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5a-Parameter Analysis Theory
5a-Parameter Analysis Theory
Design by Parameter Analysis ‐ Theory
Most of the material covered in class, and much more, can
be found in the course textbook:
Kroll, E., Condoor, S. and Jansson, D.G., Innovative
Conceptual Design: Theory and Application of Parameter
Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 1 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Outline:
• How do designers think? A look at an
invention
• The nature of conceptual design
• A theoretical model of the conceptual
design process
• From descriptive to prescriptive model:
a methodology for conceptual design
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 2 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
How do designers think? A look at an invention
A sensitive (10‐7‐10‐9 rad) tiltmeter invented (by Prof. Y. T. Li)
in the 1970s at MIT, for measuring “Earth tide” and
predicting earthquakes.
β >> α
(a) (b)
A device capable of measuring extremely
small angles of tilt with respect to the local
gravity vector.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 3 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
The Tiltmeter
Information about various tiltmeters used in earthquake prediction by the U.S.
Geological Survey (http://quake.usgs.gov/index.html) can be found here:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/deformation/data/instruments.php
See also the patent for the tiltmeter
demonstrated in class in a separate file.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 4 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
The inventor’s account of part of the thought process:
A simple pendulum can be used to measure tilt.
But a very long pendulum will be required: f
for a 10‐7 rad resolution, a displacement of 5m x
will require a 50‐m long pendulum. mg
mg
A pendulum is like a spring with restoring force f x
l k
so, very long pendulum = very soft spring (small k).
How can we make a short pendulum “think” that it’s long?
A small spring constant can be obtained by subtracting 2
large ones: f=(k1– k2)x (large k = short pendulum)
A negative spring for the –k2 term can be obtained from
unstable mechanisms such as an inverted pendulum.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 5 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
All that is left now is to couple the 2 pendulums at a point
where the resultant spring constant is small enough, but
positive, to provide the high sensitivity.
(a) (b)
By the way, there are other ways to make a short pendulum “think” that it’s long:
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 6 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Back to the double‐pendulum tiltmeter: the conceptual design is not over yet!
We need frictionless hinges and a way to measure the weight’s displacement.
Flexure
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 7 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
What can we say about the nature of conceptual design?
• Why is it (generating new ideas) so difficult?
The new “surface” is not
obvious. It’s a leap to a non‐
existent “surface”. It’s a
discovery process, not a search
over known solutions.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 8 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
The Wankel Rotary Engine
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 9 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
more about the nature of conceptual design
• How come I didn’t think of that?
• Where do good ideas come from?
Human creativity is more successful when solving simple problems
We should concentrate on one or a few aspects of the problem at a
time; not attack the whole design task at once.
The best ideas are quite simple conceptually
The overall solution (system or product) may be complex, but each
creative idea by itself is simple. The difficult part is the path to the
simple ideas, because it involves discovery.
Often, the good (and simple) ideas result from transforming key
aspects in the design task into something new: new understanding,
new way of looking at the problem (e.g., a pendulum as a spring).
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 10 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
A Theoretical (Descriptive) Model of Conceptual Design:
Back and forth movement between
Concepts and Configurations:
contains all the reasons these boundaries
why you do what you do in the solution space:
were created in
configuration space solutions cannot be just
Need Analysis
concepts; they have to be
configurations
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 11 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Movement between 2 points in Configuration Space cannot be done directly;
only through a visit to Concept Space:
trying to do this
can make you get
stuck mentally
But direct movements
in Concept Space are
possible:
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 12 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
The Tiltmeter Example:
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 13 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Based on the descriptive model,
a prescriptive model has been developed:
Issues at the conceptual level: Generation of a
dominant physics, new configuration,
insights, critical hardware
relationships,
analogies,
ideas
Constructive criticism: does it
work? satisfies the requirements?
anything still missing?
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 14 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Parameter Analysis – A prescriptive model of conceptual design
(Not a very
good name…)
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 15 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Convergent Thinking Divergent Thinking
The most The least
important important
step step
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 16 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Technology Identification step is added:
Finding core technologies
and working principles for
the most difficult and
challenging function(s) or
aspect(s) only.
Initial conditions for
Parameter Analysis.
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 17 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory
Comparison between Systematic Design and Parameter Analysis
22745–Advanced Engineering Design–Dr. Ehud Kroll 18 5a–Parameter Analysis Theory