MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS 7th Edition in SI Units

Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Topic 7:
David F. Mazurek

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler Constitutive
Texas Tech University
Equations etc.
Modified by:
Tracy Dong Ruan
Swinburne University
of Technology
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In SI Units
7th Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Contents

1. Poisson’s Ratio

2. Multiaxial Loading; Generalized Hooke’s Law

3. Dilatation; Bulk Modulus

4. Shearing Strain

5. Relation Among E, , and G

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

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In SI Units
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

1. Poisson’s Ratio

• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

P
x  y z 0
A

• The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied

by a contraction in any transverse direction.
x
x  y  0 z  0
E

• Assuming that the material is homogeneous (no

position dependence) and isotropic (no
directional dependence),
y  z
This common value is referred to as lateral strain.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y 
   z
axial strain x x

For most engineering materials but not novel materials such as polymer foams,
 0

Strains of a slender bar subjected to an axial load:

x  x
x  y  z  
E E

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Problem 2.07:

A 500 mm long 16 mm diameter rod made of

a homogenous, isotropic material is observed
to increase in length by 300 um, and to
decrease in diameter by 2.4 um when
subjected to an axial 12 kN load.

Determine:

a) the modulus of elasticity;

b) Poisson’s ratio of the material.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Solution:

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

2. Multiaxial Loading; Generalized Hooke’s Law

• Multiaxial loading

Consider structural elements subjected to

loads acting in the directions of the three
coordinate axes and producing non-zero
normal stresses .

This condition is referred to as a multiaxial

loading.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

(a) a cube, the side of the cube equal to unity

under multiaxial
loading
(b) a rectangular parallelepiped of sides equal,
respectively, to 1   x , 1   y , 1   z .

Express the strain components,  x ,  y ,  z

in terms of the stress components  x ,  y ,  z

For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,

the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Principle of superposition

Requirement:
1) each effect is linearly related to the load that produces it
2) deformations are small (small deformation assumption)

Statement:
The effect of a given combined loading on a structure can be obtained by
determining separately the effects of the various loads and combining the
results.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Generalized Hooke’s Law:

x y z

x  y  z
x    
E E E
y  z
 y    x  
E E E
 x  y z
z    
E E E
For stress : positive value : tension
negative value: compression
For strain : positive value : expansion
negative value: contraction

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

3. Dilatation; Bulk Modulus

• Consider an element of isotropic material,
In its unstressed state, it is in the shape of a
cube, the side of the cube equal to unity;

Under the multiaxial loading, it deforms into

a rectangular parallelepiped of sides equal,
respectively, to 1   x , 1   y , 1   z .

Its volume is:

v  (1   x )(1   y )(1   z )  1   x   y   z

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Dilatation: the change in volume per unit volume


e  1   x 1   y 1   z   1
  x   y   z  1 1
 x y z
 x  y  z  y  x  z
(   ) (   )
E E E E E E
 z  x  y
(   )
E E E

1  2
e  x   y   z 
E

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure, each of the stress

components is then equal to –p ,

1  2 31  2  p
e ( x   y   z )   p 
E E k
E
k  bulk modulus (modulus of compression)
31  2 

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be negative, therefore

e0  k 0  0   1
2

• Stretching an engineering material in one direction will result in an increase

of its volume.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

4. Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a oblique parallelepiped / rhomboid. The
corresponding shearing strain is quantified in terms
of the change in angle between the sides.

Sign : when the deformation involves a reduction of

the angle formed by the two faces oriented
respectively toward the positive x and y axes (as
shown in the figure), the shearing strain is said to be
positive.

Unit : shearing strain is expressed as an angle in

radians.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• A plot of shearing stress vs. shearing strain is similar the previous plots of
normal stress vs. normal strain except that the strength values are
approximately half.

• As was the case for normal stresses and strains, the initial portion of the
shearing stress-strain diagram is a straight line.

• For values of the shearing stress which does not exceed the proportional limit
in shear, we have Hooke’s law for shearing stress and strain:
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, it is expressed in the

same units of shearing stress or Young’s modulus E, Pa.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• The general stress condition consists of normal stresses and shearing stresses. As
long as none of the stresses involved exceeds the corresponding proportional
limit, we can apply the principle of superposition and combined the results of
normal strains and shearing strains.

Generalized Hooke’s law for a homogeneous isotropic material under the most
general stress condition :

 x  y  z  xy  G  xy
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y      yz  G  yz
E E E
 x  y z
z    
E E E  zx  G  zx

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

5. Relation Among E, and G

• An axially loaded slender bar will elongate in the axial direction and contract
in the transverse directions.

• An initially cubic element oriented as in top figure will deform into a

rectangular parallelepiped. The axial load produces a normal strain.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• If the cubic element is oriented as in the bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhomboid. Axial load also results in a shearing strain.

• Components of normal and shear strain are related,

E
 1   
2G
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Problem 2.67:

A 20 mm square has been scribed on the

side of a large steel pressure vessel. After
pressurization, the biaxial stress
condition of the square is as shown.
Using E=200 GPa and G=77.2 GPa,

determine the percentage change in the

slope of diagonal DB due to the
pressurization of the vessel.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

E E
 1   
200
Solution:  1   1  0.2953
2G 2G 2  77.2
 x  y  z 1
x      ( x  y  z )
E E E E
1
 (160 106  0.2953  80  106 )
200 10 9

 0.00068187
 x  y  z
y  
E

E

E

1
 x   y  z 
E
1
 (0.2953  160 106  80 106 )
200 10 9

 0.00016373
Slope of DB:
1  y 1  0.00016373
tan     0.9994822
1  x 1  0.00068187
Change in slope:
tan   tan 45o 0.9994822  1
o
  0.0518%
tan 45 1
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