ch2 BIM 1

Chapter 2
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Objectives:
•Students will understand the nature of BIM and the application of
BIM in various aspects of construction projects.
•Students will study the BIM standards, formulate building
information using BIM standards, and understand interoperability.
•Students will evaluate and justify the values, challenges and
potential of BIM.
1
The Construction Industry – Low Productivity
• Labor productivity of the construction industry has not been
improved since 1964.
lower pt:
workers are aging
2
“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)
3
Future Impact and Likelihood of New Technologies in
Construction
BIM+
Digital Transformation of
the AEC Industry
4
BIM Adoption and Challenges
5
1 BIM Adoption – Global Level 0 = CAD
• UK: Require fully collaborative 3D BIM (Level 2) by 2016, with all

information data and documentation being electronic.
• US: General Services Administration (GSA) has established the National
3D-4D BIM Program. All major projects since 2007 have required spatial
BIM as a minimum requirement. The US Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) which provides military facilities developed a 15-year BIM
roadmap in 2006.
• Korea: All public facilities construction using BIM by 2016. The Korean
Ministry of Land, Transport & Maritime Affairs has already compiled a BIM
application guide in January 2010 for 2 areas, architectural and civil.
• China: The Beijing Twelfth Five Years Plan has identified the importance
of using information system and BIM in their construction enterprises to
improve qualities.
• Hong Kong: Use BIM as a standard design tool for housing projects
starting from 2014-2015. All major public projects exceeding HKD 30M
requires to use BIM starting 1 Jan 2018.
• Australia, Singapore, Finland, etc.
6
Example BIM Projects in Hong Kong
• Opus 傲璇 (Swire) • Innovation Center, HK PolyU
• Kai Tak Cruise Terminal • MTR Shatin to Central Link
7
BIM Adoption in HK Private Sector Started in 2003
• The 1st BIM project in Hong Kong Handful earlier BIM
– One Island East Hong Kong 港島東中心 projects in Autodesk ADT
– Office building
same concept of
– 1.5 million sq. ft. BIM
– 70 storeys; 308 m tall

– Construction started 2006,
Completed 2008

One Island East Hong Kong

BIM Adoption in HK Public Sector
• Hong Kong Housing Authority
http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/business‐partnerships/resources/b
uilding‐information‐modelling/index.html

MIC: similar as
prefabricated
11
12


1.1 BIM Adoption – Hong Kong
15
Roadmap for BIM Adoption in Hong Kong
• Hong Kong Construction Industry Council September 2014
(Started in 2011… Published in 2014)

The 16 recommended initiatives in
9 areas:
1. Collaboration
2. Incentive & Proven Benefit
3. Standard & Common Practice
4. Legal & Insurance
5. Information Sharing & Handover
6. Promotion & Education
7. Compliant BIM Tool
8. Audit & Risk Management
9. Global Competitiveness

Hong Kong CIC BIM Standards (Phase 1)
• Hong Kong Construction Industry Council Y: pay cost
Phases
20 BIM uses
17
Year 2018 is Important for the HK BIM Community
Over HKD 30M (~ USD 3.82M)
(11 October 2017)

• By 2018, all public projects exceeding HKD 30M will need to
use BIM.
• Each works departments now has a BIM champion at
Assistant Director / Senior Engineer level.
Compulsory to Use BIM in Hong Kong
• 2017 Technical Circular by
HK Development Bureau


p.10 BIM Team
• 2019 Technical Circular by structure

Current BIM Adoption in Hong Kong
22
23
24
Regional / National Level BIM Standards
CIC BIM Standards
Building Plan Submission Standards (2019)

CIC BIM Portal
https://www.bim.cic.hk/  Resources

Hong Kong CIC BIM Certification and Accreditation
ccbc
ccbm
BIM Manager:
Standardize
BIM contract
Coordinator:
focus on calculate
GFA for archi..
more engineering
(Promotional video: https://youtu.be/vcQ2dabYrws) 27

• MTR Corporation
look for
constructibility
for tendering
Shatin-Central Link

• Hong Kong Airport Authority
Third Runway - BIM

BIM Adoption in HK Professional Bodies
• Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modeling (HKIBIM)
• buildingSMART Hong Kong  (2017) bSHK
• Autodesk Industry Advisory Board (AIAB)
• Hong Kong Revit User Group (HKRUG)
• Hong Kong Institute of Civil and Building Information Modeling

(HKICBIM)
• Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors
• Hong Kong Institute of Engineers
• Hong Kong Institute of Architects
• Hong Kong Institute of Project Management
• Etc.

1.2 BIM Adoption – China
31
BIM Policies in China MOHURD住建部
Use BIM for 90% of
Heilongjiang黑龙江
large and medium Use BIM for 90% of large and
Beijing北京 state‐owned projects medium state‐owned projects
Propose requirements for by the end of 2020 by the end of 2020
resource, LoD, and delivery
In 2014
Shenyang沈阳
Shanxi陕西 2016‐2017 pilot demonstration
Propose to promote BIM 2018‐2020 market development
adoption After 2021 full BIM promotion
in 2014
Hunan湖南 Shandong山东
With policy, standard and market Propose to promote BIM
ready for BIM adoption
by 2016 In 2014
Use BIM for 90% of new projects
by 2020 Shanghai上海
With policy, standard and
Chengdu成都 market ready for BIM
Start to use BIM during the by 2016
design stage for large and Use BIM for all state‐owned
medium state‐owned projects projects
since 2016 by 2017
Guangxi广西 Zhejiang浙江
With policy, standard and market Publish BIM implementation
ready for BIM guideline
by 2017 In 2016
Use BIM for 90% of large and
medium state‐owned projects
Guangdong广东
by 2020
Use BIM for all projects with
construction area larger than
Shenzhen深圳
Fully start implementation of
Hong Kong 20,000 𝑚
by the end of 2020
BIM application
by 2017

住建部：
2011年5月 - 《2011~2015年建筑业信息化发展纲要》
2013年8月 - 《关于征求关于推荐BIM技术在建筑领域应用的指导意见(征求意见稿)意见的函》
2014年7月 - 《关于推进建筑业发展和改革的若干意见》
2015年6月 - 《住房城乡建设部关于印发推进建筑信息模型应用指导意见的通知》
2016年8月 - 《2016-2020年建筑业信息化发展纲要》
深圳市：
2015年-发布《深圳市建筑工务署政府公共工程BIM应用实施纲要》和《深圳市建筑工务署BIM实施管理标准》
上海市：
2014年9月 -《关于在本市推进建筑信息模型技术应用的指导意见》
2015年7月 - 《上海市推进建筑信息模型技术应用三年行动计划(2015―2017)》
2016年9月 - 《关于进一步加强上海市建筑信息模型技术推广应用的通知》(征求意见稿)
广东省：
2014年9月 - 《关于开展建筑信息模型BIM技术推广应用工作的通知》
2015年9月 - 《广东省“互联网+”行动计划》
2015年11月 - 《广东省住房和城乡建设厅关于发布2015年度城市轨道交通领域BIM技术标准制订计划的通知》
湖南省：
2016年1月 - 《开展BIM应用工作指导意见》
2016年8月 - 《湖南省住房和城乡建设厅关于在建设领域全面应用BIM技术的通知》
山东省：
2014年8月 - 《山东省人民政府办公厅关于进一步提升建筑质量的意见》
2016年5月 – 济南市 - 《关于加快推进建筑信息模型(BIM)技术应用的意见》
广西省：
2016年1月 - 《广西推进建筑信息模型应用的工作实施方案》
2016年1月 - 《关于印发广西推进建筑信息模型应用的工作实施方案的通知》
辽宁省：
2014年12月 - 《民用建筑信息模型(BIM)设计通用标准》
2016年2月 - 沈阳市 - 《推进我市建筑信息模型技术应用的工作方案》
四川省：
2016年11月 – 成都市 -《关于在成都市开展建筑信息模型(BIM)技术应用的通知》
黑龙江省：
2016年3月 - 《关于推进我省建筑信息模型应用的指导意见》
云南省：
2016年3月 - 《云南省推进建筑信息模型技术应用的指导意见(征求意见稿)》
浙江省：
2016年4月 - 《浙江省建筑信息模型(BIM)技术应用导则》
天津市：
2016年5月 - 《天津市民用建筑信息模型(BIM)设计技术导则》
江苏省：
2016年8月 – 徐州市 - 《在全市审计机关推进建筑信息模型技术应用的指导意见》

BIM Unions in China
Hong Kong
Etc.
BIM Competitions
全国高校斯维尔杯BIM软件建筑信息模型大赛
2017第六届“龙图杯”全国BIM大赛

Example BIM/VR Support
• Open access to 360-degree scene
http://vr.chinabim.com/

1.3 BIM Adoption
37
What is BIM?
38
What is BIM? **upload the
project to A360, modeling and
• Example: show BIM model
online
information
management
or forge platform
https://
myhub.autodesk36
0.com/ue2d46947/
g/shares/
SHabee1QT1a327
cf2b7a64d628a539
cc984f?
viewState=NoIgbg
DAdAjCA0IIwKYw
CwDMBsKC0A7Nj
JntgCab7oCGAxu
XgMwR0CcARjWw
EwECsLEAF0gA
39
1 Introduction to BIM
1.1 From 2D CAD to Building Information Modeling
• Computer-aided design (CAD) / computer-aided engineering (CAE) /
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
• 2D Drafting
– Individual paper-based
2D drawings
– No consistency check
– No project/product info
40
• 3D Modeling
– Computer-based 2D/3D
models
– Consistency check –
geometry
– No project/product info
• Building Information
Modeling (BIM)
– Computer-based 3D
– Consistency check
– Project/product info, e.g.
cost, schedule, lighting
analysis, structural
analysis, organization,
41
procurement
• Line is not just a line
Drawing-based information Intelligent object-oriented

(geometry, presentation) building information
no line, 3d object in BIM
a line a wall
material
concrete
an opening
another line a space
42
1.2 Definition of BIM
• What is BIM? How is it defined?
– Virtual Building Model, Single Building Model, Virtual Design and
Construction, Parametric Modeling, 4D/nD Modeling?
43
• Intelligent: A solid is not just a solid. The software knows it is a window.
Demonstrate properties of a window (e.g. stick to a wall).
Object-based information (nD)
Can find objects of same types

3-Dimensional
Not only points,

lines and
surfaces
Parametric modeling Hall 8 at HKUST

44
What Is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?
Architectural, Civil & Structural Modeling Mechanical, Electrical and Public Health Modeling

1.2 Definition of BIM 3D, drawing material/ ppl
involved
• “A modeling of both graphical and non graphical aspect of the entire

building life cycle in a federated database management system” (Bentley)
• “A digital approach to building design, delivery and management that
dramatically helps reduce inefficiencies and risk throughout the building
process.” (Autodesk) management
• “A set of interacting policies, processes and technologies generating a
methodology to manage the essential building design and project data in
digital format throughout the building’s life cycle” (Succar 2009)
(Succar, 2008)
46
• National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS): US
– “A Building Information Model (BIM) is a digital representation
of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it
serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a
facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle
from inception onward.”
– “A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different
stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to
insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM process
to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. The BIM is a
shared digital representation founded on open standards for
interoperability.”
47
• Evolution from paper-based to BIM
– BIM: integrating building data and information
– Building information model: 3D, object-based, information-rich digital
representation of physical and functional features of a building.
– Building information modeling and management: The act of
generating and managing building data during its life cycle.
4D (time)
Separate CAD documents 5D (cost) (+ time)
6D (sustainability)
BIM database 7D (facility mgt)
8D (safety)
……
Cost nD…
estimating
Paper-based Structural
documents Construct. data
drawing
iso 19650
MEP data information container
Information Hub

Applications of BIM over Building Life Cycle
49
• As a summary:
• BIM technology aims to generate and manage building information
during its lifecycle
using three-dimensional,
object-based,
parametric digital models.
• It is expected to fundamentally remove the barriers, which exist in
most of current building projects,
of exchanging information between
diverse application software information drop
because not
used by stakeholders completed
in various project phases.
50
BIM: Multi-disciplinary, Cross-Lifecycle
Detailed
Design
Engineering
Analysis
BIM:
Information Hub
Full Lifecycle
Conceptual Architecture Documentation
Design
Underground Structure All are related to BIM
Utilities
 Challenges:
- Different interests
Civil Mechanical
/ HVAC - Different applications
Engineering
Programming BIM Fabrication
Construction Electrical
Management
(1) Education
Plumbing,
Surveying
Water
Supply, (2) Policy
Fire Sewerage Construction
Renovation
Services 4D/5D Protocols
Infrastructures
Standards
Operation and Guidelines
Construction
Maintenance Logistics Security
Etc.
Which One(s) Is/Are BIM Model(s)?
(a) AutoCAD 2010
(b) 3D Max
Visualization. Geometrical information only
Revit 2016
(c) (d) Sketchup

Which One(s) Is/Are BIM Model(s)?
(a) AutoCAD 2010 (b) 3D Max
Visualization. Geometrical Information Only.

(c) Revit 2016 (d) Sketchup

What is NOT BIM?
• E.g. 2D drawings / models
• E.g. Models that allow changes to dimensions in one view that are not
automatically reflected in other views
• E.g. 3D models but not object-based
• E.g. 3D models with no information / object attributes
• E.g. 3D models with information not transferrable or usable across
other disciplines
• E.g. Not a collaborative approach to building design and construction
• Etc.
54
What Is BIM?
55
3D Modeling in Sketchup: Is it BIM? partially
56
1.2.1 What Can Be Building Information?
• What type of facility data could be included in BIM?
• Building information increases along the building lifecycle.
Construction 4D Maintenance
Drawings Etc. Schedule & Budget
Simulation
Specification Schedule
Schematic Cashflow
Drawings Model
Bids As-built
Cost
Design Estimates Renovation
Drawings Program
Design Bid Build Operation 57

1.2.2 Information forms and formats
• Unstructured
– drawings, e-mails, memos, most reports, forms, etc.
• Structured
– based on a data schema.
• Proprietary
– defined and owned by a specific company. Format is often
referred to as ‘native’ to a software application.
• Standard
– Defacto – may have originated with a single vendor but now
publicly available and widely supported. eg. PDF
– De jure – maintained by a standards development organization,

e.g. International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
eg. IFC:
industry
Foundation
Classes
58
• Longevity and reusability of forms and formats
59
1.2.3 Matrix of BIM
Four possibilities are:

• Closed BIM: Use of software tools of one single vendor
and proprietary formats for data exchange.
• Open BIM: Use of software tools of different vendors
and open formats for data exchange.
• Little BIM: Isolated use of software tools to solve
specific tasks.
• Big BIM: Integrated use of a digital building model
among different disciplines throughout the asset life
cycle.
(Jernigan, 2008)
60
Matrix of BIM
(Use of software tools of

different vendors and open
formats for data exchange.)
(Use of software tools of one

single vendor and proprietary
formats for data exchange.)
(Isolated use of software tools (Integrated use of digital building

to solve specific tasks.) models among disciplines
throughout asset life cycle.)
The future trend is towards Big Open BIM.

(See Level of Maturity later in these slides)
61
1.3 Background of BIM Technology
• The concept of BIM is oriented from Building Product Model

(BPM), which basically is an object-based model, proposed by
Charles M. Eastman in 1970’s.
• Adopting object-based modeling, Nemetschek’s Allplan and
Graphisoft’s ArchiCAD are two pioneer software launched in 1980
and 1984, respectively.
• However, practitioners did not opt for object-based modeling in the
1980s for the limitation of hardware and software capability.
• Down to 2002, Autodesk acquired the software, Revit, and formally
proposed the concept of Building Information Model (BIM). Revit is
deemed as a typical BIM technology based software.
• Currently, Bentley Systems, Autodesk, and Graphisoft are major
vendors for BIM software.
62
BIM Uses
63
2 Applications of BIM on Construction Projects
2.1 Design Communication
• Architectural design authoring: visualize the project and help
understand the design (especially for complex structures)
(Tianjin Port Terminal Project, China) 64

• Internal structures (Tianjin Port Terminal Project, China)
65
• Virtual mock-ups: review and testing spaces by their future end users
and clients (e.g. healthcare facilities/courtrooms); marketing aspect in
high end projects
66
(ArchiCAD 12)
• Constructability: easier to communicate construction details in
3D; BIM use allows precise, fast and visual review
• Clash detection: detection of (1) hard clash, (2) soft clash, and (3)
time dependent clash. Detection of Incorrect annotation. no physical clash
but not enough
headroom>> soft
clash
67
• Digital steel fabrication: joint design, easily changeable
drawings, accurate dimensions.
(Tekla Structure) 68
• Generating architectural and construction drawings: building
the model is like building the actual building; drawings (sheets)
become the by-product
69
• Programming: Critical decisions made through design discovery
and definition; help get funding and communicate designer’s vision
• Site analysis / selection: orientation studies, topography, existent
/ future underground utilities, environmental impacts, calculation,
etc
• Design review: evaluate the performance of the design
(performed early in design can reduce questions, avoid
miscommunication, and facilitate effective value engineering)
• 3D design coordination: enable designer/consultants to resolve
coordination issues; error checking; conflict avoidance and
resolution
• Security validation: egress/circulation paths; fire rated walls;
building code compliance
70
• Visualizing the design on site
71
2.2 Engineering Analysis
Autodesk Robet/ ETABS
• Structural analysis: using external applications to create

analytical models, to predict structural behaviors, and to detect
conflicts
• Lighting analysis: part of sustainability evaluation
• Mechanical/HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
analysis: design solutions integrating HVAC, lighting, energy
analysis are needed
• Energy analysis: help value engineering and fine tune the design
(site analysis and sustainability efforts) eQUEST
• Sustainability (LEED) evaluation: energy and lighting analysis

complement LEED (US Green Building Council)
Compare design alternatives

72
73
Adk
74
75
generate many
option and
• Generative Design evaluate them, pick
the best one
76
• Generative Design
77
78
79
green building
system_US_
in hk call BEAM
PLUS
80
81
2.3 Phase Planning / Scheduling (4D modeling)
• 4D modeling = 3D modeling + Time/Schedule
• Phase planning (4D modeling): effectively plan
construction/inspection sequences and space requirements on a
construction site. Examples:
– Construction planning
– Construction methods evaluation
– Tenant fit-out and renovation
– Design options
– Space utilization planning
– Space management
– Equipment planning
– Temporary work planning
82
2.3 4D Modeling (3D + Time)
• Construction processes
Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, USA

Schedule
3D model
(Mauricio Toledo, Atul Khanzode) 83

2.3 4D Modeling – Temporary Structures
• Modeling of demolition/construction methods and sequence
So Uk Estate Demolition (Hong Kong)

by HK Housing Authority
84
2.3 4D Modeling – Temporary Structures
• Modeling of demolition/construction methods with temporary
structures
Shard London Bridge (London, UK)
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDCyeX-sbVg) 85
2.3 4D Modeling – MEP Installation Simulation
• MEP installation time-dependent coordination
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE_zYiltsAw)
86
2.3 4D Modeling – Simulation of Construction Details
• Constructability review and analysis. Construction technology
showcase.
87
2.4 5D Modeling (3D + Cost) (+ Time)
• Cost estimating/quantity takeoff: estimate the cost of a project in
an early phase; model should be 100% accurate
• Cost monitoring and control (with Time)
(Vico 5D Presenter)
88
2.5 Other Technologies Integrated with BIM Technology
• Existing conditions modeling: far less expensive and more efficient
for 3D laser scanning (LiDAR) and historic preservation.
Traditional
Survey
Laser Scanning
Survey
89
2.5 Other Technologies Integrated with BIM Technology
• BIM + GPS: Asset tracking, machinery locating
90
2.6 BIM Uses
91
2.6 BIM Uses
(Kreider and Messner 2013)

92
2.6 BIM Uses
(Kreider and Messner 2013) 93

2.6 BIM Uses

2.6 BIM Uses
95
http://
autodesk.com.hk/
hkbimawards
96
Case Example: Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China
• Construction started: 2008;
Est. completion: Summer 2015
• Height: 632m
• 128 Floors (5 underground floors)
• Floor area: 4,090,300 sq. ft.
• Functional Orientation:
– 24 hours opening international
high level office
– 5-star hotel and ancillary facilities
– Deluxe shopping mall
97
• High requirements
Green Community
High specification
requirements
High difficulty issues
China Green Building: LEED-CS2.0: Gold
Humanistic Community
98
• Challenges
– Involved 30+ organizations in planning and design
• Shanghai Tower Construction & Development (owner/developer)
• Gensler (design architect)
• Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tongji University
(local design institute)
• Thornton Tomasetti (structural engineer)
• Cosentini Associates (MEP engineer)
• Shanghai Xiandai Engineering Consultants (design management
consultant), Etc.
– Complicated structure
– Huge amount of information, Difficult to transfer
• > 4,000 construction drawings; > 8,000 steel detailing drawings
– Investment budget RMB $14.8B; Difficult for cost control
(Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. 2011)

99
use in whole project
design and construction
(Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. 2011) 100

101
Shanghai Tower – Design Phase
• Exterior curtain wall: twists and rises
• Every floor is different: each floor rotated 1% from the below floor,
and floors scale down as the building rises
 Parametric design
minimize the wind
load
102
Shanghai Tower – Design Phase – Sustainable Design
• Light Pollution Analysis • Solar Analysis (Ecotect)
• Wind Environmental Simulation • Natural Lighting Simulation
(Source: Ge Qing, 2012)

103
Shanghai Tower – Construction Phase
• 3D/4D (Multi-disciplinary) Coordination for Construction Processes
/ Constructability Analysis

104
• 4D Virtual Construction Simulation
– Generate accurate quantity-takeoff
– Monitor project progress based on 4D BIM models

105
• Clash Detection
– Among architectural, structural, MEP, façade elements
 Hard clash, soft clash, time-dependent clash
Facade vs. Structure Architecture vs. MEP

(Source: 徐立兵 2015)
106
• Curtain Wall: Improve design and installation efficiency
107
• BIM Technical Requirements for Main Contractor and
Subcontractors
108
BIM Level of Details/Development
(LOD)
what information
should be shown in
the model?
109
3 LoD: Level of Development / Level of Detail
LOD: (1) Graphical Details; (2) Information Richness.
• LODs:
– LOD100
– LOD200
– LOD300
– LOD350
– LOD400
• Systems:
– Substructure
– Shell
– Interiors
– Services
– Equipment & Furnishings
– Special Construction &
Demolition
– Building Sitework
110
Example
(B) Shell
(B10) Superstructure
B1010.10 – Floor
Structural Frame
(Steel Framing
Columns)
111
• BIM Uses
• Model LoD
– LOD100
– LOD200
– LOD300
– LOD400
– LOD500 as-built
• Submission Requirements
– Pre-schematic design
– Schematic design
– Design development
– Construction documents
– Bid, award and
registration
– Services during
construction
112
Example
113
Examples
114
115
116
Examples
author
• LoD Responsibility Matrix
117
118
• CIC BIM Standards (MEP, UU) 2019
119
• CIC BIM Standards (MEP, UU) 2019
120
BIM Standards
121
Why Do We Need Standards? Standards
If 20 people/parties are using different tools/formats,

Nx(N-1) = 20 x 19 2N = 2 x 20
= 380 conversions = 40 conversions
Net Saving: 340 conversions!

Why Do We Need Standards? Standards
• Common Understanding 共同方式/語言/理解

– For data transfer, communication, contracts and
docs, terminology/acronyms, data sharing, etc.
• Consistency 一致性
– For data storage, data integration, requirements,
procedures/workflows, specifications, roles and
responsibilities, presentation styles, etc.
If 20 people/parties are using different tools/formats,

Nx(N-1) = 20 x 19 2N = 2 x 20
= 380 conversions = 40 conversions
Net Saving: 340 conversions!

4 BIM Standards: Levels of BIM Standards
Okay for consistency, but not
• Individual Level? for common understanding
• Project Level
• Organizational / Corporate Level
• Regional / National Level

4 BIM Standards: Levels of BIM Standards
Okay for consistency, but not
• Individual Level? for common understanding
• Project Level
– BIM Project Execution Plan (BEP)
• Organizational / Corporate Level

– E.g. HK Housing Authority, HK Airport Authority, etc.
• Regional / National Level

– E.g. CIC BIM Standards, National BIM Standards (USA),
BS 1192 (UK), GB Standards (China), etc.
• International Level
– E.g. IFC, COBie, ISO 29481-1:2016, ISO 19650:2018, etc.

4.1 BIM Project Execution Plan (BEP)
• “To successfully implement BIM, a project team must perform
detailed and comprehensive planning. A well documented BIM
Project Execution Plan will ensure that all parties are aware of the
opportunities and responsibilities associated with the incorporation
of BIM into the project workflow.”
(The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group, 2010)
126
• BIM Project Execution Planning Guide (Penn State U)
purpose - driven
BM
people involvement
in each stage
common data and

environment 127
128
For each BIM use,

define the
description, value,
resources required,
team required, and
selected references
129
• Process Workflow
130
Project Level – BIM Project Execution Plan (BEP)
Main contents include:
• BIM terminology
• Project background (e.g. scope)
• Project BIM team (e.g. structure, roles, responsibilities)
• IT infrastructure (e.g. specification)
• Software specification (e.g. software, versions)
• BIM LOD (e.g. scope, definition)
• BIM standards (e.g. naming convention, presentation styles)
• BIM process workflow (e.g. model quality checking, model exchange,
model integration and coordination, BIM meetings, clash detection,
common data environment, etc.)
• BIM model management (e.g. model setup, data organization and
management, link management, version and change management,
model storage, security)
• BIM deliverables (e.g. specs, approval, submission, handover)

4.2 Organizational / Corporate Level BIM Standards
http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/business-
partnerships/resources/building-information-modelling/index.html
132
• E.g. Hong Kong Housing Authority
• Example: Naming Convention

• E.g. Hong Kong Electrical and Mechanical Services
Department
• Example: Color Coding

• E.g. Hong Kong Electrical and Mechanical Services
Department
• Example: Asset Information

136
137
4.3 Regional / National Level BIM Standards
• Hong Kong Construction Industry Council
138
• File Naming Convention
139
• LOD Responsibility Matrix
140
CIC BIM Standards (Phase One)
• File Naming Convention
• BIM Origin Point and Orientation (which map?)
• Model Division / Zoning
• Model Units (mm / m / ft?)
• Layer Naming Convention
• Drawing Sheet Templates
• Annotations, dimensions, abbreviations and symbols
• Component Presentation Style and Data Organization
• Resource/Project Folder structures
• Good Practices
141
CIC BIM Standards (Phase Two)
• Building Plan Submission Standards (Upcoming)

• E.g. Mainland China
• Level 1
– 《建筑工程信息模型应用统一标准》(GB/T51212-2016) - Core
• Level 2
– 《建筑信息模型分类和编码标准》(GB/T51269-2017) and
《建筑工程信息模型存储标准》
- basic data standards for BIM information
• Level 3
– 《建筑信息模型施工应用标准》(GB/T51235-2017),
《建筑工程设计信息模型交付标准》and
《制造工业工程设计信息模型应用标准》
- standards for executing / implementing BIM in practice

• E.g. Mainland China
Similar to OmniClass

• E.g. Singapore BIM
Guide
• Example: BIM
Modelling and
Collaboration
Procedures

• E.g. Singapore BIM Essential Guide Series (10 guides)
• The BIM Essential Guide Series provides references on good BIM
practices in an illustrated, easy-to-read format, and are targeted at new
BIM users in Singapore.
- Color coding
- Workflow
- Illustrative BIM use examples
- Etc.
Etc.

• E.g. UK BIM Standards ?, diff ppl have diff
definition
2016 UK
open BIM

• E.g. UK BIM Standards
COBIE
for design and

construction
BS1192:2007 PAS 1192-2:2013 PAS 1192-3:2014 BS 1192-4:2014

+ A2:2016
security
health and safety
BS 8536-1:2015 BS 8536-2:2016 PAS 1192-5:2015 PAS 1192-6:2018

• E.g. National BIM Standards (USA)

4.4 International Level BIM Standards
• BS EN ISO 19650–1 Organisation of information about construction
works – Information management using building information modelling –
Part 1: concepts and principles and
• BS EN ISO 19650-2 Organisation of information about construction
works – Information management using building information modelling –
Part 2: Delivery phase of assets.
150
4.4 International Level BIM Standards
• ISO 19650
151
BIM-Related Standards Worldwide
(Cheng, J.C.P., and Lu, Q. (2015). "A review of the efforts and roles of the public sector for BIM adoption worldwide." Journal of
Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 20, 442‐478.)
152
BIM-Related Standards Worldwide
(Cheng, J.C.P., and Lu, Q. (2015). "A review of the efforts and roles of the public sector for BIM adoption worldwide." Journal of
Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 20, 442‐478.)
153
4.5 BIM Standards: How?
• Data Standards: Simply export to the file
format
• Others:
Local Standards Regional Level

Standards
Foreign Standards
Relevant
Organizational
Level Standards
Project Level
Standards

4.5 BIM Standards in BIM Implementation
BIM is NOT BIM:
only about ‐ Collaboration
Technology or (Full Lifecycle, Full
Tools
Team)
People ‐ Information
‐ Application Specific
Policy
Information Infrastructure
Contracts
Technology
Process Guidelines
/ Tools
Standards
Protocols
Etc.
Product: BIM Model
156
5 BIM Data Standards
• Guidelines, manuals, and templates could be used to describe how
to do BIM. Standards are the key of BIM
5.1 Data Exchange Standards
• Since late 70s and early 1980s
• Domain specific standards provide product data level semantics
Product Data Technologies

(DBMS, OO systems, STEP-tools)
CAD Tool Application
Data
Exchange
Kernel
CAD Tool Application

Data Exchange Standards
(IGES, STEP, IFC, CIS/2, XML, PSL ...) 157
5.1 Data Exchange Standards
• CIS/2 and IFC data exchange (Lipman, NIST)
CIS/2 VRML
Original Model in ETABS Viewed in VRML Viewer

(EDB) (Flux Player)
IFC
IFC to Google SketchUp NIST’s IFC Engine Viewer158

(CADALOG IFC2SKP)
5.2 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
• The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) specification is an open
and neutral data format to describe, exchange and share
information typically used within the building and facility
management industry sector (AEC/FM).
• The IFC specification is developed and maintained by
buildingSMART International (formerly known as International
Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) before 2005). It is not controlled by
a single vendor or group of vendors.
• IFC data model is an object-oriented data model based on class
definitions representing the things (elements, shapes, processes,
etc.) that are used by software applications during a construction
or facility management project.
• It is registered by ISO and is an official International Standard as
ISO 16739:2013.
159
5.2.1 History of IFC
• International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) established in 1995

by American and European AEC (Architecture Engineering and
Construction) firms, along with software vendors, to promote
interoperability between software in the Industry.
• IFC2x3: currently commonly used
• IFC4: currently available newest releases of IFC (March 2013)
160
5.2.1 History of IFC
• Number of entities in IFC
Release Year No. of Entities No. of Types

IFC 1.5.1 1998 186 95
IFC 2.0 1999 290 157
IFC 2x 2000 370 229
IFC 2x2 2003 623 311
IFC 2x3 2006 653 327
IFC 4 2013 766 391
Identical Renamed (0)

(144) Identical (56) Renamed (0)
Attribute Attribute
Modified (92) changed (91) Modified (69)
changed (69)
Version
Changes Version
Super type Changes Super type
Related to changed (10)
Green Related to changed (17)
Building GIS
Added (97) Merged (0) Added (55) Merged (0)
Removed (0) Split (0) Removed (0) Split (0)
(Cheng, Deng, Das and Anumba, 2014)

161
5.2.2 What is the Scope of IFC4?
162
5.2.3 Practical (Cooperative) Design using IFC
Sketching / Design
Architecture
CAD system HVAC Calculations
IFC (10) IFC (1) HVAC
Import HVAC Plan Export Architectural Plan Calc. Software
Import Electrical Plan
IFC (3a)
IFC (9) IFC (2) or direct import/export
Import Import
Architectural Plan DMS Architectural Plan
Facilities HVAC
Management Document
Management
Design
System
CAFM IFC (8) IFC (3) HVAC design
system Project CAD system
Import HVAC and Export HVAC Design
Management
Electrical Plans System
IFC (4)
IFC (7)
Import Architectural Plan
Export Structural Plan
IFC (6) IFC (5) Import HVAC Plan
Import Export
Structural Architectural Electrical Electrical
IFC (7a) Plan Plan IFC (5a)
or direct import/export Design Design or direct import/export
Structural design Electrical design
Structural
program CAD system Electro-lightning
calculus calculations
Calculation Calculation
software Software
163
5.2.3 Practical (Cooperative) Design using IFC
Sketching / Design
Architecture
CAD system HVAC Calculations
HVAC
Calc. Software
IFC (4a)
or direct import/export
Facilities IFC HVAC

Management Model Design
CAFM Server HVAC design
system CAD system
IFC (8a)
Structural Electrical IFC (6a)
or direct import/export Design Design or direct import/export
Structural design Electrical design
Structural
program CAD system Electro-lightning
calculus calculations
Calculation Calculation
software Software
164
5.2.4 IFC Schema
• The IFCs originally are developed and represented in EXPRESS.
• After XML arrival, IFC specification is also presented in XML called
ifcXML.
IFC-EXPRESS
ifcXML
165
5.2.4.1 EXPRESS
• EXPRESS is a standard data modeling language for product data.
EXPRESS is formalized in the ISO Standard for the Exchange of
Product model (STEP) (ISO 10303), and standardized as ISO
10303-11
• An EXPRESS data model can be defined in two ways, graphically
and textually. The graphical representation, called EXPRESS-G, is
not able to represent all details that can be formulated in the
textual form.
• IFC (EXPRESS) is expressed using ISO 10303-21 (STEP-File),
which is the most widely used data exchange form of STEP.
STEP-File has an ASCII structure.
• ifcXML is expressed using ISO 10303-28 (STEP-XML), which uses
the Extensible Markup Language (XML) to represent EXPRESS
schema (ISO 10303-11)
166
5.2.4.2 IFC (EXPRESS) Assignment
• A typical building information in IFC format:
• Each line is numbered

What does it mean?
• Each line starts with an “IFC-entity”
#825 = IFCBEAM(‘2J9ud7U$ddGfpcfa2ojf_D’,#140005,’M’,’Beam’,’W12x30’,#1489,#7823,’M’);
167
5.2.4.2 IFC (EXPRESS)
#38976=IFCBEAM('0qqp3qMHvOhwG',#14005,'B14','W27X102','Beam',#38977,#38981,'B14',.JOIST.);
IFC4.3 RC1> 6.Shared element data schemeas > 6.1.3.1 Ifc beam > 6.1.3.1.4 Express
Specification > !!ignore where
IFC Schema (https://technical.buildingsmart.org/standards/ifc/ifc-schema-specifications/)

ENTITY IfcBeam
SUPERTYPE OF(IfcBeamStandardCase)
SUBTYPE OF (IfcBuildingElement);
PredefinedType : OPTIONAL IfcBeamTypeEnum;
END_ENTITY;
ENTITY IfcBuildingElement
Supertype:
ABSTRACT SUPERTYPE OF (ONE OF
IfcRoot (IfcBuildingElementProxy, IfcCovering,
IfcObjectDefinition IfcBeam, IfcColumn, IfcCurtainWall, IfcDoor,
IfcObject IfcMember, IfcRailing, IfcRamp, IfcRampFlight,
IfcWall, IfcSlab, IfcStairFlight, IfcWindow,
IfcProduct IfcStair, IfcRoof, IfcPile, IfcFooting,
IfcElement IfcBuildingElementComponent, IfcPlate))
IfcBuildingElement SUBTYPE OF (IfcElement);
IfcBeam END_ENTITY;
tree
Etc. 168
Animal : Eyes color, age
5.2.4.2 IFC (EXPRESS) Human: v ,
Asian:
v ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 nos of attribute
Inheritance graph
ENTITY IfcBeam;
ENTITY IfcRoot; grandparent
1 GlobalId :IfcGloballyUniqueId; (STRING)
2 OwnerHistory : OPTIONAL IfcOwnerHistory; (ENTITY)
3 Name : OPTIONAL IfcLabel; (STRING)
4 Description : OPTIONAL IfcText; (STRING)
ENTITY IfcObjectDefinition;
ENTITY IfcObject;
5 ObjectType : OPTIONAL IfcLabel; (STRING)
ENTITY IfcProduct;
6 ObjectPlacement : OPTIONAL IfcObjectPlacement; (ENTITY)
7 Representation : OPTIONAL IfcProductRepresentation; (ENTITY)
ENTITY IfcElement;
8 Tag : OPTIONAL IfcIdentifier; (STRING)
ENTITY IfcBuildingElement;
ENTITY IfcBeam;
9 PredefinedType : OPTIONAL IfcBeamTypeEnum; (ENUM)
169
END_ENTITY;
5.2.4.2 IFC (EXPRESS) assignment : built a
tree like this
• Build a tree for each data file string element ID
#38976=IFCBEAM('0qqp3qMHvOhwG',#14005,'B14','W27X102','Beam',#38977,#38981,'B14‘,.JOIST.);
#14005=IFCOWNERHISTORY(#10003,#14004,$,.NOCHANGE.,$,$,$,1201203689);
#38977=IFCLOCALPLACEMENT($,#38978);
enumeration
#38978=IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D(#334,#38979,#38980);
#334=IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.0000000000,360.0000000000,1152.0000000000));
X Y Z > coordinate system
one point #38979=IFCDIRECTION((0.,0.,1.));
#38980=IFCDIRECTION((0.,1.,0.)); numerical
#38981=IFCPRODUCTDEFINITIONSHAPE($,$,(#38982));
empty
• Two types of attributes: (1) element ID; (2) values (string,
numerical, enumeration, empty)
• Free software (e.g. viewer, converter, syntax checker) for IFC:

– http://www.ifcwiki.org/index.php/Freeware
– E.g. FZK Viewer, BIM Vision, Solibri 170

ch2 BIM 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ch2 BIM 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

• UK: Require fully collaborative 3D BIM (Level 2) by 2016, with all

• Kai Tak Cruise Terminal • MTR Shatin to Central Link

– 70 storeys; 308 m tall

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

(Started in 2011… Published in 2014)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

Over HKD 30M (~ USD 3.82M)

(11 October 2017)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

(Promotional video: https://youtu.be/vcQ2dabYrws) 27

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

Third Runway - BIM

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

• buildingSMART Hong Kong  (2017) bSHK

• Autodesk Industry Advisory Board (AIAB)

• Hong Kong Revit User Group (HKRUG)

• Hong Kong Institute of Civil and Building Information Modeling

• Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors

• Hong Kong Institute of Engineers

• Hong Kong Institute of Architects

• Hong Kong Institute of Project Management

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

Drawing-based information Intelligent object-oriented

no line, 3d object in BIM

Object-based information (nD)

Can find objects of same types

Not only points,

Parametric modeling Hall 8 at HKUST

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

• “A modeling of both graphical and non graphical aspect of the entire

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

in various project phases.

Programming BIM Fabrication

Visualization. Geometrical information only

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

Visualization. Geometrical Information Only.

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

Design Bid Build Operation 57

“Building Information Modeling (BIM)” – Jack Cheng (HKUST)

– De jure – maintained by a standards development organization,

Four possibilities are:

(Use of software tools of

(Use of software tools of one

(Isolated use of software tools (Integrated use of digital building

The future trend is towards Big Open BIM.

• The concept of BIM is oriented from Building Product Model

(Tianjin Port Terminal Project, China) 64

• Structural analysis: using external applications to create

• Sustainability (LEED) evaluation: energy and lighting analysis