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Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 268–277

Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering

Traction
Traction characteristics
characteristics for for the
the components
components of of aa composite
composite sandwich
sandwich
used to
Manufacturing Engineering build
used to build
Society high-rigidity
International circular
high-rigidity circular plates
Conference 2017,plates
MESIC 2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a a, b a
Călin
Călin Itu
Itua,, Maria
Maria Luminița
Luminița Scutaru
Scutarua, *,
*, Arina
Arina Modrea
Modreab,, Mircea
Mircea Mihălcică
Mihălcicăa
Costing modelsTransylvania
for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
0F

0F

a
University of Brașov, B-dul Eroilor no 29, 50036 Brașov, România
a
Transylvania University of Brașov, B-dul Eroilor no 29, 50036 Brașov, România
between used capacity and operational efficiency
b”
Petru Maior” University of Târgu Mureș, N. Iorga st, No. 1, Târgu Mureș, Romania
b”
Petru Maior” University of Târgu Mureș, N. Iorga st, No. 1, Târgu Mureș, Romania

A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb

Abstract
Abstract a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
The paper aims to experimentally determine b
the mechanical
Unochapecó, 89809-000properties ofBrazil
Chapecó, SC, sandwich composite components used in the
The paper aims to experimentally determine the mechanical properties of sandwich composite components used in the
manufacture of high rigidity circular plates. The solution chosen for making this sandwich is determined by constructive
manufacture of high rigidity circular plates. The solution chosen for making this sandwich is determined by constructive
considerations. The materials used are traction tested to determine their properties. The test results are presented in the paper and
considerations. The materials used are traction tested to determine their properties. The test results are presented in the paper and
can be used in the analysis of similar systems, manufactured with the same composite components.
can be used in the analysis of similar systems, manufactured with the same composite components.
Abstract
© 2018The
2019 TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Publishedby
byElsevier
ElsevierLtd.
Ltd.
© 2018The
Under Authors.
theopen
concept Published by Elsevier Ltd.
of "Industry
This is an access article under the4.0", productionlicense
CC BY-NC-ND processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected,
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an
information open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensemuch
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and based on a real
peer-review undertime basis and,ofnecessarily,
responsibility the 12th International more efficient.
Conference In this context,
Interdisciplinarity capacity optimization
in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
Indeed,
Keywords:lean management
composite andsandwich;
materials; panel; continuous
traction;improvement
test
Keywords: composite materials; panel; sandwich; traction; test
approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of
maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves
contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
1. Introduction
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
1. Introduction
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
In engineering
value. The trade-off practice,
capacitymany cases are encountered
maximization vs operational in efficiency
which plates of different and
is highlighted shapes
it isand sizesthat
shown which have
capacity
In engineering practice, many cases are encountered in which plates of different shapes and sizes which have
increased
optimization rigidity are
might hide required
operational [1]. If we also have to follow the condition that these materials should be
increased rigidity are required [1].inefficiency.
If we also have to follow the condition that these materials should be
manufactured
© very
2017 The Authors. easily and also have a low price, sandwich composites are immediately recommended for these
manufactured very Published
easily andbyalsoElsevier
haveB.V.a low price, sandwich composites are immediately recommended for these
applicationsunder
Peer-review [2],[7],[13],[17].
responsibility ofThe
the paper will
scientific study materials
committee forming aEngineering
of the Manufacturing sandwich composite panel used for the
applications [2],[7],[13],[17]. The paper will study materials forming a sandwich Society International
composite Conference
panel used for the
production of high-rigidity circular plates (Fig.1) [16],[19],[20].
2017.
production of high-rigidity circular plates (Fig.1) [16],[19],[20].
Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40 723242735.
* The
Corresponding
cost author.
of idle Tel.: +40
capacity is723242735.
a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: lscutaru@unitbv.ro
E-mail address: lscutaru@unitbv.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several 2018The
2351-9789© ways: tons of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd. hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789© 2018The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an Afonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.:article under
+351 253 510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC fax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.213
 Călin Itu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 268–277 269
2 Itu, Scutaru, Modrea & Mihalcica / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

View from the top of the plate Bottom view of the plate

Fig. 1. (a) View from the top plate; (b) Bottom view of the plate

In Fig. 2 the layout of sandwich structure layers of the composite sheet is schematically shown. Based on this
scheme, the results from the finite element analysis for each layer of material in the structure will be presented. A
more complex analysis of such materials can be made using the results [8]-[11].
As can be seen in the figure, the plate was divided into four areas, as follows:
• area A is the area of the side of the plate
• area B is the horizontal zone of the plate where there is an OSB layer
• area C is the area of the plate gripping handles

Fig. 2. The layout scheme of the sandwich structure of the sheet

In the section M-M, the layers of material of the layered composite have been numbered from the lowest layer to
the one located at the top of the plate. Table 1 shows the materials by layers and the thickness of each layer.

Table 1. The thickness of layers in the composite plate

Layer no Material Thickness (mm)
1 MAT 450 2
2 Chopped glass fiber with resin 2
3 OSB 10
4 Chopped glass fiber with resin 2
5 MAT 450 2
Figure 3 shows the layout of the layers of material in a three-dimensional view, for zone B (in Fig. 2).
270 Călin Itu
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Fig. 3. Laying layers in the layered composite plate (Area B)

2. Description of the materials used to make the layered composite plate

The structure used to manufacture the composite panel consists of the following layers of composite
materials: OSB (layer thickness of 10 mm), MAT 450 (layer thickness of 2 mm) and chopped glass fiber with resin
(thickness of 2 mm), ordered as in Fig.4.

Fig. 4. Layout of materials in the structure of the layered composite plate

For all the materials of this composite, experimental traction tests were performed in order to ultimately assess
the overall performance of the structure at different external loads [18],[21]-[27]. The tests on standardized
specimens made of materials used in the composite plate will be described in detail below.

3. Traction testing of composite materials used in the structure of the composite plate

The traction test of composite materials consists of applying a progressive stretching force on the longitudinal
axis, until the specimen breaks. The dependence between normal stresses and specific deformations that are the
effect of axial stress on the specimen represents the characteristic curve of the traction test. The purpose of the
traction tests performed on the specimens is to determine the mechanical characteristics of the specimen’s material
[3]-[6],[12],[15]. The traction tests for composite materials in the layered plate structure were performed according
to STAS SR EN ISO 527-4: 2000.
The type of specimens used in the mechanical traction tests were (Fig.5, Fig.6):
• dumbbell type test specimen for the MAT 450
• rectangular type specimen with ribbed trays for testing the composite material made of chopped fiber with resin.
4 Itu, Scutaru, Modrea &Itu
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L0 - the reference length where the extensometer is

applied
L1 - the length of the narrow parallel part
L3 – the total length of specimen
b1 - the width of the narrow part
b2 - the width at the ends
h – the thickness

Fig. 5. Dumbbell type test specimen

L0 - the reference length where the extensometer is

applied
L1 - the length of the narrow parallel part
L3 – the total length of specimen
b1 - the width of the narrow part
b2 - the width at the ends
h – the thickness

Fig. 6. Rectangular test specimen

In the traction tests, the number of test specimens tested in a batch is at least five. In the study, the number of
specimens analyzed for each material was ten, in order to increase the accuracy of the resulting mean value for the
parameter which is to be determined (e.g. traction resistance, modulus of elasticity, specific deformation)[14].
The stress values are calculated based on the area of the initial cross section of the specimen:
σ =F A (1)
σ – the stress value (MPa)
F – the measured force (N)
A – the area of the initial cross section of the specimen (mm2)

The specific deformations are calculated based on the reference length of the specimen:
ε = ∆L0 L0 (2)
ε - the value of the considered deformation, dimensional ratio (%)
∆L0 – the increase in the length of the specimen between the reference marks (mm)

The modulus of elasticity is calculated on the basis of two predetermined values and resulted from the
deformation of the specimen:

Et =
(σ 2 − σ1 )
(3)
(ε 2 − ε1 )
Et – the modulus of elasticity for traction (MPa)
σ1 – the stress measured at the deformation value ε1,

4. The traction characteristics obtained on the materials in the composite plate structure

As previously stated, the tests on the MAT 450 material were performed on standardized specimens, respecting
the current norms regarding specimen loading rate. Ten samples were used in order to determine the mechanical
properties of the specimens. The standard used for experimental tests: STAS SR EN ISO 527-4: 2000. The machine
used in the experimental tests: LLYOD LS 100 (maximum load - 100 kN) (Fig.7a).
272 Călin Itu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 268–277
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4.1. Traction characteristics obtained on the MAT 450 material

a b

Fig. 7. a) The traction test stand; b) The MAT 450 test specimens used in the traction test

In Table 2, the geometric dimensions of the specimens (Fig. 7b) used in the traction tests: are presented:
The mechanical characteristics obtained for the ten samples are given in Table 3 and are graphically presented in
Figs. 8-10.
Table 2. The geometric dimensions of the MAT450 specimens
Length (L0) Width (b1) Thickness (h) Section area
Specimen no Mm mm2
1 60 10 3.54 35.40
2 60 9.84 3.6 35.42
3 60 9.81 3.32 32.57
4 60 9.89 3.65 36.10
5 60 10.29 3.38 34.78
6 60 10.06 3.44 34.61
7 60 9.92 3.35 33.23
8 60 10.18 3.23 32.88
9 60 9.67 3.53 34.14
10 60 9.85 3.45 33.98

Fig. 8. The Force-Displacement characteristics for specimens a) (1 - 5) and b) (6-10) made of MAT 450
 Călin Itu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 268–277 273
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Table 3. The geometric dimensions of the MAT450 specimens

Specimen no Elasticity modulus (MPa) Tear force (N) Tear stress (MPa) Strain at tear (%)

1 9404.346 4230.249 119.499 1.5980

2 9686.731 4296.089 121.276 1.5633
3 9429.862 3702.013 113.666 1.5127
4 8937.067 4130.717 114.429 1.5047
5 8386.396 4139.135 119.008 1.6349
6 9161.784 3822.268 110.450 1.4839
7 9663.189 3818.106 114.892 1.5155
8 9789.010 4010.391 121.965 1.4442
9 10265.011 3959.095 115.983 1.4833
10 8970.678 3375.161 99.321 1.4371
Mean Value 9369.41 3961.71 115.44 1.51
Standard Deviation (STDV) 529.71 266.45 6.26 0.08
STDV/ Mean Value 0.07 0.057 0.042

Fig. 9. The Stress-Strain characteristics for specimens a) (1 - 5) and b) (6-10) made of MAT 450

Fig. 10. The Stress – Strain characteristic obtained by averaging the values obtained for all MAT 450 specimens tested at traction
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4.2. Traction characteristics obtained on composite material of chopped fiber with resin

The traction tests for the composite material samples made of resin and chopped fiber were performed under
conditions similar to those performed on the MAT 450 specimens (Fig.11 a,b). Since this material is much frailer
than MAT 450, the specimens used in the tests were rectangular with trays glued on both ends.

Fig. 11. a) The composite specimens consisting of chopped fiber with resin used for traction testing; b) Sample resulting from the traction test

As with the tests performed on MAT 450 specimens, the loading rate used on the chopped fiber with resin
specimens was 1.5 mm / min. The standard used for experimental tests: STAS SR EN ISO 527-4: 2000. The
machine used in experimental tests: LLYOD LS 100 (maximum load - 100 kN).
The geometrical dimensions of the specimens used in the traction tests are presented in Table 4; Table 5 shows
the mechanical characteristics obtained on the chopped fiberglass and resin specimens (FTR) after the traction tests.
Table 4. The geometric dimensions of the chopped fiberglass and resin specimens
Specimen no Length (L0) (mm) Width (b1) (mm) Thickness (h) (mm) Section area (mm2)
1 100 20 6.5 130
2 100 19.68 6.61 130.0881
3 100 19.62 6.1 119.6044
4 100 19.78 6.7 132.5651
5 100 20.58 6.20 127.7239
6 100 20.12 6.32 127.0856
7 100 19.84 6.15 122.0384
8 100 20.36 5.93 120.7509
9 100 19.34 6.48 125.3549
10 100 19.7 6.34 124.7945

Table 5 - Mechanical characteristics obtained from mechanical traction tests

Specimen no Elasticity modulus (MPa) Tear Force (N) Tear stress (MPa) Strain at tear (%)
1 1420.79 2481.44 19.09 1.721
2 1502.89 1962.35 15.10 1.208
3 1515.97 2164.35 16.65 1.448
4 1419.63 2325.13 17.89 2.080
5 1435.54 2623.97 20.18 2.287
6 1400.77 2184.88 16.81 1.634
7 1420.63 1919.43 14.76 1.538
8 1353.31 2120.90 16.31 2.075
9 1394.77 1719.34 13.23 1.309
10 1419.92 2622.23 20.17 2.267
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Mean Value 1428.42 2212.40 17.02 1.76

Standard Deviation (STDV) 48.38 302.83 2.33 0.4
STDV/ Mean Value 0.137 0.137 0.225

The mechanical characteristics obtained for the ten samples made from FTR are shown in Figures 12-14.

Figure 12 - The Force-Displacement characteristics for specimens (1 - 5) and (6-10) made of FTR

Fig. 13. The Stress-Strain characteristics for specimens a) (1 - 5) and b) (6-10) made of FTR

Fig. 14. The Stress – Strain characteristic obtained by averaging the values obtained for all FTR (chopped fiber with resin) specimens tested at
traction
276 Călin Itu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 268–277
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Based on the traction tests performed on the two types of specimens, we can conclude that the higher stiffness at
traction in the composite material is given by MAT 450, having a much higher elastic modulus (9370 MPa) in
comparison with the one of the material made from chopped glass fiber and resin FTR (1428 MPa).
The tear strain was taken into consideration in order to make a comparison between the two composite materials
tested at traction, because the values obtained had a comparable order of magnitude. This is shown graphically in
Fig. 15.

Fig. 15. The results of the tear deformations obtained for the ten MAT 450 and chopped fiber with resin (FTR) specimens

From a statistical point of view, the ratio between STDV (Standard Deviation) and the average value of samples
is taken into account as a criterion of appreciation. The smaller the ratio, the better the results of the measurements
of all the samples placed in a graph (less scatter). The value of the STDV parameter for a finite number of values
can be found using:
1 N
STDV =
1 N
N i =1
( )
⋅ ∑ xi − N , N = ⋅ ∑ xi
N i =1
(4)

As can be seen from Figure 6.20, the glass fiber composite material has a higher degree of spreading than the
MAT 450 (this can also be seen from Table 3 and Table 5) on the basis of the STDV / Mean Value ratio. For the
MAT 450 we have a STDV / Mean Value ratio of 0.042, while the STDV / Mean Value ratio for the chopped fiber
with resin is 0.225
Considering the above, we can say that, for traction, the chopped glass fiber with resin material exhibits a
behavior which is more difficult to predict, in comparison to the MAT 450’s behavior.

5. Conclusions

From the tests which were carried out, it can be seen that the values of the tear stresses for the chopped fiber with
resin material are much lower (about 10 times) compared to those obtained for MAT 450. The role of this material
in the overall structure of the composite material is not a structural one; it rather has the purpose of filling the voids
resulting from the casting of the layers, so as to obtain a good uniformity of the layers in the final stage of the
finished product.
The values obtained in the paper for the two materials can be used for further research, to determine the
mechanical properties of other sandwich composite panels. The practical importance of such materials is significant,
both due to the convenient properties and the ease of manufacture, and also due to the low price at which they can
be obtained.

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