Supplementary Figure S1.

Phylogenetic Tree with frequency distribution of

E haplogroups in Eritreans (this study) and populations from Africa, Middle

East and Europe obtained from previous published works. Abbreviations for

population names are as given in supplementary Table S1. (Eritrean

populations) AFA, BIL, HID, KUN, NAR, SAH, TGR, TIG; (Sudanese

populations) DIN, SHI, NUE, BOR, NUB, MAS, FUR, NUBN, FUL, HAS,

COP, BEJ, GAA, MES, ARA; (Ethiopian populations) AMH, EJEW, ORO;

SEN, MAR, MBE, YEM, SAR, OMA, SOM, EGY, TUR, SHW, ALG, TUN,

MAL, BFAS, BSA, KSA, (Italian populations) INC, IC1, IC2, IAP, ISI, ISR,

SBAS. N=total number of samples analyzed; E=total number of chromosomes

positive for E haplogroup. Y chromosomes from Eritrea (this study) and

Sudan23 genotyped for E-M78 sub-haplogroups were retracted back to the E-

M78 level during all the analyses.

Supplementary Figure S2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot

generated using PAST program by employing FST values from Arlequin 3.11.

Components 1 and 2 represent 61% and 22% of the variations, respectively.

Populations’ descriptions are given in supplementary Table S1.

1
 Tables

Table 1. Summary of AMOVA analysis. The grouping of populations in their

linguistic and geographical location was done as discussed in the text.

Source of variations category % Fixation indices (p

Groups Geography 18.73
variation FSC:0.35259
value) values)(0.00000)
linguistic 25.89 FSC: 0.26488 (0.00000)
Populations within Geography 28.66 FST :0.47383 (0.00000)

groups Linguistic 19.63 FST: 0.45523 (0.00000)

Geography 52.62 FCT: 0.18728 (0.00000)
Among populations linguistic 54.48 FCT: 0.25873 (0.00000)

2
Supplementary Table S1. Linguistic affiliation and life style of populations

involved in the analysis. Abbreviations used throughout the analysis are given

in brackets.

present or past Linguistic affiliatione

Populations
Family Level
history
Afar (AFA) Nomadic Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
Bilen (BIL) Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
Hidarb Nomadic Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
Kunama Pastoralists Nilo-saharan eastern Sudanic
(HID)
Nara (NAR) Nomadic Pastoralists Nilo-saharan eastern Sudanic
(KUN)
Rashaida Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
Saho (SAH) Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
Tigre Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
Tigrigna Agriculturalists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(TGR)
Dinka Pastoralists Nilo-saharan Eastern Sudanic
(TIG)
Shilluk Agro-Pastoralists Nilo-saharan Eastern Sudanic
(DIN)
Nuer (NUE) Pastoralsists Nilo-saharan Eastern Sudanic
(SHI)
Borgu Agriculturalists Nilo-saharan Maban
Nuba Agro-Pastoralists Nilo- Eastern
(BOR)
Masalit Agro-pastoralists Nilo-saharan Maban
(NUB) saharan+kordofonia Sudanic+kordofonia
Fur (FUR) Agriculturalists Nilo-saharan Fur
(MAS)
Nubians Agriculturalists Nilo-saharan Eastern Sudanic
Fulani Nomadic Pastoralists Niger-Congo Atlantic
(BUBN)
Hausa Agriculturalists Afro-asiatic Chadic
(FUL)
Copts Agriculturalists Afro-asiatic Egyptian
(HAS)
Beja (BEJ) Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
(COP)
Gaalien Agriculturalists Afro-asiatic Semitic

(GAA)

3
Meseria Nomadic Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
Arakien Agriculturalists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(MES)
Amhara Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(ARA)
Ethiopia Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(AMH)
Oromo Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Omotic
Jews
Senegal Pastoralists Niger-Kordofian Atlantic
(ORO)
Morocco Pastoralists Afro-asiatic semitic
(SEN)
Morocco Nomadic-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Berber
Arabs
Yemen Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
Berbers
Saudi Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(YEM)
Oman Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
Arabia
Somalia Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Cushitic
(OMA)
Egypt Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(SOM)
Turkey Agro-pastoralists Ughuz Ural-Altaic
(Arabs)
Saharawi Pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(TUR)
Algeria Pastoralist Afro-asiatic Semitic
(SHW)
Tunisia Agro-pastoralists Afro-asiatic Semitic
(ALG)
Mali (MAL) Pastoralists Niger-Congo Mande
(TUN)
Burkina Pastoralists Niger-Congo Sudanic
Bantu Agriculturalists Niger-Congo Bantu
Faso
Khoisan Hunther-gatherers Khoisan Khoisan
(South
Italia North Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
(South
Italia Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
Center
Italia Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
Central1
Italian Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
Central2
Italian Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
Appelia
Italian Agro-Pastoralists Indo-European Italic
Sicily (ISI)
Spanish Agro-Pastoralists Basque Basque
Sardinia
e
classification according to www.ethnologue.com
Basque