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RESEARCH IN
INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES

College of Business Education

Bachelor of Science in Ofce edAinistration
 INTRODUCTION

Our world could do with a little more love and care right now. From war
to poverty, deforestation to epidemics, we are living in demanding times and
facing detrimental challenges. The world is in need of individuals who have
great ambition and want to make a positive impact. Studying International
Studies is a great way to gain deeper understanding of global issues. It is an
intriguing and important subject which places great emphasis on economics,
culture, education and political science and examine the impact they have on
society.

International Studies (IS) is the study of International Relations from a

multidisciplinary perspective. Predominant topics are global politics,
international economics and law, but also elements such as anthropology,
ethnology, sociology, cultural studies and History, which is used to
scientifically study the relations between sovereign nations states existing in a
complex network of political alliances, diplomacy, trade networks, culture,
history and legal institutions. The term International Studies may, due to its
focus on multiple academic disciplines, be studied over several university
departments, or as a specialized study program within a single department.

International Studies provides students with scholarly essays and

articles to familiarize them with the field of International Studies and prepare
them to conduct under graduated research while abroad. Students learn how
to successfully navigate another culture and how to conduct meaningful cross-
cultural comparative research. It provides individuals with core knowledge
about the function and prospects that help in maintaining world harmony.
Studying the course is extremely advantageous in terms of understanding the
world and its considerable demands that can maintain peace in context of
economy, politics and humanitarian rights. Protecting the citizens around the
world is one of the main goals of studying International Studies. Understanding
foreign policies and economic strategies that focus on human rights and
providing environment security along having a perspective on global issues.

In conclusion, why do we need to study International studies? Studying

the course is a great way to gain deeper understanding of global issues. It’s an
intriguing and important subject which places great emphasis on economics,
culture, education, and political science and examines the impact they have on
society.

SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

As a subject of study, International Relations is relatively new and

developing subject. Its scope has continuously expanding and developing. The
scope of study of International Relations includes this following major areas or
topics

1. State System: The study of international relations begins with the state
system. One can see a great impact of the state system on international scene
since last three centuries. The individuals organize themselves in sovereign
states and through them strive to fulfill their interests. The incompatible
interests of these sovereign states cause confict, and international politics is
those the natural outcome of the confict of sovereign states. Not all states
assume to every other national state. Some are significant because of their
neighborhood, some owing to their military or economic power, whereas some
others due to the racial or cultural links. In brief, inter-state relations are the
result of sovereign state and international relations studies these relations.

2. Relations in Confict and Cooperation: International relations studies

relations between two or more states, which are very often complex and
infuenced by a variety of geopolitical, historical, social, religious, ideological,
strategic and leadership factors. Broadly speaking, this relationship has taken
the form of cooperation and confict. Cooperation and confict are two side of
the same coin. Inspire of the fact that they were more confict in international
history than corporation Both Co-Existed throughout the various periods of
history International relations is primarily a study of both confictual and
cooperative inter-state relations.

3. General and Diplomatic History: In the initial years of the beginning of the
discipline, its studies were mainly historical. International relations were
considered identical with international or diplomatic history for quite a long
time. Under this tradition, certain major events were taken up for analysis
against a historical perspective. After some time, 1 historical approach was
replaced by many new and better approaches yet historical facts and events
have not lost their relevance to international relations. For example, to study
the recent indo-Pak relations one has to go back into the past to know their
historical background. The study of general and specially the diplomatic
history cannot be separate from International relations.

4. Power: In the post Second World War period power became the central
theme in the study of international relations. According to Morgenthau
international politics is nothing else but power Politics and can be realistically
understood only if viewed as the concept of interest defined in terms of power
of a national state. Power has practical as well as theoretical relevance. It is a
major determinant of the policies of the leading states of the world and of
international relations generally. In international relations one studies the
nature, elements and measurement of national power, balance of power, power
equations and limitations on national power. Major limitations on power which
are being studied are: international law, international morality, world public
opinion, balance of power, collective security and international organizations.

5. International Law and Organizations: International law acts as restriction

on national power and state action. Thus, it is accepted as a very important
aspect of the study of international relations. International law contains a set
of rules, which regulates and determines the inter-state behavior pattern both
in time of peace and war. Therefore, a sound knowledge of international law is
must or understanding international relations. The United Nations, the most
comprehensive of all international organizations, regional arrangements NATO
OAS, EEC, and SAARC and other organizations international or regional
character have assumed significant role in the present world. These
international institutions provide forums for cooperation and conficts
resolutions and are governed by their own rule. These organizations came into
existence to for economic, military, technological or cultural cooperation among
member states. Since all these organizations and institutions have bearings on
inter-state relations, the become a subject-matter of international relations to
that extent.

6. War and Peace: It is the problem of war and peace around which almost all
the studies of international relations revolve. It is no less a problem than of
human survival. Confict of interests and struggle supremacy among nations
often lead to warfare between two or more nations or their groups. war is as old
a phenomenon as the state itself and its essentially followed be some sort of
peace activity and settlement. War and peace activities are now studied more
systematically in this sphere, the study of international relations is of great
importance for all the mankind and requires interdisciplinary approach and
analysis. 2

7. National Interest. National interest are the objectives of sovereign states.

Which the purpose with the help of power and through the instrument of
foreign policy. In a way national interests are the pivot around which
international relations clusters. Hartmann correctly says that international
relations as a field of study is focused upon the processes by which states
adjust their national interests to those of other states. Thus, the concern of
national interest becomes central to the Conduct national policies. The stud of
national interest has become useful in analyzing the history and conduct of a
nation’s foreign policy.

8. Ideologies. The twentieth century is also marked by the rise of rival

ideologies such as communism, socialism, capitalism, Nazism, fascism,
totalitarianism, liberalism etc. With confict political, economic and social
systems, ideological issues came to the forefront on international scene. Since,
first World War many of the international problems has ideological overtones
which further complicated inter-state relations. No doubt for the last few years
there is the talk of end of ideology and De-idolization of international relations
yet ideologies elements cannot be ignored in the study of international
relations. To understand the contemporary international relations the process
of both the idealization and de-idealization has to be taken into account

9. Foreign Policy. The sovereign states conduct their foreign relations and
interact with each other through their foreign policies and, thus foreign policies
is international politics is like a charter containing national interests showing
the areas of agreement and disagreement. It explains the ideals with which the
state would exert its infuence and the limit of its total efectiveness. Though
foreign policies are not the be-all and end-all of international relations yet they
constitute a significant part of its study

10. Alliances and Groupings. No doubt, most of the major multilateral

alliances, including NATO, the Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO etc. which
fourished in the fifties and early sixties have now lost their relevance yet
alliance politics became an important area of study in the postwar
international relations. The study of international relations focused on the
factors that contribute to the growth of such military alliances, the degree of
their unity and their impact on the balance of power situation among the states
concerned. There are also groupings other than military alliances such as
communist countries, the free world, the Islamic world, nonaligned countries,
the Arab world, African countries etc. They function unitedly on many common
issues inside and outside the UN. The uniting factors, the degree of their unity
as well as their conficts with other groups, form the subject matter of
international relations 3

11. Economic Factors: Economic interests, like defense interests play role in
political transaction among state and thus they assume importance in
interstate relations. No one can ignore in international relations the economic
factors such as food problem, economic planning and development, rates of
exchange, tarifs, exchange controls, commodity agreements, international
trade, balance of payments, foreign aid, disparities between developed and
under-developed economies, demand for New International Economic order,
international investment, multinational corporations, international economic
agencies such as the World Bank and international Monetary Fund and many
other UN agencies and regional economic agencies. The Marxist approach to
international relations lay stress purely on economic factors and many non-
communist theories also recognize the role of economic elements in
international life. Economic factors are within the scope of international
relations to the extent they infuence inter-state relations.

WHY STUDY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS?

1. It promotes better living for citizens in the world.

2. It gives opportunities to improve trade policies in order to generate better
economic stability.
3. It elevates the opportunity to connect with other nations to maintain a
peaceful environment along with being in support to face global issues
together.
4. It allows experiencing various cultural dynamics through immigration.
5. It helps in spreading the message of human rights that will help in
developing the systems around the world.
 6. Co-operating with other nations during the occurrence of contemporary
global issues.

International Relation (IR) is a continuously popular subject. It concerns

people and cultures all over the world. The scope and complexity of the
interactions between the various group makes IR a challenging subject to
master. IR is new and dynamic and has a special appeal to everybody.

International Relation is the study of confict and cooperation by

international actors, as featured by the development and testing of hypotheses
about international outcomes.

The field of IR concerns the relationship among the various governments of

the world. These relationships linked with other actors such as International
Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, Transnational Corporations
and notable individuals make them interdependent.

Owing to the fact, it has become difcult arriving at a university acceptable

definition of the subject. However, scholars have persisted in their attempt to
define international relations.

In the words of Karl Deutsh, “International Relations is that area of human

action where inescapable interdependence meets with inadequate control.”
Trevor Taylor defines IR “as a discipline that tries to explain political activities
across states boundaries.” Another scholar, Seymon Brown postulates that
International Relations is the investigating and study of patterns of actions and
reactions among sovereign states as represented by their governing elites.”

Quite often, IR scholars view International Relations as a mix of confict and

cooperation in relationships among nations. There is no escaping from world
afairs yet we cannot shape them totally to our will. The discipline of IR is
concerned with the factors and the activities which afect the external policies
and power of the basic units into which the world is divided.

IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International Relations are exceptionally important aspect of citizenship

in a global society. As our world becomes smaller and smaller through
communication technology, rapid air transportation and a complex
international economy, the value of peaceful and cooperative relationships
between nations is increasingly important.

1. PEACE- Historically, one of the oldest expressions of IR was the

establishment of treaties and agreements between nations. Maintenance of
these treaties ensured that ordinary people could go about their everyday task
of earning a living and raising their families rather than dedicating themselves
to armed confict with neighbors. This function of international relations
remains just as relevant today.

2. ECONOMY- positive IR also promotes efective trade and policies between

nations, both in terms of importing natural resources and finished products
not available in one country and in terms of gaining access to the larger market
aforded by exports to foreign countries. IR define the requirements and
limitations of cross-border trade.

3. IMMIGRATION- besides the transport of goods over international borders,

people also frequently migrate between countries, looking for opportunities to
enhance their lives. This travel may be temporary or permanent, but in either
case it must be regulated to ensure the rule of law ---criminals must be kept
out of the country while legitimate business, tourist and immigrants travel is
preserved. International Relations play a key role in determining border control
policies.
4. GLOBAL CONCERNS- nation often face global issues that are larger than
any specific country or even continent, such as concerns over the environment,
pandemics and terrorism. Sound international relations are required for
nations to cooperate efectively to meet these challenges, allowing nations to
share relevant information quickly and pool resources.

5. CULTURE- international relations are not only about regulating and

controlling the fow of goods and information, they are also advantageous for
promoting the advancement of human culture in a general way. The diversity of
world cultures can be promoted and shared through enlightened international
relations policies, allowing programs such as a student exchanges and cultural
exhibitions to enhance our understanding of the variety of human expression
worldwide.

HANNAH G. OGNAYON
Bachelor of Science in Ofce Administration

CONTACT SKILLS
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Ognayonhannah773@gmail.com

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