Nicole Irish A.

Cabunilas GE5 – 6259

2. Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology from

president Marcos up to the present administration.

A. Ferdinand Marcos

➢ The prominence of science expanded throughout Ferdinand Marcos'

administration. He affirmed in the modified 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 9, that "advancement of science and technology must have precedence in
national development." During his two years as president, as well as during Martial
Law, he implemented several legislations fostering science and technology.

➢ On January 23, 1967, in his Second State of the Nation Address, he

announced that science was essential for development plans and urged the
Department of Education to restart scientific courses in public high schools. The
Department of Education is collaborating with the National Scientific Development
Board (NSDB) on a four-year project to offer science teaching equipment to
selected high schools.

➢ On January 22, 1968, he delivered his Third SONA, in which he

acknowledged that technology was the driving force in economic progress and
directed increased funds to initiatives in applied sciences and science education.

➢ On January 27, 1969, he delivered his Fourth SONA, in which he allocated

a large portion of the war damage budget to private institutions in order to
encourage them to develop science and technology courses and conduct
research. On April 6, 1968, he declared 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as
the location of the Philippine Science Community, stating that he intended a
program to have medical interns complete a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to
raise their social conscience and decrease "brain drain". On April 6, 1968, he
established the Philippine Science Community on 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal. Seminars for public and private high school and college science instructors,
training programs and fellowships for graduate and undergraduate scientific
scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography were also held by the
government.

➢ On January 26, 1970, he delivered his Fifth SONA, emphasizing the

importance of updating scientific curricula and teaching equipment to the science
development program. To modernize the coconut sector, he incorporated the
Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB. In addition, the NSDB founded
 the Philippine Textile Research Institute. The NSDB's Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission investigated the use of atomic energy for economic growth. By
sending scientists to study nuclear science and technology abroad and giving
basic training to 482 scientists, physicians, engineers, and technicians, Marcos
aided 107 organizations in undertaking nuclear energy operations.

➢ On January 24, 1972, he delivered his Seventh SONA, in which he

discussed his key development objectives in education reform. Research and
development schools, technical institutions, science education centers, agricultural
colleges, and vocational high schools were among the initiatives.

➢ In 1972, he established the National Grains Authority to oversee the growth

of the rice and corn industries in order to fully harness their potential for the
country's economy. He founded the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to
promote the nation's agricultural, forestry, and fisheries growth. With Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972, he gave more assistance for the advancement of scientific
research and development. This decree offers information about intellectual
property protection for the work's creator or publisher. He founded the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
inside the Department of National Defense to safeguard the environment and use
scientific knowledge to secure people's safety.

➢ Marcos reformed the National Science Development Board (NSDB) and

other organizations into the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) in
1982 to offer centralized direction and coordination of scientific and technological
research and development. He gave wage increases to teachers at the Philippine
Science High School owing to their importance in the growth of national
science. He signed legislation to complete the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baos.

B. Corazon Aquino

➢ The National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was replaced by

the Department of Science and Technology under Corazon Aquino's presidency
in 1986, granting science and technology a place in the cabinet. The significance
of science and technology in economic recovery and sustainable economic
progress was emphasized in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan for
the years 1987–1992. During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in
1990, she stated that science and technology development will be one of the
government's top three goals for economic recovery.

➢ Corazon Aquino established the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology on August 8, 1988, which produced the first Science and Technology
 Master Plan, or STMP. The STMP aimed for the Philippines to become a newly
industrialized country by the year 2000.

➢ Ironically, R.A. No. 3859 was abolished by Executive Order No.128 during
President Corazon Aquino's administration and the reform of the Philippine
bureaucracy. R.A. No. 3859, popularly known as the "Philippine Inventors
Incentive Act", was established by the Philippine Inventors Commission, which
was part of the Science Development Board. It assisted Filipino inventors by
providing financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and
assistance in marketing their products both domestically and
internationally. Despite the abolition of the Philippine Inventors Commission, her
administration opened up new avenues for the government to aid the advancement
of Science and Technology in the country.

➢ R.A. 6655, or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988, provided
free education up to the secondary level. Along with this, the "Science for the
Masses Program" was introduced in the education system, with the goal of
increasing scientific and technical awareness among Filipinos. The Aquino
government acknowledged the significance of science and technology in the
Philippines' transformation into a newly industrialized country. Science and
technology funding nearly increased from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992.
The Science and Technology Master Plan was created, with the goal of
modernizing the manufacturing sector, increasing research activities, and
developing infrastructure for science and technology.

C. Fidel Ramos

➢ There was a huge increase in personnel specialized in science and

technology in the third SONA of Fidel Ramos. The Philippines was expected to
have roughly 3,000 qualified scientists and engineers in 1998. The two recently
erected Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao, which foster
further development of young children through advanced S&T curriculum, will
contribute to the rise of scientists. The government granted 3,500 scholarships to
students pursuing careers in science and technology. Schools were modernizing
and updating with the inclusion of high-tech equipment for student advancement,
and instructors were receiving training programs to benefit themselves and their
learners. Local programs such as the "Doctors to the Barrio Program" promoted
health care services.

➢ When the Magna Carta for Science and Technology Employees (Republic
Act No. 8439) was formed, the priority for S&T personnel grew. The award was
created to provide incentives and prizes to persons who have been significant in
the field of science and technology. Education was a major theme in the sixth
 SONA of Fidel Ramos, with projects like the National Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and Technology and the passage of legislation to establish a
nationwide system of high schools concentrating in science and engineering.

➢ Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology are one of the ways
for the Philippines to become a New Industrialized Country (NIC). During his
tenure, he was able to build programs that were important to the world of science
and technology. STAND (Science and Technology Agenda for National
Development) was created in 1993. Among its goals were: (1) DTI-recognized
exporting winners; (2) domestic requirements defined by the President's Council
for Countryside Growth; (3) support industries; and (4) coconut industry
development. During his tenure, Congress was able to pass legislation that were
crucial for the sector. Among these were the Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439), the Science and Technology
Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687), and the Inventors and
Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7687). (Republic Act No. 7459). During
Ramos' presidency, the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act
No. 8293) was passed. The legislation establishes industrial property rights,
copyright and associated rights, and technology transfer agreements.

D. Joseph Estrada

➢ During President Joseph Estrada's tenure, he signed two major pieces of

legislation: the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749), which
was designed to protect and preserve the environment while also ensuring the
sustainable development of its natural resources, and the Electronic Commerce
Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792), which criminalizes computer hacking and
creates opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New
Economy.

➢ President Estrada proposed a full-scale program based on cost-effective

irrigation technology in his first State of the Nation Address. He also declared that
handouts are no longer an option, which meant that individuals who desire but
cannot afford basic health care, nourishment, and education will no longer be
available. Finally, he stated that the effort to create one scientific high school in
each province will be accelerated.

➢ President Estrada announced the passage of the Clean Air Act and the
decision to pursue the Armed Forces of the Philippines' 15-year modernization
program in his second State of the Nation Address. His final SONA pushed for the
advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, as well as the
passage of the e-Commerce Act.
E. Gloria Arroyo

➢ Secretary Estrella Albastro referred to the Philippines' science and

technology industry as the "golden era" of science and technology during the Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo administration. Numerous laws and programs concerning both
the environment and science have been established in order to promote
technology as a tool for increasing the country's economic status. This aims to
boost the productivity of Science, Technology, and Innovations (STI) and assist
the poor. Furthermore, the word "Filipinnovation" was established to assist the
Philippines in becoming an innovation powerhouse in Asia.

➢ President Arroyo accelerated the implementation of S&T policies,

culminating in the completion of five major levels of S&T programs. These
programs include research and development programs, S&T human resource
development, scientific and technology services, S&T promotion and information
services, and scientific linkages and international collaboration.

➢ In terms of S&T education, the challenge is to create an atmosphere in

which young people may study and develop their talents in order to become
achievers. Their future advancements are likely to create additional jobs while also
introducing new goods and services. During Arroyo's tenure, four additional
Philippine Science High School campuses were constructed.

➢ Meanwhile, the S&T Undergraduate Scholarship Program was able to

reach out to worthy individuals interested in pursuing S&T baccalaureate degrees
at various higher education institutions around the country. From 2000 through
2009, the program helped a total of 34,820 scholars.

➢ President Arroyo also generously supported graduate S&T scholarship

programs. The Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource
Development Program and the Engineering Research and Development
Technology Program both received more funding, resulting in a five-fold increase
in the number of graduate scholarship chances. There are now 1,476 MS and 443
PhD scholars enrolled in these programs.

➢ Furthermore, the Arroyo Administration contributed much-needed funds for

the renovation of research facilities and boosted support for academic scientists'
and engineers' R&D efforts.
F. Benigno Aquino III

➢ President Benigno Aquino III has made significant contributions to the field
of science and technology (S&T). During the courtesy call of DOST personnel in
Malacaang Palace on June 21, 2016, Aquino received a copy of the country's first
microsatellite, Diwata-1, from his predecessor, former DOST secretary Mario
Montejo. Aquino was "important" in the creation of PH's microsatellites Diwata-1
and Diwata 2 under the STAMINA4Space Program, according to the DOST
director. Diwata-1 is the Philippine government's first mini satellite, with Filipino
engineers involved in its creation. On March 23, 2016, the historic launch of the
50-kilogram satellite took place. On October 29, 2018, Diwata-2 was launched into
space.

➢ Aquino supported the DOST-Industrial Technology Development Institute's

(ITDI) national testing lab. He attended at the opening of the Advanced Device and
Materials Testing Facility (ADMATEL), a DOST national testing laboratory that
enables our local industry with reduced turn-around times for analysis at
competitive prices. Previously, things made in the United States had to be tested
in other nations. Because of ADMATEL, items may now be made and tested in the
Philippines, allowing us to capitalize on the capabilities of Filipino employees in the
electronics sector and tempt potential investors looking for a more favorable
business climate.

➢ The DOST chief also stated that Aquino was the one who signed Republic
Act No. 10692, or An Act Providing for the Modernization of the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration, into law
(DOST-PAGASA). The weather bureau, a DOST agency, is required by law to
update its technical operating capability and improve its position as the leading
national weather agency in order to achieve its aim of being a center of excellence
for weather-related information services.

➢ During the Aquino administration, Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational

Assessment of Hazard) was established. In the aftermath of the disastrous
Tropical Storm Sendong in December 2011, he called for a more accurate,
coordinated, and rapid disaster prevention and mitigation system, particularly in
high-risk locations throughout the Philippines.

➢ Aquino's key achievements in the S&T community also included the

development of an Information Communications Technology (ICT) nicknamed the
"Thin Client Cloud Computing Project." This is aligned with his statement that
"education is for everyone, and no Filipino should be left behind."
G. Rodrigo Duterte

➢ The signing of the Balik Scientist law by President Rodrigo Roa A. Duterte
on June 15, 2018, marked another milestone in the country's science and
technology. Republic Act No. 11035, commonly known as the "Act Institutionalizing
the Balik Scientist Program," would provide further incentives to returning Filipino
specialists, scientists, inventors, and engineers who would share their knowledge
in the nation. A returning scientist can engage in DOST Grants-in-Aid research and
development under the Balik Scientist Law. A grant may be awarded to the Balik
Scientist and distributed through the host institution for the project's
implementation in compliance with applicable government rules and the program's
needs. Apart from that, a Balik Scientist can receive a variety of benefits such as
tax and duty exemptions for the importation of professional equipment and
materials, free medical and accident insurance for the duration of the award,
reimbursement of expenses for baggage related to scientific projects, and even
exemption from "renouncing their oath of allegiance to the country where they took
the oath." Special working and non-working visas, round-trip airfare from a foreign
nation to the Philippines, exemption from local travel tax, and DOST-subsidized
visa application are also included. Long-term Balik Scientist awardees can also
receive relocation benefits, such as assistance in securing job opportunities for the
awardee's spouse, admission support for the awardee's children in preferred
schools, relocation allowance and monthly housing or accommodation allowance,
and funding for the establishment and development of a facility or laboratory.

➢ In a speech delivered by Budget Secretary Benjamin E. Diokno at the start

of the National Science and Technology Week (NSTW) 2017, President Duterte
stated that the DOST's budget had quadrupled in the last seven years, "from P5
billion in 2010 to P20.8 billion in 2017”. According to him, the administration's
responsibility in delivering science and its benefits to the public has expanded by
assisting Filipinos in both research and entrepreneurial endeavors where science,
technology, and innovation may be utilized.

➢ As Duterte stated in his 10-point economic program, research and

technology must provide a path for progress in numerous areas, including the
economy, and de la Pea emphasized that the products of science "should
eventually repay the society and the people to whom we belong." One of the
DOST's priorities is technology transfer and commercialization of R&D outcomes.
The administration has moved 10% of its entire budget to technology transfer as a
result of this. "As a consequence, in just one year, we were able to develop 1,000
new intellectual assets that may be embraced and used for the benefit of our
constituents," de la Pea added.
Name greatest scientific technological contributions of the colonizers brought in
the country that promotes nation-building.

A. Pre-Colonial Period

At the pre-colonial period, the Philippines began its scientific and technical
progress. Medicinal plants and herbs were already being used by early Filipino
settlers. There is an application of farming and animal-raising techniques. This
period, it also involves the development of many kinds of transportation.

The rice terraces were the most gorgeous and complex engineering
constructions built by early Filipinos in Cordillera. It is still operational at the
moment, and it demonstrates the indigenous' inventive and creative means of
surviving in an otherwise hostile environment.

B. Spanish Colonial Period

In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer traveling representing

Spain, claimed the Philippines in the name of Spain and named the islands after
King Philip II of Spain. During the Spanish era, especially in the later years, the
study of medicine was prioritized in the Philippines. The technical knowledge and
technologies introduced by the Spaniards are utilized in the building of major
infrastructures such as walls, roads, and bridges. The Spanish government also
created health and education institutions that the principalia class could use.

The Galleon Trade played an important role in the Philippine colonial

economy. Because of the potential for large earnings, the Spaniard colonial rulers
prioritized trade. Agriculture and industrial growth, on the other hand, received little
attention. The completion of the Suez Canal resulted in an inflow of European
tourists to the Spanish colony, and several Filipinos were able to study in Europe,
influenced by the fast growth of scientific principles brought about by the Age of
Enlightenment.

C. American Colonial Period

Under American control, science and technology progressed in the

Philippines. The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories on July 1, 1901, which was placed under the Department of Interior.
The Laboratorio Municipal, which was built during the Spanish colonial era, was
succeeded by the Bureau. The Bureau was in charge of tropical illness research
and laboratory initiatives. The Bureau of Government Laboratories was
superseded by the Bureau of Science on October 26, 1905, and the National
Research Council of the Philippines was created on December 8, 1933. Until World
War II, the Bureau of Science was the Philippines' major research center.

During the American period, science was oriented toward agriculture, food
processing, medicine, and pharmacy. Because of the free trade policy with the
United States, which fostered an economy centered toward agriculture and trade,
little emphasis was placed on the development of industrial technologies.

The Bureau of Science was succeeded by the Institute of Science in 1946.

According to a study issued by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950,
there is a lack of fundamental knowledge that is essential to the country's
industries, a lack of support for experimental work, a small budget for scientific
research, and poor compensation for government-employed scientists. During
President Carlos P. Garcia's administration, the Philippine Congress approved the
Science Act of 1958, which formed the National Science Development Board.