Junior Three Book 1 Chapter 10: Transport and Excretion of Matter

Blood Plasma 55% Transparent

Pale Yellow
90% is water
Blood Plasma
Function:
Carry blood cells,
Transport metabolic products
Blood Cells such as carbon dioxide
Blood Cells 45% Dark red corpuscles
(Corpuscles)

Type Erythrocytes Leucocytes Thrombocytes

(Red Blood Cells) (White Blood Cells) (Platelets)

Origin Bone Marrow

Nucleated/ Non-Nucleated Nucleated Non-Nucleated
Non-
nucleated
Characteristic • Most abundant • Bigger than erythrocytes • Smallest of the
s • Haemoglobin makes the blood • Colourless blood cells
red
Life span 120 days 4 days 4 days
Shape Biconcave round disc No definite shape No definite shape
Function Combine with oxygen to form Engulf bacteria and resist the For blood clotting ang
oxy-haemoglobin, which supply invasion of virus stop bleeding
oxygen to body tissues

When inflammation occurs in

When the number erythrocytes
decrease, or too little
haemoglobin in erythrocytes, may
occurs anaemia.
human body, number of
leucocytes will exceed the
normal value to kill
pathogens.

Functions of blood:
• Transport metabolic products such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Defence and protection of human body
• Regulate normal body temperature
The types of blood are decided by the types of antigens on the membrane of erythrocytes.
Blood Type Antigens on Erythrocytes Antibodies in Blood Plasma
A Type A Antigens Antibody B
B Type B Antigens Antibody A
AB Type A Antigens and B Antigens None
O None Antibody A and Antibody B
Agglutination of erythrocytes occurs when antigen meet antibodies of antigen
E.g., Antigen A meet Antibody A / Antigen B meet Antibody B, agglutination occurs
Blood Transfusion
• Transferring blood from donor to recipient.
• Cross-matching tests have to be done before transfusion to see if the mixing of antigens of donor and
antibodies of recipient results in agglutination.
• Under normal conditions, same type of blood should be used in blood transfusion
• Health will not be affected if not more than 10% (400ml) of blood is lost, while if more than 30%
(1200 ml), life will be threatened
Blood Groups Can receive blood from Can donate blood to
A A, O A, AB
B B, O B, AB
AB Universal Recipient AB
O O Universal Donor

Types of Blood Vessels

Type Artery Vein Blood Capillary

Wall Thickness Thick Thin Extremely Thin (One

cell thin)
Pressure High Low Low
Valves No Yes No
Muscles & Elastic Large Small None
Fibres
Lumen Diameter Narrow Wide Extremely Narrow (One
cell thick)
Function Transport blood AWAY Transport blood Exchange matter
from heart TOWARD heart between blood and
tissues
Matter exchange
between the blood and
To the heart
tissue cells

From the heart

Heart
Four heart chambers: Left ventricle, Left atrium, Right ventricle and Right
atrium
• Left ventricle linked to aorta while Right ventricle linked pulmonary
artery.
• Left atrium is linked to pulmonary vein while Right atrium linked to superior vena cava and interior
vena cava
• Ventricle are connected to arteries while atrium is connected to vein.

To Upper part of body

From Upper part of body

To Lungs
To Lungs

From Lungs
From Lungs

Septum
Ventriculorum
From Lower part of body
 Function of structure of the Heart

Carries deoxygenated blood from

upper part of body back to heart
Carries deoxygenated blood from
heart to lungs

Carries oxygenated blood

from lungs to heart

Receives oxygenated blood

from lungs
Receives deoxygenated blood
from superior and interior vena Bicuspid
Valve Prevent the backflow
cava of blood to left atrium

Prevent the backflow of

Prevent the backflow of
blood to right ventricle
blood to left ventricle

Prevent the backflow of

Force oxygenated blood to aorta
blood to right atrium
which then transported to the all
parts of body

Carries deoxygenated blood from Force deoxygenated blood to

lower part of body back to heart pulmonary artery which then
transported to the lungs

Cardiovascular Diseases are range of diseases related to the blood circulatory system.
Arteriosclerosis is caused by the fatty matter in the blood being accumulated on the
arterial walls.
Coronary Heart Diseases is caused by pathological changes to the coronary
arteries such as hardening and narrowing, which result in blood deficiency.
Cerebral arteriosclerosis can cause cerebral haemorrhage due to the blockage or
rupture of blood vessels.
 Human Circulatory System is divided into A) Systemic Circulation B)
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body → Superior Vena Cava → Right Atrium

• During systemic circulation, matter exchange take place between blood network
and cells.
• Oxygen and nutrient are transported here while carbon dioxide and waste
product are carried away
• Bright red blood → Dark red blood

Pulmonary Circulation
Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lung → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium

• During pulmonary circulation, gaseous exchange takes place when the blood
flow through the capillary network
• Blood obtain oxygen while releases carbon dioxide
• Dark red blood → Bright red blood

Main function of blood circulation:

1) Carrying oxygen, nutrients and hormones to all the tissues and organs
2) Carrying carbon dioxide and waste metabolic products to excretory organ\

Heart Rate, Pulse and Blood Pressure

Heart Rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. (Pulse is the same as heart rate)

Normal heart rate for adult: 75 beats a minute

Pulse: Rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through arteries

Blood Pressure

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, can be measured by sphygmomanometer.

Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure

Highest arterial blood pressure reached when the heart is Lowest arterial blood pressure reached when the heart is
contracting relaxed
Normal: 90-140mmHg Normal: 60-90mmHg
Lymphatic System (lymph, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs)

Lymph

Colourless and transparent liquid that contains lymphocytes

Flows in lymphatic vessels, most of glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed by the lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Organs – lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and the thymus

Spleen Oval-shaped, purplish red organ
Top left-hand side of abdominal cavity
Largest lymphatic organ
Destroying old corpuscles
Thymus Behind the breast bone (sternum)
Related to immunity
Secrete thymosin for maturation of lymphocytes
Tonsils Small glands between respiratory and digestive tract
Possess lymph nodes
Defending the body against the attack of bacteria
Lymph nodes Small, bean or disc shaped body
Mainly concentrated in neck, groins and armpits
Become swollen and painful when infected by bacteria
 Lymphatic Circulation
Process which lymph goes through the lymphatic vessels of various ranks and sizes before entering
the blood circulatory system through the subclavian vein.
• One directional and not in complete cycle

Main function of Lymphatic System:

1) Transporting fats and other nutritive matter

2) Engulf bacteria and other pathogens
3) Defence against invading microorganisms

Excretion (Excretory organ: Lungs, Kidney, Skin)

Process of expelling metabolic end products, excess matter and foreign objects out of the body via the fixed routes of the blood
circulation.
Nephron
Cortex

Send bloods
from aorta to R.A
Produces urine kidney
R.V Renal
pelvis

Return blood
Renal
from the kidney Sends urine to pyramid
to vena cava urinary bladder

Three contents in urine: Store urine

temporarily
1) Uric acid
2) Excess water
3) Mineral salts Discharge urine
Ureter
Function of urinary system: 1) Removing waste products 2) Regulating the balance of water 3) Maintain normal physiological
function

Skin and Sweat Secretion

Sweat contain 98-99% water and inorganic substances (sodium chloride)

Function: Disperse heat to maintain body temperature and remove metabolic waste.

Excretion in Plants
Secretions of Plants
Carry out respiration (expel carbon dioxide)
e.g. Peach gum (secreted by peach tree), Later (secreted by
Carry out photosynthesis (release oxygen) rubber tree)