is also known as
known as Main Memory or External memory or Auxiliary
Internal memory. memory.

Q6) IN A TABULAR FORM, SHOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN,

i. CACHE AND PRIMARY MEMORY.

ii. OPTICAL AND SECONDARY MEMORY.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CACHE MEMORY AND PRIMARY

MEMORY

S/ CACHE MEMORY PRIMARY MEMORY

N
1 Comparatively closer Comparatively far

2 Comparatively fast Comparatively slow

3 Located on the processor It is a part of the hard drive (secondary

itself storage)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPTICAL MEMORY AND PRIMARY

MEMORY

S/N OPTICAL MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY

5
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

1 Optical memory is temporary Secondary Memory is permanent

memory
2 Optical memory is an electronic
storage medium that uses laser
beams to store and retrieve data
3 Require additional drivers to
function
memory
Secondary memory refers to
various storage media on which a
computer can store data and
programs.
Does not require additional drivers.

Q7) EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYMBOLIC AND

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Symbolic Language- A symbolic language is a language that uses

characters or symbols to represent concepts, such as mathematical
operation and the entities (or operands) on which these operations are
performed. Some programming languages (suchas Lisp and Mathematical)
make it easy to represent higher-level abstractions as expressions in the
language, enabling  symbolic programming

While

Assembly language- An assembly language is a low level language.

Assembly language use numbers, symbols, and abbreviation instead of 0
and 1s. For example; for addition, subtraction, multiplications, it uses
symbols likes Add, sub and mul e.t.c. It gives instructions to the processors
for different tasks. It is specific for any processor. the assembly language is
close to a machine language but has a simpler language and code.

6
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

Q8) EXPLAIN WITH DIAGRAM COMPILATION MODEL.

Compilation Model. - The compilation is a process of converting the

source code into object code. It is done with the help of the compiler. The
compiler checks the source code for the syntactical or structural errors,
and if the source code is error-free, then it generates the object code.
Compilation process converts the source code taken as input into the
object code or machine code. The compilation process can be divided into
four steps, i.e., Pre-processing, Compiling, Assembling, and Linking.

Preprocessor

A preprocessor, generally considered as a part of compiler, is a tool that

produces input for compilers. It deals with macro-processing,
augmentation, file inclusion, language extension, etc..

7
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

Compiler

The code which is expanded by the preprocessor is passed to the

compiler. The compiler converts this code into assembly code. Or we can
say that the C compiler converts the pre-processed code into assembly
code.

Assembler

The assembly code is converted into object code by using an assembler.

The name of the object file generated by the assembler is the same as the
source file. The extension of the object file in DOS is '.obj,' and in UNIX,
the extension is 'o'. If the name of the source file is 'hello.c', then the
name of the object file would be 'hello.obj'.

Linker

Linker is a computer program that links and merges various object files
together in order to make an executable file. All these files might have
been compiled by separate assemblers. The major task of a linker is to
search and locate referenced module/routines in a program and to
determine the memory location where these codes will be loaded, making
the program instruction to have absolute references.

Q9) IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE WRITE A PROGRAM TO ADD

(2+3+4+5)-(5+6+7+8)

PUSH 2,I

8
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

PUSH 3,J

PUSH 4,K

PUSH 5,L

PUSH H

ADD I,J,K,L

PRINT H

PUSH 5,M

PUSH 6,N

PUSH 7,O

PUSH 8,P

PUSH Q

ADD M,N,O,P

PRINT Q

PUSH H

PUSH Q

PUSH R

SUB Q,F

PRINT R

Q10) LIST AND EXPLAIN 5 SPECIAL SYMBOLS IN C PROGRAM

WITH EXAMPLES

 Parentheses()

9
COM 212INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROGRAMMING 19/130936
ND II STREAM A

 Assignment operator(=)
 Braces{}
 Pre-processor (#)
 Semicolon(;)

 Parentheses()-These special symbols are used for function calls

and function parameters.
 Assignment operator(=) − It is used for assigning values.
 Braces{} − Opening and closing of curly braces indicates the start
and end of a block of code which contains more than one executable
statement.
 Pre-processor (#) − The pre-processor called as a macro
processor is used by the compiler to transform your program before
the actual compilation starts. E.g

#include <stdio.h>

 Semicolon(;) − It is called as a statement terminator that indicates

the end of one logical entity. That is the reason each individual
statement must be ended with a semicolon.

10