116 LEC: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & Dx TESTS FROM DM

Hyperglycemia o Early extraction of blood is done

Characterized by the 3P’s:

- Random Blood Sugar (RBS)
- Polyuria o Also known as casual blood sugar
- Polydipsia o Readings can help identify hyperglycemia and decrease risk for chronic
o Increase in thirst sensation complications
o In people with diabetes, this is caused by increased blood glucose level, o Testing blood glucose levels at various times throughout the day can help
which causes the kidneys to produce more urine to remove excess glucose manage diabetes and reduce risk of complication
from the body o Usually, result is >200 mg/dL
o Because the body is losing fluids, the brain informs the system to drink more o Noted to be elevated after meals, stressful events, when blood is drawn
water to replace lost fluid from IV site, or in DM cases
o No fasting is done
- Polyphagia
o Also known as excessive hunger - Postload Blood Glucose
o The more the person eats food, the more glucose will be circulated in the o Also known as post prandial glucose testing
bloodstream o Done 2 hrs after meals
o This blood glucose is NOT utilized as a source of energy, thus signaling o Normal glucose levels should return to fasting levels within 2 hrs
the brain to increase sensation of hunger o If result is > 200 mg/dL, another dx text is to be done, Oral Glucose
o People with hyperglycemia will continue to crave for food that causes a Tolerance Test (OGTT)
vicious cycle
- Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbAIc)
o Useful in evaluating long term glycemic control
Diagnostic Evaluation o Ideal result is < 7%
- Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS)
o <100 mg/dL or 5.6 mmol/L = NORMAL - Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
o 100-125 mg/dL = PRE-DIABETIC o Not recommended for hospitalized clients
o 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests = DIABETIC o Test in which diet offers 150 grams of CHO/day for 3 days before the test
o Done to determine how much glucose is in blood sample after overnight and a blood sample is withdrawn in intervals
fasting o Administration of glucose in a controlled and defined environment to
o Commonly used to detect DM determine how quickly it is cleared from blood
o Done in the morning before breakfast o Usually used to test for diabetes, insulin resistance, and sometimes reactive
o Placed on NPO for at least 8 hours hypoglycemia

EMP 2021
116 LEC: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & Dx TESTS FROM DM

o Most often given orally

o How it is performed:
▪ Before test begins, sample of blood will be taken
▪ Pt will be asked to drink a liquid containing a certain amount of
glucose (usually 75 grams)
▪ Blood will be taken again every 30-60 minutes after consumption of
solution
▪ Test may last up to 3 hours

- Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose

o Key in managing DM
o Approach where people with diabetes measure their own blood glucose
using a glucometer and adjust/check effect of tx, insulin, medication, stress
management, and diet
o Gives immediate feedback
o A way to know how the body responds to food, insulin, activity, and stress
o Done before meals
o Timing and frequency depends on DO
o Glucometer: a device used to measure level of glucose in the blood

EMP 2021