RESEARCHI

NINTERNATI
ONAL
STUDI
ES
I
ntr
oduct
ion

I
nter
nat
ionals
tudi
esexami
nes
oci
eti
es,cul
tur
es,andl
anguages
,aswel
lass
yst
ems
ofgover
nmentandas
soci
atedr
elat
ions
hips(
Fli
nder
s,201
0).Somet
imesknownas
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsori
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
ticsatt
heuni
ver
sit
ylevel
,thedi
sci
pli
ne
i
nvol
vest
he anal
ysi
sofpol
i
tical
,economi
c,s
oci
al,and cul
tur
aldi
mens
ionst
hat
s
igni
fi
cant
lyi
nfl
uencei
nter
nat
ional
devel
opment(
Webber
,2020)
.

St
udyi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionscoul
dleadt
oanexci
ti
ngcar
eeri
nvol
vingr
esol
ving
conf
li
ctsbet
weencount
ri
esori
mpr
ovi
ngdi
plomat
icr
elat
ions
.

I
nter
nat
ionals
tudi
es(
ori
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
)invol
vest
hes
tudyoft
hegl
obal
communi
ty.I
ttakesal
ookathow s
oci
eti
esandcount
ri
esi
nter
actwi
thoneanot
her
.
St
udent
swi
l
llookatt
hepol
i
tical
,soci
alandeconomi
cis
suesdomi
nat
ingt
hegl
obal
agenda.
Subj
ect
sli
kepol
i
tics
,lawandeconomi
cswi
l
lbeexami
nedonagl
obal
level
.

Themaj
orbr
anchesofi
nter
nat
ionals
tudi
esar
econcent
rat
edi
nthear
easofpol
i
tics
,
economi
cs,and l
aw i
nthe cont
extofi
nter
nat
ionaldevel
opment(
“I
nter
nat
ional
St
udi
es,
” 201
8). Subdi
sci
pli
nes i
ncl
ude compar
ati
ve pol
i
tics (
Rus
set
, 2003)
,
i
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
ticaleconomy,i
nter
nat
ionaleconomi
cs,andi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
tics
(
Kapl
an,
1961
).

I
nter
nat
ional
studi
espr
ofes
sional
scont
ri
but
etopos
iti
ves
oci
etal
str
uct
ures
,incl
udi
ng
pol
i
tical
,economi
c,s
oci
al,andcul
tur
alas
pect
samongi
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
ti
es
(
Vior
eanu,201
7).Thi
sincl
udesbui
l
dingandmai
ntai
ningpos
iti
vedi
plomat
icr
elat
ions
among di
ff
erent count
ri
es;pr
event
ing,di
scover
ing,and s
olvi
ng i
nter
nat
ional
conf
li
cts
; and and pr
omot
ing domes
tic gover
nment pol
i
cies t
hat s
uppor
t
i
nter
nat
ionaldevel
opment
.Common pos
iti
ons i
n t
he f
iel
d i
ncl
ude di
plomat
,
i
ntel
l
igences
peci
ali
st,pol
i
ticalanal
yst
,lobbyi
st,andcommuni
cat
ionss
peci
ali
stf
or
ani
nter
nat
ional
studi
esor
gani
zat
ion(
Vior
eanu,
201
7).

I
nter
nat
ionals
tudi
esar
eli
nkedt
odi
sas
terr
esear
cht
hrought
hei
rfocusongl
obal
s
truct
uresandevent
sands
ecur
it
y,i
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionalcont
ext
,andt
he
gl
obalnat
ureofcat
ast
rophi
ceventi
mpact
s(Vi
oreanu,201
7;Hol
l
is,201
7).Speci
fi
c
ar
easofconcer
nincl
ude cr
isi
sdeci
si
on maki
ng,i
nter
nat
ionalcooper
ati
on and
adapt
ati
oni
nthef
aceofcl
i
mat
echange,
andi
nter
nat
ional
secur
it
ydi
l
emmas(
Hol
l
is,
201
7)

SCOPEOFI
NTERNATI
ONALSTUDI
ES/
RELATI
ONS

Thes
copeofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
swi
deandi
tsbas
isi
smai
nlyi
nter
dependence.
The pace ofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions has i
ntens
ifi
ed wi
tht
he devel
opmentof
i
nfor
mat
iont
echnol
ogy.

I
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
onsasas
epar
ateacademi
cdi
sci
pli
neemer
gedatt
hebegi
nni
ng
oft
het
went
iet
h-cent
urybas
ical
l
yaf
terWor
ldWarI
.The 
decr
eeonpeace 
oft
he
Sovi
etUni
oni
n191
7andt
he 
14-
poi
ntpr
inci
ples
 ofUSPr
esi
dent
 Woodr
ow Wi
l
son 
i
n
1
918ar
eknownasi
mpor
tantdocument
sini
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

ScopeofI
nter
nat
ional
Rel
ati
ons

The i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyi
sthe i
nst
rumentofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
.The
uni
magi
nabl
echangesi
nthei
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyovert
hepas
tsevent
yyear
s
havedr
ast
ical
l
ychangedi
nter
-st
ater
elat
ions
.

I
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions as a di
sti
nct cur
ri
cul
um has f
oll
owed t
hat t
rend i
n
i
nter
nat
ionals
oci
etys
incet
he1
930s
.Fort
hisr
eas
on,i
tisnotpos
sibl
etodr
aw a
per
manentl
i
neont
hes
copeofi
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

I
nthedi
scus
sionoft
henat
ureofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
,youal
readygett
hei
dea
t
hatwhatt
hes
copeofi
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
. 

St
udyoft
hebehavi
orofSt
atesi
nInt
ernat
ional
Pol
i
tics

J
ustaswhenanat
ionbui
l
dsgoodr
elat
ionsf
ort
hes
akeofi
tsover
all
devel
opment
,it
becomest
hes
ubj
ectofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
,jus
taswhent
her
eisaconf
li
ctof
i
nter
est
,bi
tt
ernes
sdevel
opsamongi
tsel
fandt
hatt
oobecomespar
tofi
nter
nat
ional
r
elat
ions
.

Neor
eal
i
stmodel
sofi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
ticshave us
eful
l
y cal
l
ed at
tent
ion t
othe
i
mpor
tanceofs
yst
em s
truct
urei
ndet
ermi
nings
tat
es'
str
ategi
cbehavi
or.Neor
eal
i
sm
er
rs,however
,inequat
ingi
nter
nat
ionals
truct
urewi
tht
hedi
str
ibut
ionofcapabi
l
iti
es
amongs
tat
esi
nthes
yst
em.Si
ncei
tisl
ogi
cal
l
ypos
sibl
e(eveni
nananar
chi
creal
m)
f
orl
egalnor
mst
odet
ermi
nes
trat
egi
cbehavi
or,ands
incei
nter
nat
ionall
aw does
ex
ist
,at
heor
yofi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
ticss
houl
dins
teadequat
eint
ernat
ionals
truct
ure
wi
tht
hel
egalpr
inci
plesr
egar
dedbys
tat
esasi
mpos
ingbi
ndi
ngcons
trai
ntsont
hei
r
s
trat
egi
cact
ions
.Ar
evi
ewofavai
l
abl
edat
aonact
ual
pat
ter
nsoft
err
it
ori
alconques
t,
wari
nit
iat
ion,andbal
anci
ngbehavi
orbys
tat
ess
ugges
tst
hats
uchal
aw-
bas
ed
appr
oach yi
elds val
uabl
e new i
nsi
ght
sint
othe s
truct
uraldynami
cs ofs
tat
es'
s
trat
egi
cchoi
ces
.Thel
aw-
bas
edappr
oachal
sor
esol
vess
ever
alt
roubl
i
ngempi
ri
cal
anomal
i
esas
soci
atedwi
thneor
eal
i
stt
heor
y.

Thusi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionscons
istofbot
hcooper
ati
onandconf
li
ct.I
nter
nat
ional
r
elat
ionsar
eal
soamat
teroff
ormi
ngal
l
iancesanddeal
i
ngwi
tht
hecr
isi
s.

Rol
eofNon-
Stat
eAct
orsi
nInt
ernat
ional
Fiel
d

Thecont
entofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsdoesnotr
evol
veonl
yar
oundt
heact
ivi
ti
esof
t
hes
tat
eandi
tsf
ormali
nst
it
uti
ons
.Thes
tat
eisnott
heonl
yact
iveact
ori
nthe
i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
ty.Ther
ear
emanynon-
stat
eact
orswhos
eact
ivi
ti
esaf
fect
i
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

Mul
ti
nat
ionalCor
por
ati
ons(
MNCs
),Eur
opean Economi
c Communi
ty,Counci
lfor
Mut
ual
Economi
cAs
sis
tance,
NATO,
SEATO,
WARSAW PACT,
ASEAN,
Organi
zat
ionof
Amer
icanSt
ates
,di
ff
erentt
err
ori
stor
gani
zat
ions
,Rel
i
giousOr
gani
zat
ionsar
ethe
ex
ampl
esoft
henon-
stat
eel
ement
sini
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

The t
radi
ti
onalcl
ass
ifi
cat
ion,non-
stat
e act
orsar
e di
vided i
ntot
wo cat
egor
ies
:
i
nter
nat
ional i
nter
gover
nment
al or
gani
zat
ions (
IGOs
) and t
rans
nat
ional or
i
nter
nat
ionalnongover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs
)(Br
own,1
995;Mi
l
ler
,1994)
.The
f
ir
stgr
oupcons
ist
soft
henon-
stat
eact
orst
hatar
ecr
eat
edbynat
ion-
stat
es.They
ar
eof
fi
ci
all
ydocument
edbygover
nmentagenci
es.Thes
econdgr
oupofnon-
stat
e
i
nter
nat
ionalact
orsi
ses
tabl
i
shed notbynat
ion-
stat
es,butbycer
tai
n gr
oup of
i
ndi
vidual
s,bus
ines
smenandot
hers
oci
etalf
orces
.Thi
sgr
ouphasnol
egalbonds
wi
thnat
ion-
stat
es;t
her
efor
e,t
heyar
etr
ulyt
rans
nat
ional
.

I
GOsar
evol
unt
aryas
soci
ati
onsofs
over
eign s
tat
eses
tabl
i
shed t
opur
suemany
obj
ect
ivesf
orwhi
chs
tat
eswantt
ocooper
atet
hroughs
ortoff
ormal
str
uct
ureandt
o
whi
chs
tat
esar
eunabl
etor
eal
i
zebyt
hems
elves(
Mil
l
er,
1994)
.Ther
ear
ehundr
edsof
I
GOsi
ntoday’
swor
ldwhi
char
esi
gni
fi
canti
nthei
rres
pect
ivef
iel
ds.
Theyar
ecr
eat
ed
byt
reat
iesandnegot
iat
ionswhi
chmai
nlyr
efl
ectpr
efer
encesofs
trongers
tat
es.
Es
peci
all
yst
rongers
tat
escr
eat
eIGOsbecaus
etheyneed t
hem t
o pr
otectt
hei
r
i
nter
est
s.Byandl
arge,deci
si
onsmadebyI
GOsar
ethepr
oductofnegot
iat
ions
among t
hegover
nment
alr
epr
esent
ati
vesas
signed t
othem.I
ngener
al,i
tisnot
i
deal
i
sm,butt
heneedofs
tat
eswhi
cht
endt
hem t
ocooper
atewi
thot
hers
tat
esi
n
t
hecont
extofI
GOs
.Ther
efor
e,t
heyar
epar
toft
heWes
tphal
i
ans
tat
esys
tem i
n
whi
chI
GOsar
eins
trument
sofnat
ion-
stat
es(
Mil
l
er,
1994:67)
.

I
GOsmaybecl
ass
ifi
edbys
cope(
globalandr
egi
onal
)andbyf
unct
ion(
pol
i
tical
,
economi
c,s
oci
alandenvi
ronment
al)
.IGOsar
eadj
unct
sofnat
ion-
stat
esandpl
ay
s
igni
fi
cantr
oles by pr
ovi
ding means ofcooper
ati
on and mul
ti
ple channel
s of
communi
cat
ionamongs
tat
esi
nar
easi
nwhi
chcooper
ati
onandcommuni
cat
ion
pr
ovi
desadvant
agesf
oral
lormos
tst
atesBennet
t,1
991
).I
tiscommonl
yknownt
hat
t
he mai
nfunct
ionsofI
GOsar
erul
e maki
ng,agenda s
ett
ing,and i
nfor
mat
ion
gat
her
ing.I
naddi
ti
on,t
heydecr
eas
euncer
tai
ntybet
weens
tat
esands
ear
chf
or
cooper
ati
ve s
olut
ions t
oint
ernat
ionalpr
obl
ems
.IGOs may change nor
ms of
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsand pr
efer
encesofnat
ion-
stat
es.Fori
nst
ance,t
heUni
ted
Nat
ionsEnvi
ronmentPr
ogr
am pl
ayedas
igni
fi
cantr
olei
nthecr
eat
ionofr
egi
mes
s
uchast
hePr
otect
ionoft
heMedi
ter
raneanSeaandt
hePr
otect
ionofOzonel
ayer
(
Brown,
1995:1
95)
.

St
udyofFor
eignPol
i
cy

Anot
heri
mpor
tanti
ssuei
nint
ernat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
sfor
eignpol
i
cy.I
nthepas
t,ki
ngs
orpr
imemi
nis
ter
soraf
ew i
ndi
vidual
spl
ayedanact
iver
olei
ndet
ermi
ningf
orei
gn
pol
i
cy.

Today,notonl
yst
ates
menbutal
sot
hel
egi
sl
atur
eandmanyci
ti
zensar
einvol
vedi
n
t
hef
ormul
ati
onoff
orei
gnpol
i
cy.
Thes
tat
eofaf
fai
rsori
deol
ogyi
nfor
eignpol
i
cyand
t
hei
deol
ogi
cali
ssuesoft
her
espect
iver
egi
mesar
eimpor
tantpar
tsofi
nter
nat
ional
r
elat
ions
.
St
udyofNat
ionSt
ates

Thef
undament
alpar
tsoft
henat
ions
tat
ear
ethenat
ionandt
hes
tat
e.Let
'ss
tar
t
wi
tht
hes
tat
e.I
nthebr
oades
toft
erms
, 
thes
tat
e i
sabodyofgover
nment
.Al
lthe
r
ulesandl
aws
,thegover
nmentof
fi
ci
alsandt
hei
rti
tl
es,t
hephys
icalboundar
iesand
t
hos
ewhodef
inet
hem -t
hes
emakeupt
hes
tat
e.Thes
tat
eiswhatmakesacount
ry
r
unf
rom apol
i
tical
,pr
act
ical
standpoi
nt.

Thenat
ion,ont
heot
herhand,i
sthepeopl
e.Thenat
ioni
scr
eat
edbyas
har
edbel
i
ef
t
hatt
hepeopl
eins
ideacount
ryar
econnect
edt
oeachot
her
.Whet
heryoul
i
vei
n
Cl
evel
and,Denver
,orSan Fr
anci
sco,you s
til
lshar
e a connect
ion wi
th ot
her
Amer
icans
.The i
dea t
hatpeopl
e ofa nat
ion ar
e connect
ed t
o each ot
heri
s
cal
l
ed 
nat
ional
i
sm.

Nat
ion s
tat
esmus
tal
so have a s
har
ed nat
ionalcul
tur
e.Thi
sisof
ten achi
eved
t
hroughcommonl
anguage,hi
stor
y,hol
i
days
,andeducat
ion.Somet
imesnat
ional
cul
tur
eisar
esul
tofs
imi
l
arpeopl
eli
vingi
nthes
amear
ea.I
ntheUni
tedSt
ates
,the
col
oni
stsbegandevel
opi
ngauni
quenat
ionalcul
tur
e,whi
chl
edt
othem decl
ari
ng
waragai
nstEngl
andandcr
eat
ingt
hei
rowngover
nmentands
tat
e.

Ont
heot
herhand,s
omet
imest
henat
ions
tat
ebegi
nsasagover
nmentandl
ater
hast
otr
y and cr
eat
e a nat
ionalcul
tur
e.Forexampl
e,when Mexi
co became
i
ndependentf
rom Spai
n,t
hecount
rywast
ool
argeandf
ragment
edf
ort
hepeopl
eto
havedevel
opedanat
ionalcul
tur
e.Ther
ewer
edozensofdi
ff
erenti
dent
it
ies
.Itt
ook
near
lyacent
uryf
ort
heMexi
cangover
nmentt
odevel
opas
ens
eof'
Mexi
can-
nes
s',
or
 Mexi
cani
dad 
i
nSpani
sh.

Thenat
ions
tat
eisas
yst
em ofor
gani
zat
iondef
ined 
bygeogr
aphy,pol
i
tics
,and
cul
tur
e.Thenat
ioni
scul
tur
ali
dent
it
ythati
sshar
edbyt
hepeopl
e,andt
hes
tat
eis
t
hegover
ningadmi
nis
trat
ion.Anat
ions
tat
emus
thaveas
har
ednat
ionali
dent
it
y,
phys
ical
bor
der
s,andas
ingl
egover
nment
.

The et
hni
ccompos
iti
on,geogr
aphi
call
ocat
ion,hi
stor
icalbackgr
ound,r
eli
gion or
i
deol
ogi
esofdi
ff
erents
tat
esar
enott
hes
ameatal
l
.And becaus
eofal
lthes
e
di
ff
erences
,ther
elat
ions
hipbet
weendi
ff
erents
tat
esi
sdi
ff
erent
.
Soi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsneedt
odi
scus
sal
lthes
edi
ff
erencesi
ndet
ail
.Whent
he
s
oci
alenvi
ronmenti
sdi
ff
erent
,hi
sreact
ionf
all
soni
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

I
nter
nat
ional
Organi
zat
ions

An i
nter
nat
ional gover
nment
al or
gani
zat
ion (
IGO)
, al
so r
efer
red t
o as an
i
nter
gover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ion,
isanor
gani
zat
ionwi
thamember
shi
pofonl
yst
ates
.
Theor
gani
zat
ioni
sus
ual
l
yfoundeduponat
reat
y,oramul
ti
lat
eralagr
eement
,and
cons
ist
sofmor
ethant
wos
tat
es.Members
tat
esdet
ermi
net
hewayi
nwhi
cht
he
or
gani
zat
ioni
srun,
vot
ewi
thi
ntheor
gani
zat
ionandpr
ovi
dei
tsf
undi
ng.

Es
tabl
i
shedi
n1945f
oll
owi
ngt
heendoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
,theUni
tedNat
ions
(
UN)i
sapr
imeexampl
eofani
nter
nat
ionalgover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ionwi
thal
mos
t
uni
ver
salmember
shi
p.Onl
yst
atescan be member
soft
he Uni
ted Nat
ionsand
member
shi
pisval
ued becaus
eitconf
ersupon t
he members
tat
eint
ernat
ional
r
ecogni
ti
onofi
tss
over
eignt
y.Asof201
7ther
ear
e193UNmembers
tat
es–buti
tis
i
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatas
mal
lnumberofs
tat
esar
enotmember
s.

Ther
ear
esi
xmai
nor
gansoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
.Onceas
tat
eisamember
,iti
s
aut
omat
ical
l
yamemberoft
heGener
alAs
sembl
y.Thi
sist
hemos
tdemocr
ati
cor
gan
wher
eeachs
tat
eget
sonevot
e,nomat
terhowbi
gors
mal
l
,ri
chorpoort
hecount
ry.
I
tisal
sot
hepl
acewher
e,ever
ySept
ember
,wor
ldl
eader
sgi
vet
hei
raddr
esst
othe
i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyf
rom behi
ndadar
kgr
eenpodi
um wi
tht
heUNcr
estcl
ear
ly
vi
si
ble.Theot
heror
gansar
etheSecur
it
yCounci
l
,theEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
l
(
ECOSOC)
,theTr
ust
ees
hipCounci
l
,theSecr
etar
iatandt
heI
nter
nat
ionalCour
tof
J
ust
ice.By f
art
he mos
tpower
fulor
gan i
sthe Secur
it
y Counci
l
,whi
ch has1
5
member
s.Fi
ves
tat
es–Chi
na,Fr
ance,Rus
sia,t
heUni
tedKi
ngdom,andt
heUni
ted
St
ates–ar
eper
manentmember
soft
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
.Theot
hert
enar
evot
edi
n
byt
heGener
alAs
sembl
yfort
wo-
yeart
enur
es.
TheSecur
it
yCounci
li
stheonl
yor
gan
t
hatcan i
mpos
esanct
ionson s
tat
esordepl
oymi
l
itar
yfor
ceson behal
foft
he
i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyt
okeept
hepeacei
nacer
tai
nar
ea,r
egi
onorcount
ry.The
Uni
tedNat
ionsi
tsel
fdoesnothavei
tsownmi
l
itar
yfor
ce,buti
tcanmus
termi
l
itar
y
andpol
i
ceper
sonnelt
hroughcont
ri
but
ionsbyi
tsmember
s.Thes
eUNpeacekeeper
s
ar
edi
sti
ngui
shedbyt
hei
rtr
ademar
kbl
uehel
met
s,gi
vingr
iset
otheni
ckname‘
Blue
Ber
ets
’.

Ther
ear
eci
vils
oci
etyor
gani
zat
ionsonal
lis
sues
,rangi
ng f
rom di
sar
mamentt
o
oceani
cnoi
sepol
l
uti
on,andf
rom ment
alheal
tht
oref
ugees
.Ther
ear
eal
sopr
ivat
e
i
ndi
vidual
swho ar
einvi
ted t
ospeak ats
peci
alUni
ted Nat
ionsmeet
ings
.Iti
s
t
her
efor
ecommont
owi
tnes
shear
twr
enchi
ngf
ir
st-
handaccount
sofs
exualabus
es,
t
ort
ure,ordi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Such t
est
imoni
es have t
he powert
o gal
vani
ze t
he
i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
ty.Yet
,nomat
terhow power
fult
hes
etes
timoni
esar
e,i
tis
ul
ti
mat
ely up t
othe members
tat
es t
o det
ermi
ne t
he cour
se ofact
ion.The
Secr
etar
iat
,incl
udi
ngt
heSecr
etar
y-Gener
alwhol
eadst
heUni
tedNat
ions
,cannot
t
akeact
iononi
tsownandcanonl
yappealt
omembers
tat
est
o‘dos
omet
hing’
.
Becaus
e oft
his
,the Uni
ted Nat
ions r
emai
ns undeni
abl
y and i
rr
evocabl
y an
i
nter
nat
ionalgover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ion and nota l
evelofaut
hor
it
yabovet
he
s
tat
es.

Ther
oleofnat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionsi
nint
ernat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
sno
l
essi
mpor
tant
.Peopl
efr
om di
ff
erentcount
ri
esar
einvol
vedwi
tht
heUSCongr
essof
I
ndus
tri
alOr
gani
zat
ions
,theUSFeder
ati
onofLabor
,theFr
enchLaborOr
gani
zat
ion,
andt
heWomen’
sInt
ernat
ional
Democr
ati
cFeder
ati
onEngagementOr
gani
zat
ion.

The non-
gover
nment
alor
gani
zat
ionsar
e al
soi
nvol
ved i
nthe act
ivi
ti
esoft
he
Coal
i
tionandi
tsvar
iousexper
tor
gani
zat
ions
,suchasUNESCO,t
heI
nter
nat
ional
LaborOr
gani
zat
ion and t
he Wor
ld Heal
th Or
gani
zat
ion.Ther
efor
e,i
nter
nat
ional
r
elat
ionsal
sodi
scus
sesal
lnat
ional
andi
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ion

Gl
obal
Envi
ronment
alI
ssues

I
ssuesoft
heenvi
ronmentar
eoneoft
hekeymat
ter
sofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsnow.
Dur
ingt
he1
970st
heenvi
ronment
alpol
i
ticsonl
yfocus
edont
heques
tionofr
esour
ce
i
ssues
.

Butf
rom t
he 1
990st
heenvi
ronment
alpol
i
ticsf
ocus
ed on t
he i
ssue of‘
Cli
mat
e
change’br
oughtaboutt
hroughgl
obalwar
ming.Toover
comet
hisi
ssue,t
heUN
Fr
amewor
kConvent
iononCl
i
mat
eChange(
FCCC)
,Kyot
oPr
otocoli
n1997,t
hePar
is
Agr
eementoncl
i
mat
echange,
etc,
havei
nit
iat
ed.
So,gl
obalenvi
ronment
ali
ssuesaf
fectever
yst
atei
nthewor
ld.Fort
hepr
otect
ionof
t
hisbeaut
if
ulwor
ldal
lthes
tat
esar
etr
yingt
hei
rbes
tbyr
educt
ionoft
heus
ageof
gr
eenhous
egas
sesandt
hati
swhyi
tiscons
ider
edast
hemos
timpor
tantpar
tof
i
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
. 

Envi
ronmenti
snow akeycomponentofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsand,gi
vent
her
isi
ng
at
tent
ioncl
i
mat
echanger
ecei
vesi
npar
ti
cul
ar(
Wel
zer
,201
2),amat
tert
hatnow has
hi
ghpr
ior
it
yindi
plomat
icci
rcl
es.Wi
ths
tat
esi
ndangerofdi
sappear
ingbel
ow r
isi
ng
s
easandmaj
ordi
srupt
ionst
owat
ers
uppl
i
esandf
oods
yst
emspr
oject
edf
orf
utur
e
decades i
fst
eps t
o cur
b gr
eenhous
e gas emi
ssi
ons ar
e not t
aken s
oon,
envi
ronment
almat
ter
shavebecomecent
ralt
ocont
empor
aryi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
tics
,
andt
othei
racademi
cst
udy(
Weber
sik,201
0).Envi
ronmentemer
gedaf
tert
heCol
d
Warasapr
ior
it
ymat
terf
ors
chol
arl
yanal
ysi
sbecaus
eschol
arsar
econcer
nedwi
th
mat
ter
s ofpol
l
uti
on,cons
ervat
ion and r
esour
ces
;butal
so becaus
ether
e ar
e
i
nter
est
inganal
yti
calpuzzl
ess
urr
oundi
nghow t
hei
nter
nat
ionals
yst
em deal
swi
th
t
hem andt
hechangesr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofnew modesofgover
nance,
i
nst
it
uti
ons
,agenci
es,
knowl
edgeandnor
ms.

Cr
it
ics
,whoar
guet
hatenvi
ronment
almanagementar
rangement
sthatf
ocuson
t
echni
calmat
ter
sfr
equent
lyoccl
udecompl
i
cat
edpr
oces
sesofgl
obali
njus
ticeand
t
hedi
spl
acementofmar
ginalpopul
ati
onsi
nthegl
obalpol
i
ty,havechal
l
engedt
his
nar
row anal
yti
cfocusand r
ais
ed l
argerques
tionsofgl
obalpower
,jus
tice and
conf
li
ct(
SachsandSant
ari
us,2007)
.Ther
esul
tisani
ntens
eser
iesofacademi
c
debat
esi
nInt
ernat
ionalRel
ati
onsandcognat
efi
eldsaboutwhatt
ost
udy,f
orwhom
and wi
th what pol
i
cy i
mpl
i
cat
ions f
or gover
nance br
oadl
y concei
ved.Onl
y
s
omet
imesdot
het
radi
ti
onalcor
ethemesofI
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
onsconcer
nedwi
th
war
,peaceands
ecur
it
yimpi
ngedi
rect
lyont
heenvi
ronment
aldi
scus
sions
.

Uni
ted Nat
ionsEnvi
ronmentPr
ogr
am,201
2);t
he envi
ronmentdi
scus
sionshave
i
ncr
eas
ingl
yfocus
edonhow t
her
ichandpower
fulpar
tsofhumani
tywi
l
lshapet
he
f
utur
econf
igur
ati
onoft
hepl
anet
.Cl
ear
lyt
her
ear
enumer
ousf
ail
uresofgover
nance
i
ntr
yingt
otackl
ethei
nter
connect
edpr
obl
emsofwhati
sincr
eas
ingl
ycal
l
edt
heage
oft
heAnt
hropocene(
Gal
az,201
4).Wi
l
lrapi
d cl
i
mat
echangel
ead t
odel
i
ber
ate
at
tempt
stochanget
heat
mos
pher
etos
low orcount
eractgl
obalwar
mingasi
n
geoengi
neer
ing,orwi
l
lthepower
fuls
tat
esandcor
por
ati
onsactqui
ckl
ytopr
ecl
ude
t
heneces
sit
yofs
uchdr
ast
ic,
andpot
ent
ial
l
yconf
li
ctcaus
ingmeas
ures
?Whi
l
eitmay
bepr
emat
uret
ocal
lcur
rentci
rcums
tances‘
theageofecol
ogy’(
Radkau,201
4),s
uch
cons
ider
ati
onsar
eincr
eas
ingl
yshapi
ngmat
ter
sofgl
obal
pol
i
tics
.

Rol
eofPeopl
einI
nter
nat
ional
pol
i
tics

The i
mpor
tance ofpubl
i
cand publ
i
copi
nion i
nthe i
nter
nat
ionalar
ena i
sal
so
ex
pandi
ngr
api
dly.Theendofi
mper
ial
i
sm,f
rom i
nter
nat
ional
,di
sar
mament
,pol
i
tical
and economi
c,hasi
nspi
red movement
sand pr
otes
tsbyt
hepeopl
eofdi
ff
erent
count
ri
es. U.
S. s
cient
ist
s,i
ntel
l
ect
ual
s-peopl
e f
rom di
ff
erent s
oci
eti
es have
demons
trat
edagai
nstt
heVi
etnam War
.

Si
ncewar
sbegi
nsi
nthemi
ndsofmen,i
tisi
nthemi
ndsofmen’
sthatt
hedef
ens
eof
peace mus
tbe cons
truct
ed.Thes
e wor
dsar
etaken f
rom t
he Pr
eambl
e oft
he
UNESCO Cons
tit
uti
on,cont
ainani
mpor
tantt
rut
hthati
stooof
teni
gnor
edi
nthe
s
tudyofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
.Wes
omet
imest
ent
ofor
gett
hati
tisi
ndi
vidual
human bei
ngswho make deci
si
onsand car
ry outt
he act
ionst
hatcons
tit
ute
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
.Iti
sindi
vidual
swhot
hreat
enandf
eelt
hreat
en,whoper
cei
ve
andmi
sper
cei
ve,whogi
veandwi
thhol
dsuppor
t,whocompet
eancooper
ate,who
ki
l
landwhodi
e.I
nfor
mul
ati
ngpol
i
cies
,theul
ti
mat
egui
demus
tbet
hei
rimpl
i
cat
ions
f
ort
heneedsandi
nter
est
s,t
hewel
far
eanddi
gni
tyofi
ndi
vidualhumanbei
ngs
,
r
athert
hanf
ort
heal
l
egeds
anct
it
yofs
ymbol
sani
nst
it
uti
onsi
mpor
tantandr
eal
t
hought
hes
emaybes
uchpol
i
ciesar
emor
eli
kel
ytomer
gewhent
heanal
ysi
sof
i
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
onsgi
ves
omecons
ider
ati
ont
other
oleofi
ndi
vidual
act
orsamong
deci
si
onmaker
saswel
laspubl
i
cs,
innat
ional
aswel
lasi
nter
nat
ional
sys
tems
.

Sowhatdopeopl
ethi
nkaboutt
hei
nter
nat
ionals
ituat
ionort
hei
rvi
ewsal
socome
underi
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

Rol
eoft
heThi
rdWor
ld

Thet
hir
demer
gencei
nrecentwor
ldpol
i
ticshasbr
oughtaboutqual
i
tat
ivechange.
Mos
tpeopl
eint
hewor
ldar
ethi
rdgener
ati
on.I
n1986,1
01count
ri
espar
ti
ci
pat
edi
n
t
heEi
ght
hNon-
Ali
gnmentConf
erence.

Thegr
owi
ngr
oleofnon-
ali
gnedcount
ri
esi
nbui
l
dingnew i
nter
nat
ionals
yst
ems
,
eas
ingt
ens
ionsbet
weent
heEas
tandt
heWes
t,di
sar
mament
,endi
ngcol
oni
alr
ule,
et
c.i
ssi
gni
fi
cant
.

Ther
efor
e,t
her
oleoft
het
hir
dwor
ldi
nwor
ldpol
i
ticsi
sal
sot
her
elevantpoi
ntof
di
scus
sioni
nint
ernat
ional
rel
ati
ons
.

Thes
copeofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
sbecomi
ngwi
derasi
tdi
scus
sesvar
iousi
ssues
ofdynami
cnat
ure.Al
lthedomes
ticpol
i
ciest
hataf
fectorar
eli
kel
ytoaf
fectot
her
count
ri
esar
enow bei
ngcover
edbyi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
.Int
ernat
ionalr
elat
ions
cur
rent
lydi
scus
svar
iousdeci
si
on-
maki
ngpr
oces
ses
.

I
nthepas
t,t
hes
eis
sueswer
enotr
elat
edt
oint
ernat
ionalr
elat
ions
.Ther
efor
e,i
tcan
bes
aidt
hatt
hes
copeofi
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
onshasexpanded.

Thes
copeofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsatt
heendoft
het
went
iet
hcent
uryhasbecome
ver
y vas
tindeed.
  The wor
ld has vi
rt
ual
l
y become a “
globalvi
l
lage”
, as
i
nter
dependence ofs
tat
eshasi
ncr
eas
ed mani
fol
d. Economi
crel
ati
onsbet
ween
s
tat
es,t
he r
ole ofi
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons l
i
ke t
he Wor
ld Bank,I
nter
nat
ional
Monet
ary Fund and t
he Wor
ld Tr
ade Or
gani
zat
ion t
oday i
nfl
uenceseconomi
c
act
ivi
tyal
lovert
hewor
ld.
 TheUni
tedNat
ionsandi
tsvar
iousagenci
esar
eengaged
i
n numer
ouss
oci
o-economi
cand pol
i
ticalact
ivi
ti
es.
 Int
ernat
ionalt
err
ori
sm i
sa
caus
e ofs
eri
ousconcer
nfort
he human exi
stence.
 Mul
ti
nat
ionalCor
por
ati
ons
(
MNCs
),whoar
egi
antcompani
esoper
ati
ngt
hewor
ldover
,ar
eimpor
tantnon-
stat
e
act
orsofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
. Thus
,the s
cope ofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionshas
becomevas
t,and,bes
idesi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
tics
,itembr
acesvar
iousot
heri
nter
-
St
ateact
ivi
ti
esaswel
l
.

Reas
onsf
orSt
udyi
ngI
nter
nat
ional
Rel
ati
ons
I
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ioni
sacour
set
hati
ntr
oducesyout
othewor
ldofpol
i
ticsand
s
oci
o-hi
stor
icali
mpactofgl
obaldevel
opment
.You wi
l
lgett
olear
n aboutt
he
di
ff
erent gover
ning pol
i
cies and pol
i
tical s
yst
ems ar
ound t
he wor
ld, and
under
standi
ngt
hei
rconnect
ionwi
thawi
der
angeofi
nter
nat
ionali
ssuess
uchas
gl
obal
ethi
cs,
cli
mat
echange,
global
pover
ty,
humanr
ight
set
c.

Ther
e’r
eot
herpopul
arnamesus
edt
oref
ert
oInt
ernat
ionalRel
ati
ons
hip,s
uchas
Gl
obalAf
fai
rs,I
nter
nat
ionalAf
fai
rs,Gl
obals
tudi
esorI
nter
nat
ionals
tudi
es.
Becaus
eit
i
sar
elat
ivel
ynew di
sci
pli
ne,t
hecour
ses
,cur
ri
cul
um,andacademi
cappr
oachmay
var
ysi
gni
fi
cant
lyf
rom onei
nst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
.

So,ar
eyouwonder
ingwhyyous
houl
dcons
iders
tudyi
ngI
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
ons
?
Her
ear
esomeoft
her
eas
ons
.

1
.You’
l
ldevel
opt
rans
fer
abl
eski
l
ls

I
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
onspr
ogr
amsar
edes
ignedt
ohel
ppr
epar
est
udent
stodevel
op
communi
cat
ion s
kil
l
sthatcan be appl
i
ed acr
oss di
ver
se cul
tur
es.Apar
tfr
om
acqui
ri
ng s
peci
ali
zed knowl
edge cant
ered ar
ound i
nter
cul
tur
alappr
oachesand
t
heor
ies
,st
udent
sst
udyi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionswi
l
lal
sodevel
opt
hef
oll
owi
ng
s
kil
l
s:

 Anal
yti
cal
andr
esear
chs
kil
l
stohel
psol
vecompl
expr
obl
ems

 Communi
cat
ions
kil
l
stocommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
yandt
ell
compel
l
ings
tor
ies

 I
nter
per
sonals
kil
l
shel
pinbui
l
dinganef
fect
iver
elat
ions
hipwi
ths
takehol
der
s,
whi
chi
ses
sent
ial
,es
peci
all
ywhenyou’
rewor
kingi
nmul
ti
cul
tur
als
ett
ings
.

 Publ
i
cspeaki
ng,
ver
bal
,andwr
it
ings
kil
l
s.

Thes
kil
l
syouacqui
rewhi
l
est
udyi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionscanbeappl
i
edi
nmany
ot
heri
ndus
tri
esandar
eas
.Eveni
fyoudeci
denott
ocont
inueyourcar
eerpat
hin
I
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons
,thes
eski
l
lswi
l
lhel
pyoui
nyourot
herar
easofendeavor
.

2.Addr
essgl
obal
cont
empor
aryi
ssues

St
udyi
ngI
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionswi
l
lpos
iti
onyout
oaddr
esscont
empor
arygl
obal
i
ssues
.Thewor
ldi
sli
vingi
nat
imewher
etheover
alll
i
vings
tandar
dsi
shi
ghert
han
whati
toughtt
obe.Thehumanr
acei
sfaci
ngdi
ver
sechal
l
engesdes
pit
econs
tant
s
cient
if
icdi
scover
iesandt
echnol
ogi
cal
advancement
.Humant
raf
fi
cki
ng,
kidnappi
ng,
i
nsur
gency,pover
ty,i
nequal
i
ty,cor
rupt
ion ar
esome oft
he pr
obl
emsf
aced by
nat
ions
.Af
tergr
aduat
ingwi
thanI
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
onsdegr
ee,you’
l
lbeabl
eto
wor
kwi
thNGOs
,pr
ivat
e/publ
i
cins
tit
uti
ons
,orl
ocalgover
nment
stoaddr
esst
hes
e
t
rendi
ngi
ssues
.Whet
heryouchoos
etoi
mpl
ementpubl
i
cpol
i
ciesorcol
l
abor
atewi
th
or
gani
zat
ions t
oimpl
ementwel
far
e pr
oject
s,you’
l
lbe hel
ping t
oreduce t
he
s
uff
eri
ngsands
oci
ali
njus
ticei
nthewor
ld.

3.I
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
onsi
sfarmor
ethanpol
i
tics

Al
though a degr
eei
nInt
ernat
ionalRel
ati
onspr
epar
esyou f
ora car
eerpat
hin
Pol
i
tics
,yourcar
eeropt
ionsandoppor
tuni
ti
esar
enowayl
i
mit
edt
opol
i
ticsal
one.
Becaus
ethes
kil
l
sacqui
reddur
ingt
hecour
seofs
tudyar
etr
ans
fer
abl
e,s
tudent
swho
s
tudyi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsgof
urt
hert
owor
kindi
ff
erenti
ndus
tri
esandcar
eer
s
i
ncl
udi
ngact
ivi
sm,nat
ionals
ecur
it
y,mi
l
itar
yint
ell
i
genceandanal
ysi
s,i
nter
nat
ional
bus
ines
sfr
ont
ier
s,andmor
e.

Manygr
aduat
esgoont
obecomedi
plomat
sandwor
kinawi
devar
iet
yofar
easl
i
ke:

4.Yougett
oli
veal
i
feofi
mpact

Mos
tpeopl
e who gett
ost
udy i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsdo s
o becaus
ethey ar
e
pas
sionat
eaboutmaki
ngt
hewor
ldabet
terpl
acer
egar
dles
soft
hei
rcar
eergoal
s.

I
ndi
vidual
swhous
ethei
rdegr
eet
owor
kinpol
i
tics(
e.g.ambas
sador
s,act
ivi
sts
,
di
plomat
s)canachi
evet
hei
rgoal
sbydevel
opi
ngpr
ivacypol
i
ciest
hatcanhel
pmake
t
hewor
ldabet
terpl
acebyi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hel
i
vesofpeopl
e.Forexampl
e,t
heycan

 Addr
essi
ssuesl
i
kepover
tyal
l
evi
ati
on,
nut
ri
ti
onandf
oodi
nsecur
it
y

 Pr
omot
ether
ight
sofchi
l
drenandwomen

 Pr
ovi
deai
ddur
ingacr
isi
sandot
hernat
ural
dis
ast
ers
  Coor
dinat
ecount
ert
err
ori
sm ef
for
ts

Al
so,t
hos
ewhochoos
etogoi
ntot
hebus
ines
spat
haf
tert
hei
rgr
aduat
ioncanbe
agent
s ofchange.They can hel
p champi
on an or
gani
zat
ion’
sst
rat
egi
c and
char
it
abl
eoper
ati
ons
.

5.You’
l
lbepar
tofat
eam

I
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
snota cour
set
hatexi
stsi
nis
olat
ion f
rom ot
herr
elat
ed
cour
ses
.Whet
heryou’
rei
nacons
ulat
e/embas
syorwor
kingasanambas
sador
,your
j
obwi
l
lbeacol
l
abor
ati
veone.Forexampl
e,Di
plomat
scol
l
abor
atewi
thdi
ff
erent
agenci
est
oes
tabl
i
sht
iesbet
weenpeopl
ear
oundt
hewor
ldandal
sol
ear
nhow t
o
connectpeopl
eacr
ossbor
der
stoachi
eveacommoni
nter
nat
ionalgoal
.Theywor
k
wi
thpeopl
efr
om al
lwor
ksofl
i
fei
ncl
udi
ngpr
ofes
sional
sfr
om i
ntel
l
igences
ervi
ces
,
mi
l
itar
y,l
awenf
orcement
,agr
icul
tur
e,t
rade,
commer
ce,
sci
ence,
andt
echnol
ogy.

6.You’
l
lexper
iencecul
tur
ali
mmer
sion

I
n or
dert
o behi
ghl
ysucces
sfuli
n yourcar
eerpur
sui
tasa bus
ines
sexecut
ive,
l
obbyi
st,ambas
sadorordi
plomatf
ocus
edi
napar
ti
cul
arr
egi
on;you’
l
lber
equi
redt
o
i
mmer
seyour
sel
finot
hercul
tur
es.Par
toft
heexper
iencewi
l
lrequi
reyout
olear
n
anot
hercount
ry’
str
adi
ti
ons
,cul
tur
es,
andl
anguage.
Inaddi
ti
ont
omaki
ngyouhi
ghl
y
pr
ofi
ci
entatyourj
ob,
itwi
l
lpos
iti
onyouf
ordeepper
sonal
growt
hwhi
chi
sincr
edi
bly
f
ulf
il
li
ng.

7.I
t’
sagr
eatcar
eerpat
h

Dependi
ng on youras
pir
ati
ons
,int
eres
tand exper
iences
,car
eeroppor
tuni
ti
es
r
elat
edt
oInt
ernat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
nthePubl
i
c,Pr
ivat
e,orNGO s
pacear
eal
waysi
n
abundance.I
fyou’
recons
ider
ingacar
eeri
ngover
nment
,youcanopt
-i
nforar
olei
n
i
ntel
l
igenceors
ecur
it
y.Thi
swi
l
laf
for
d you t
heoppor
tuni
tyt
obei
nvol
ved wi
th
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionspr
oject
s.Mor
eso,s
tudyi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
sagr
eat
s
tar
ti
ngpoi
ntt
oki
cks
tar
tyourambi
ti
ont
obeanambas
sadorordi
plomat
.

St
udyi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionspos
iti
onsyout
ohaver
eal
-l
if
eexper
ience.I
thel
ps
yout
ounder
standwher
eandhow s
trat
egi
es,pol
i
cies
,lawsandconf
li
ctshavean
i
mpactar
oundt
hewor
ld.Mos
tins
tit
uti
onsar
oundt
hewor
ldar
enow i
ntegr
ati
ng
compul
sor
yst
udyandwor
kexper
iencei
nthecur
ri
cul
um t
ohel
pst
udent
shavea
pr
act
ical
appl
i
cat
ionofwhatt
heyl
ear
nedi
nthef
ourwal
l
sofacl
ass
room.

Under
standi
ngandconf
ront
ingt
hecompl
exi
ti
es,
chal
l
engesandoppor
tuni
ti
esoft
he
cont
empor
arygl
obalor
derr
equi
resdr
awi
ngonmul
ti
pledi
sci
pli
nesandt
hei
deasof
numer
ous t
heor
ist
s,t
hinker
s,act
ivi
sts and pol
i
ticall
eader
s.An I
nter
nat
ional
Rel
ati
onsdegr
eewi
l
lincl
udei
nsi
ght
sfr
om var
iousi
nter
sect
ingdi
sci
pli
nes
,incl
udi
ng
Pol
i
ticalSci
ence,Economi
cs,Hi
stor
yandSoci
ology,aswel
lasi
ntr
oduci
ngyout
othe
i
deasoft
hinker
sasdi
ver
seasMachi
avel
l
i,Kar
lMar
x,Edwar
dSai
d,HannahAr
endt
andAudr
eLor
de.Thes
econcept
ualandt
heor
eti
cali
nsi
ght
swi
l
lbecompl
ement
ed
byacl
oses
tudyoft
he‘
realwor
ld’ofi
nter
nat
ionalaf
fai
rs,i
ncl
udi
ng:exami
ningpas
t
andpr
esentvi
olentconf
li
cts
;thewor
kingsofi
nter
nat
ionalbodi
ess
uchast
heUN,
Wor
ldBankandWor
ldTr
adeOr
gani
zat
ion;al
l
iancesbet
weens
tat
esandr
egi
ons
;
andt
hebehavi
orofgr
eatpower
ssuchast
heUSandChi
na.
 

Ot
herRel
evantDi
scus
sions

Thegr
eatdebat
esi
nint
ernat
ional
rel
ati
onst
heor
y

 
Thes
edi
sput
est
hroughoutI
R’ss
hor
thi
stor
yhavecomet
obeknownas‘
TheGr
eat
Debat
es’
,and t
houghdi
sput
ed i
tisgener
all
yfel
tther
ehavebeenf
our
,namel
y
‘
Real
i
sm/
Liber
ali
sm’
,‘Tr
adi
ti
onal
i
sm/
Behavi
our
ali
sm’
,‘Neor
eal
i
sm/
Neol
i
ber
ali
sm’and
t
hemos
trecent‘
Rat
ional
i
sm/
Rel
ati
vis
m’.Al
lhavehadanef
fectonI
Rtheor
y,s
ome
gr
eat
ert
hanot
her
s,buteachmer
itanal
ysi
soft
hei
rres
pect
ivei
mpact
s. 

The"
Fir
stGr
eatDebat
e"al
soknownast
he"
Real
i
st-
Ideal
i
stGr
eatDebat
e" 
wasa
di
sput
ebet
weeni
deal
i
stsandr
eal
i
stswhi
cht
ookpl
acei
nthe1
930sand1
940s
 and
whi
chwasf
undament
all
yabouthow t
odealwi
th 
NaziGer
many.
 
Real
i
sts
chol
ars
emphas
izedt
heanar
chi
calnat
ureofi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
ticsandt
heneedf
ors
tat
e
s
urvi
val
.Ideal
i
stsemphas
izedt
hepos
sibi
l
ityofi
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onss
uchast
he
LeagueofNat
ions
.However
,somehavear
guedt
hatdef
ini
ngt
hedebat
ebet
ween
r
eal
i
sm andi
deal
i
smi
nter
msofagr
eatdebat
eisami
sl
eadi
ngcar
icat
ureands
o
des
cri
bedt
he"
greatdebat
e"asamyt
h.

Accor
dingt
orevi
si
oni
stnar
rat
ive,
 
ther
ewasneveras
ingl
e'gr
eatdebat
e'bet
ween
i
deal
i
sm andr
eal
i
sm.Luci
anM.As
hwor
thar
gues
,theper
sis
tenceoft
henot
iont
hat
t
her
ewasar
ealdebat
ebet
weeni
deal
i
sm andr
eal
i
sm,s
aysl
essaboutt
heact
ual
di
scus
sionsoft
het
ime,andmor
eaboutt
hemar
ginal
i
zat
ionofl
i
ber
alandnor
mat
ive
t
hinki
ngi
nthei
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
onsi
nthepos
t-warper
iod.
 
(Ri
char
dDevet
ak)

Thes
truct
ureof
 Car
r’
smas
ter
piecer
evol
vesar
oundt
hedi
chot
omybet
weenr
eal
i
sm
andl
i
ber
ali
sm.I
nfact
,hehel
pedcr
eat
ethei
mpr
ess
iont
hatt
henewl
yes
tabl
i
shed
di
sci
pli
ne was domi
nat
ed by a debat
e bet
ween r
eal
i
sm and l
i
ber
ali
sm.Thi
s
s
ubs
equent
lybecameknown ast
he‘
fi
rstgr
eatdebat
e’,al
though –asAndr
eas
Os
iander(
1998)
,Pet
erWi
l
son (
1998)
,Luci
an As
hwor
th(
1999)
,and Qui
rk and
Vi
gnes
war
an(
2005)haves
hown–nodebat
eact
ual
l
yoccur
red,
ifbyt
hatwemeana
s
eri
esofexchangesbet
weenr
eal
i
stsandl
i
ber
als
.Indeed,r
ecentwor
ksugges
tst
hat
t
hever
yideaofnar
rat
ingt
hedi
sci
pli
ne’
shi
stor
yasas
eri
esof‘
greatdebat
es’i
s
ques
tionabl
e.

The "
Second Gr
eatDebat
e"wasa di
sput
e bet
ween "
sci
ent
if
icI
R"s
chol
arswho
s
oughtt
oref
ines
cient
if
icmet
hodsofi
nqui
ryi
nint
ernat
ionalr
elat
ionst
heor
yand
t
hos
ewhoi
nsi
sted ona mor
ehi
stor
ici
st/
int
erpr
etat
iveappr
oacht
oint
ernat
ional
r
elat
ionst
heor
y.Thedebat
eist
ermed"
real
i
stsver
susbehavi
ori
sts
"or"
tradi
ti
onal
i
sm
ver
suss
cient
ism"
. 
Thi
sdebat
ewoul
dber
esol
vedwhen 
neor
eal
i
sts
 suchas
 Kennet
h
Wal
tz 
(1
959,1
979)adoptaBehavi
oral
i
st,andhencepos
iti
vis
tsci
ent
if
icappr
oacht
o
t
hei
rst
udi
es.

The"
Thi
rdGr
eatDebat
e"r
efer
stot
hei
nterpar
adi
gm debat
ebet
weenpr
oponent
s
of
 l
iber
ali
st,
 
real
i
st 
and 
Mar
xis
t i
nter
nat
ional r
elat
ions t
heor
ies
, 
as wel
l as t
he
academi
c debat
e bet
ween pr
oponent
s of r
eal
i
sm, i
nst
it
uti
onal
i
sm and
s
truct
ural
i
sm.
 
Thi
sdebat
ewast
opi
cal
dur
ingt
he1
970sand1
980s
.

The "
Four
th Gr
eatDebat
e"was a debat
e bet
ween 
pos
iti
vis
t t
heor
ies and 
pos
t-
pos
iti
vis
t t
heor
iesofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions
.Conf
usi
ngl
y,i
tisof
ten des
cri
bed i
n
l
i
ter
atur
eas"
TheThi
rdGr
eatDebat
e"byt
hos
ewhor
ejectt
hedes
cri
pti
onoft
hei
nter
-
par
adi
gm debat
e as a Gr
eat Debat
e. 
Thi
s debat
e i
s concer
ned wi
th t
he
under
lyi
ng 
epi
stemol
ogy 
ofi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionss
chol
ars
hipandi
sal
sodes
cri
bed
as a debat
e bet
ween "
rat
ional
i
sts
"and "
rel
ati
vis
ts"
. 
The debat
e was s
tar
ted
by 
Rober
tKeohane 
i
nan 
I
nter
nat
ionalSt
udi
esAs
soci
ati
on 
debat
ein1
988andcan
becons
ider
edanepi
stemol
ogi
caldebat
e,abouthow wecanknow '
thi
ngs
'rat
her
t
hananont
ologi
calone,
 
thati
stos
ayadebat
eaboutwhatwecancl
aimt
oknow.
AsBal
zacqandBael
esummar
ize,
thi
sdebat
eis"
adi
scus
sionwhi
ch,
int
he1
980sand
1
990s
,fol
l
owedacompos
itecl
aimf
oramor
edi
ver
se,l
essepi
stemol
ogi
cal
l
yand
ont
ologi
cal
l
ynaï
ve,
andmor
ecr
it
ical
.

Al
mos
tacent
uryaf
teri
tsbi
rt
h,I
Riss
til
lint
hepr
oces
sofdef
ini
ngi
tsel
f.TheGr
eat
Debat
es,whet
herl
i Weaver
ke   orAs
hwor
th,onevi
ewst
hem asl
esst
hanf
ulldebat
es
ornot
,st
il
lst
imul
ateddi
scus
sionaboutt
hees
sent
ialchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hedi
sci
pli
ne,
andt
hrought
hes
eIRt
heor
yhasundoubt
edl
yadvancedi
ncompl
exi
tyandnuance
s
incei
tsf
oundi
ng,anddoubt
les
swi
l
lcont
inuet
odos
o.What
everhappensi
nthi
s
l
ates
tGr
eatDebat
e,s
urel
yitwi
l
lnotbet
hel
ast
.

Ref
erences

ht
tps
://
conver
ge.
col
orado.
edu/
soci
al-
sci
ences
/int
ernat
ional
-st
udi
es/

ht
tps
://
www.
i
iems
a.co.
za/
study-
areas
-expl
ained/
what
-i
s-i
nter
nat
ional
-st
udi
es/

ht
tps
://
www.
j
stor
.or
g/s
tabl
e/2600864

ht
tps
://
ciaot
est
.cc.
col
umbi
a.edu/
olj
/t
ji
r/
v2n1
/tj
i
r_v2n1
atm01
.pdf

ht
tps
://
www.
e-i
r.
inf
o/201
6/1
2/30/
int
ernat
ional
-or
gani
sat
ions
/

ht
tps
://
www.
j
stor
.or
g/s
tabl
e/24356661

ht
tp:
//
www.
i
ndi
ancommuni
ti
es.
org/
201
7/1
0/1
7/i
nter
nat
ional
-r
elat
ions
-nat
ure-
and-
s
cope/

ht
tps
://
www.
aft
ers
chool
afr
ica.
com/
53061
/10-
reas
ons
-why-
you-
shoul
d-s
tudy-
i
nter
nat
ional
-r
elat
ions
ht
tps
://
www.
bis
a.ac.
uk/
art
icl
es/
why-
study-
int
ernat
ional
-r
elat
ions

ht
tps
://
en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/Gr
eat
_Debat
es_
(i
nter
nat
ional
_r
elat
ions
)

Fl
i
nder
sUni
ver
sit
y.(
201
0).Bachel
orofI
nter
nat
ionalSt
udi
es.Ret
ri
evedAugus
t20,
201
8,f
rom 
htt
p:/
/www.
fl
inder
s.edu.
au/
cour
ses
/rul
es-
201
3/under
grad/
bis
.cf
m

Hol
l
is,S.(
201
7).Br
idgi
ngI
nter
nat
ionalRel
ati
onsandDi
sas
terSt
udi
es:TheCas
eof
Di
sas
ter
-conf
li
ct Schol
ars
hip. Di
sas
ter
s, 42(
1), 1
9-
40.
 
htt
p:/
/dx.
doi
.
org/
10.
111
1/di
sa.
12231

I
nter
nat
ional St
udi
es. (
201
8). I
n Wi
ki
pedi
a. Ret
ri
eved Augus
t 20, 201
8,
f
rom 
htt
ps:
//
en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/I
nter
nat
ional
_st
udi
es#ci
te_
not
e-aut
o-2

Kapl
an,M.A.(
1961
).I
sInt
ernat
ionalRel
ati
onsaDi
sci
pli
ne?TheJ
our
nalofPol
i
tics
,
23(
3),
462-
76.
 
htt
p:/
/dx.
doi
.
org/
10.
2307/
21271
01

Res
ear
ch
Repor
t

I
nter
nat
ionalStudi
es
Subject
 J
uneahB.
Bumul
o

J
anuar
y21
,2022
J
UNEAHB.
BUMULO
Ti
nabla,Malabing
Kasi
bu,NuevaVi zcaya
Mobil
eno.:+639451347323
Email
:bumul oj
uneah@gmai l
.
com

OBJ
ECTI
VES

Tobeabl etoreal
izemys ki
l
lsf
orpersonalgr
owthandr endergoodservi
ceandat
thes ameti
met obroadenmyknowledge,under
standi
ngandexperienceforf
utur
e
careerimpr
ovement.

PERSONALI
NFORMATI
ON

Age : 21
Gender : Female
DateofBir
th : June16, 2000
Pl
aceofBirt
h : Malabi
ng,
Kas
ibu,
NuevaVi
zcaya
Ci
vilSt
atus : Singl
e
Father’
sname : RobertC.
Bumul
o
Mot her
’sname : Rosari
oB.Bumulo
Cit
izenshi
p : Fi
li
pino

SKI
LLS

 Or
ient
edinMicros
oftOff
iceAppl
i
cat
ions
 Micros
oftWor d
 Micros
oftExcel
 Micros
oftPowerpoint

EDUCATI
ONALBACKGROUND

Ter
ti
aryLevel : PLTColl
egeI
nc.
Bachel
or of Sci
ence i
n Of
fi
ce
Admi
nis
trat
ion
Bayombong,
NuevaVi
zcaya
2018–t
opresent

Seni
orHi
ghSchool : NuevaVizcayaStateUnivers
ity
Techni
calVocati
onalLivel
i
hoodTrack
Bambang, NuevaVizcaya

J
uni
orHi
ghSchool : Mal
abingVal
leyNati
onal
Hi ghSchool
Wangal,
Kasi
bu,NuevaVizcaya
Secondar
yLevel

Pr
imar
yLevel : Kas
ibuEastCentr
alSchool
Mal
abing,
Kasibu,NuevaVizcaya

SEMI
NARSandTRAI
NINGS

Apr
il30,
2021 “
Coping Mechani
sms on Di
stance Lear
ning: Sel
f-
Management Ski
l
ls”
 Zoom /Googl
emeetandFBl
i
ve

Mar
ch28,
201
9 “Managi
ngChangei ntheWorkpl
ace
PLTCIMi
niGymnasium
Bayombong,NuevaVizcaya

Apr
il6,
201
9 “Anti
Bull
ying”
PLTCILi
brary
Boyombong, NuevaVi
zcaya

November22,
201
9 “Thechal
lengeofChange”
5thNor
thLuzonPASOA
PLTCI Conventi
on Center, Bas
car
an, Sol
ano, Nueva
Vi
zcaya

Sept
ember29,
201
8 “DrugEducati
onandVi ceCont
rol
Semi
nar
”
PLTCILi
brary
Bayombong, NuevaVizcaya

Febr
uar
y23,
201
9 “Basi
cWat erSaf
etyTrai
ning”
PLTWel l
nessandMount ai
nResor
t
Bascaran,Sol
ano,Kas
ibu,NuevaVizcaya

Apr
il1
6-May3,
201
8 “Wor
kImmersionTr
aini
ng”
Gamponi
aFarm Resort
SanAnt
onio,
Bambang, NuevaVi
zcaya

Augus
t201
7–Apr
il201
8 “Hous
ekeepi
ngTraini
ng(400hours)
”
HRMDepar t
ment,NuevaVizcayaSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y
Bambang,NuevaVizcaya

Augus
t201
6–May201
7 “Fr
ontOf
fi
ceTrai
ning(400hours)
HRMDepartment,
NuevaVi zcayaSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y
Bambang,NuevaVizcaya

AWARDSandACHI
EVEMENTS

May201
7 TESDANationalCert
if
icat
eII
FrontOf
fi
ceServices

Apr
il201
8 TESDANat i
onal
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eII
Housekeepi
ng

CHARACTERREFERENCES

Mr
s.Mer
cyGr
aceTi
macdog Mr
s.Li
ri
oA.
Dani
el
Daycar
eTeacher I
TInst
ructor
Malabi
ng,
Kasibu,
NuevaVi
zcaya PLTColl
ege,
Inc.
Bayombong,NuevaVizcaya

Iher
ebythatt
heabovei
nfor
mat
ioni
str
ueandcor
rectt
othebes
tofmyknowl
edge
andbel
ief
.