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Narendra Modi
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"Modi" redirects here. For other uses, see Modi (disambiguation).
In this Indian name, the patronymic is Damodardas, and the family name is Modi.

Narendra Modi

Official portrait, 2020

14th Prime Minister of India

Incumbent

Assumed office

26 May 2014

President Pranab Mukherjee

Ram Nath Kovind

Vice President MD. Hamid Ansari

Venkaiah Naidu

Preceded by Manmohan Singh

show
Additional ministries

Leader of the House, Lok Sabha

Incumbent

Assumed office

26 May 2014

Preceded by Sushilkumar Shinde

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha

Incumbent

Assumed office

5 June 2014

Preceded by Murli Manohar Joshi

Constituency Varanasi

14th Chief Minister of Gujarat

In office

7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014

 Sunder Singh Bhandari

Governor
 Kailashpati Mishra

 Balram Jakhar

 Nawal Kishore Sharma

 S. C. Jamir

 Kamla Beniwal
Preceded by Keshubhai Patel

Succeeded by Anandiben Patel

Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly

In office

15 December 2002 – 16 May 2014

Preceded by Kamlesh Patel

Succeeded by Suresh Patel

Constituency Maninagar

In office

24 February 2002 – 19 July 2002

Preceded by Vajubhai Vala

Succeeded by Vajubhai Vala

Constituency Rajkot II

Personal details

Born Narendra Damodardas Modi

17 September 1950 (age 71)

Vadnagar, Bombay State, India (present-day Gujarat)

Nationality Indian

Political party Bharatiya Janata Party

Other political National Democratic Alliance

affiliations

Spouse(s) Jashodaben Modi (m. 1968; estranged)[1]

Parents  Damodardas Mulchand Modi (father)

 Hiraben Modi (mother)

Residence 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India [fn 1]

Alma mater University of Delhi (BA)

Gujarat University (MA)

Awards List of state honours

Signature

Website  Personal

 PM India official

Nickname(s) see article

This article is part of

a series about
Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India

Incumbent

 Electoral history
 Public image
 Bibliography

 Chief Minister of Gujarat

 Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Assembly elections 
o 2002
o 2007
o 2012
 Gujarat Council of Ministers 
o First
o Second
o Third
o Fourth

Premiership

 General elections
 2014 
o campaign
o Achhe Din Aane Waale Hain
 2019 
 o campaign
o Main Bhi Chowkidar
 Swearing-in 
o 2014
o 2019
 Union Council of Ministers 
o First
o Second
 Lok Sabha 
o Sixteenth
o Seventeenth
 Timeline
 Mann Ki Baat
 International trips
 Approval ratings
 Legislation repealed

Budgets

 Union budgets 
o 2014
o 2015
o 2016
o 2017
o 2018
o 2019 (interim)
o 2019
o 2020
o 2021
 Railway budgets 
o 2014
o 2015
o 2016
 Military budgets

show
 National policy

show
Foreign policy

Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video

 v
 t
 e

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [ˈnəɾendɾə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː] ( listen); born 17

September 1950)[a] is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister
of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is
the Member of Parliament from Varanasi. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu
nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. He is the first prime minister to have
been born after India's independence in 1947 and the second prime minister not
belonging to the Indian National Congress to have won two consecutive majorities in
the Lok Sabha, or lower house of Indian of parliament.
Born and raised in Vadnagar, a small town in northeastern Gujarat, Modi completed his
secondary education there. He was introduced to the RSS at age eight. He has drawn
attention to having to work as a child in his father's tea stall on the Vadnagar railway
station platform, a description that has not been reliably corroborated. At age 18, Modi
was married to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, whom he abandoned soon after. He left
his parental home where she had come to live. He first publicly acknowledged her as
his wife more than four decades later when required to do so by Indian law, but has
made no contact with her since. Modi has asserted he had travelled in northern India for
two years after leaving his parental home, visiting a number of religious centres, but few
details of his travels have emerged. Upon his return to Gujarat in 1971, he became a
full-time worker for the RSS. After the state of emergency declared by prime
minister Indira Gandhi in 1975, Modi went into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP
in 1985 and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the
rank of general secretary.[b]
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 due to Keshubhai Patel's failing
health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the
legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in
the 2002 Gujarat riots in which 1044 people were killed, three-quarters of whom were
Muslim,[c] or otherwise criticised for its management of the crisis. The Supreme
Court remarked that Narendra Modi was like a Modern-day Nero, looking the other way
as innocent women and children were burning.[10] A Supreme Court of India-appointed
Special Investigation Team found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings
against Modi personally.[d] While his policies as chief minister—credited with
encouraging economic growth—have received praise, his administration has been
criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the
state.[e]
Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election which gave the party a majority in the
Indian lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, the first time for any single party
since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the
Indian economy and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes.
Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy; he has centralised power
by abolishing the Planning Commission. He began a high-profile sanitation campaign,
controversially initiated a demonetisation of high-denomination
banknotes and transformation of taxation regime, and weakened or abolished
environmental and labour laws.
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[13][14][f] Following his
party's victory in the 2019 general election, his administration revoked the special status
of Jammu and Kashmir and also introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which
resulted in widespread protests across the country. Described as engineering a political
realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy
domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his handling of the
2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda.[g]

Contents

 1Early life and education

 2Early political career
 3Chief Minister of Gujarat
o 3.1Taking office
o 3.22002 Gujarat riots
o 3.32002 election
o 3.4Second term
o 3.5Development projects
o 3.6Development debate
o 3.7Final years
 4Premiership campaigns
o 4.12014 Indian general election
o 4.22019 Indian general election
 5Prime Minister
o 5.1Governance and other initiatives
o 5.2Economic policy
o 5.3Health and sanitation
o 5.4Hindutva
o 5.5Foreign policy
o 5.6Defence policy
 o 5.7Environmental policy
o 5.8Democratic backsliding
 6Electoral history
 7Personal life and image
o 7.1Personal life
o 7.2Personal donations
o 7.3Approval ratings
 8Awards and recognition
o 8.1State honours
o 8.2Other honours
 9In popular culture
 10Bibliography
 11See also
 12References
o 12.1Notes
o 12.2Citations
o 12.3Further reading
 13External links

Early life and education

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a Gujarati Hindu family
of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was
the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and
Hiraben Modi (born c. 1920).[21][a] Modi's family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli (oil-
presser) community,[22][23][24] which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the
Indian government.[24][25]
Modi had only infrequently spoken of his family background during his 13 years as chief
minister of Gujarat. In the run up to the 2014 national elections, he began to regularly
draw attention to his low-ranking social origins and to having to work as a child in his
father's tea shop on the Vadnagar railway station platform,[26] a description that the
evidence of neighbours does not entirely corroborate.[27][28] Modi completed his higher
secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where teachers described him as an average
student and a keen gifted debater, with interest in theatre.[29] Modi preferred playing
larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political
image.[30][31]
When eight years old, Modi was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi
met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as
a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor.[32] While
Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal
Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP's
Gujarat unit in 1980.[33]
In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his family arranged a betrothal to a
girl, Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he
was 18.[34][35] Soon afterwards, he abandoned his bride,[36] and left home, never divorcing
her, but the marriage remaining unmentioned in Modi's public pronouncements for many
decades.[37] In April 2014, shortly before the national elections that swept him to power,
Modi publicly affirmed that he was married and his spouse was Jashodaben; the couple
has remained married, but estranged.[38]
Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India,
though few details of where he went have emerged.[39] In interviews, Modi has described
visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata,
followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot.
Modi remained only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college
education.[40] Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi's life.[41]
In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after
which Modi wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping
in Siliguri and Guwahati. Modi then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where
he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in
1968–69. Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to Vadnagar for a brief
visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad.[42][43] There, Modi lived with his uncle, working
in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[44]
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the
Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[45][46][47] Modi's first known political
activity as an adult was in 1971 when he, as per his remarks, joined a Jana
Sangh Satyagraha in Delhi led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist for the battlefield during
the Bangladesh Liberation War.[48][49] But the Indira Gandhi-led central government
disallowed open support for the Mukti Bahini and Modi, according to his own claim, was
put in Tihar Jail for a short period.[50][51][52] After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped
working for his uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS,
[53]
 working under Inamdar.[54] Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent
protest against the Indian government in New Delhi, for which he was arrested (as per
his claim); this has been cited as a reason for Inamdar electing to mentor him.[54] Many
years later Modi would co-author a biography of Inamdar, published in 2001.[55] Modi's
claim that he was part of a Satyagraha led to a political war.[51] Applications were filed
with the PMO under the RTI Act seeking details of his arrest. In reply, the PMO claimed
that it maintains official records on Modi only since he took charge as the Prime Minister
of India in 2014. Despite this claim, the official website of the PMO contains specific
information about Modi which dates back to the 1950s.[56][57]
In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the School of
Open Learning (SOL)[58] at the University of Delhi,[59] graduating with a third class.[60] Five
years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in political science
from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class[61][62] as an external distance
learning student.[63] But there is a big[peacock  term] controversy surrounding his educational
qualification.[64][65] Replying to an RTI query, the SOL said it did not have any data of
students who received a BA degree in 1978.[58] Jayantibhai Patel, a former political
science professor of Gujarat University, claimed that the subjects listed in Modi's MA
degree were not offered by the university when Modi was studying there.[66][67]
Early political career
In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India
which lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "The Emergency", many of her
political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned.[68][69] Modi was
appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee
co-ordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was
banned.[70] Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in
disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the
government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[71][72] Modi was also
involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals wanted by the
government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists.[73] During this period,
Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat),
describing events during the Emergency.[74][75] Among the people he met in this role was
trade unionist and socialist activist George Fernandes, as well as several other national
political figures.[76] In his travels during the Emergency, Modi was often forced to move in
disguise, once dressing as a monk, and once as a Sikh.[77]
Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing
RSS activities in the areas of Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979 he went to work for the
RSS in Delhi, where he was put to work researching and writing the RSS's version of
the history of the Emergency. He returned to Gujarat a short while later, and was
assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985. In 1987 Modi helped organise the BJP's
campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the BJP won comfortably; Modi's
planning has been described as the reason for that result by biographers.[78][79] After L. K.
Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in
important positions within the BJP; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to
his selection for this role, and Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's
Gujarat unit later in 1987.[80]

Modi with Atal Bihari Vajpayee in c. 2001.

Modi rose within the party and was named a member of the BJP's National Election
Committee in 1990, helping organise L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990
and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–92 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[29][81][82] However, he
took a brief break from politics in 1992, instead establishing a school in Ahmedabad;
friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat at the time, also played a
part in this decision.[82] Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence
of Advani, and as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to
the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections.[83][84] In November of that year Modi
was appointed BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed
responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[85] The following year,
Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the Indian
National Congress (Congress, INC) after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha
elections.[29] Modi, on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in
Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting
Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as key to the
BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 elections,[86] and Modi was promoted to BJP
general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.[87]

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Taking office
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly
seats in by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration
were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of
the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[86][88][89] The BJP national leadership sought a new
candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about
Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.[29] Although BJP leader L. K.
Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of
experience in government, Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister,
telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for
Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat,
with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the December 2002 elections.[90] Modi
was sworn in as Chief Minister on 7 October 2001,[91] and entered the Gujarat state
legislature on 24 February 2002 by winning a by-election to the Rajkot – II constituency,
defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC by 14,728 votes.[92]
2002 Gujarat riots
Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra,
killing approximately 60 people.[h][95] The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims
returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri
Masjid.[96][97] In making a public statement after the incident, Modi declared it a terrorist
attack planned and orchestrated by local Muslims.[7][96][98] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu
Parishad called for a bandh across the state.[99][100] Riots began during the bandh,
and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[96][99][100] The government's decision to
move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the
violence.[96][101] The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were
killed.[97] Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000,[96][95][102] the vast majority
Muslims[95] Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[103] Numerous
women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and
mutilations of women.[6][104]
The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been
complicit in the riots,[5][6][7] (with some blaming chief minister Modi explicitly[6][95]) and has
otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation.[105] Several scholars
have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example
of state terrorism.[106][107][108] Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha
Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a
form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried
out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law."[6] The Modi
government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called
for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from
escalating.[99][100] The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for
the bandh, despite such actions being illegal at the time.[7] State officials later prevented
riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet
the needs of those living there.[109] Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further
discrimination when the state government announced that compensation for Muslim
victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed
after the issue was taken to court.[110] During the riots, police officers often did not
intervene in situations where they were able.[6][98][111]
Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During
the riots, Modi said that "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction."[6] Later in
2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret
regarding the episode.[112] In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases
related to the 2002 riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and
established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[105][113][114] In response
to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg
Society massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to investigate the issue of
Modi's complicity in the killings.[113] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it
presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[113][115] In July 2011, the
court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the
court. Contrary to the SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on
the available evidence.[116][117] The Supreme Court gave the matter to the magistrate's
court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final
report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in response.
In December 2013 the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the
SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[118]
2002 election
Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
Modi meeting with then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh in 2004.

In the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief
minister from within and outside the state, including from leaders of the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led National
Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.
[119]
 Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in
Goa, but it was not accepted.[120] His cabinet had an emergency meeting on 19 July
2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and
the state assembly was dissolved.[121][122] Despite opposition from the election
commissioner, who said that a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in
advancing the election to December 2002.[123] In the elections, the BJP won 127 seats in
the 182-member assembly.[124] Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of
anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[125][126][127][128] and the BJP profited from religious
polarisation among the voters.[123] He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 113,589
of 154,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes.[129] On 22
December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term.[130] Modi framed the criticism
of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a
strategy which led to the BJP winning two-thirds of the seats in the state assembly.[5][125]
Second term
During Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to
Gujarat's economic development.[88][5][125] Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh
Parivar organisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu
Parishad (VHP),[131] entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile
industry,[88] and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP
state chief Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a farmers'
demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision
to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the Vishva Hindu
Parishad.[131][132] Sangh organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance
about Modi's administrative decisions.[131] Nonetheless, Modi retained connections with
some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a foreword to a textbook by Dinanath
Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies
including test-tube babies.[133][134]
Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee (who asked Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence
and supported his resignation as chief minister)[135][136] distanced himself, reaching out to
North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee
called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had
been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.[137][138]
Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western
nations during his tenure as chief minister. Modi was barred from entering the United
States by the State Department, in accordance with the recommendations of
the Commission on International Religious Freedom formed under the aegis of
the International Religious Freedom Act,[139][140] the only person denied a US visa under
this law.[139] The UK and the European Union refused to admit him because of what they
saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK[141] and the
EU[142] lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his
election he was invited to Washington as the nation's prime minister.[143][144]
During the run-up to the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election and the 2009
Indian general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[145] In July 2006, Modi
criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh " for his reluctance to revive anti-terror
legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the national
government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 Mumbai train
bombings.[146] In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual
scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks,
a sub-caste of Dalits.[147][148] However, this book was not circulated that time because of
the election code of conduct.[149] After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a
meeting to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long coastline,
resulting in government authorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[150] In July
2007 Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him
the longest-serving holder of that post,[151] and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly
seats in that year's election.[152]
Development projects

The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height increase.

As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at odds
with the philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-
globalisation. His policies during his second term have been credited with reducing
corruption in the state. He established financial and technology parks in Gujarat and
during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6
trillion (equivalent to ₹17 trillion or US$220 billion in 2020) were signed.[88]
The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the
creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures
had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams, which helped recharge
the aquifers beneath them.[153] Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted the water
table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.[154] As a result, the
state's production of genetically modified cotton increased to become the largest in
India.[153] The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use[155] led to Gujarat's
agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007.
[156]
 Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the Sardar
Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 4–6% of
the area intended.[153] Nonetheless, from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an
agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent – the highest of any state.[155] However,
sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the 1992–97 INC government
was 12.9 percent.[157] In 2008 Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a
plant manufacturing the Nano after a popular agitation had forced the company to move
out of West Bengal. Several other companies followed the Tata to Gujarat.[158]
The Modi government finished the process of bringing electricity to every village in
Gujarat that its predecessor had almost completed.[157] Modi significantly changed the
state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded
the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other
rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation
demands, reducing its cost. Although early protests by farmers ended when those who
benefited found that their electricity supply had stabilised,[153] according to an assessment
study corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small
farmers and labourers.[159]
Development debate

Modi addressing graduates of the Gujarat National Law University in 2012.

A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development

during Modi's tenure as chief minister.[160] The state's GDP growth rate averaged 10%
during Modi's tenure, a value similar to other highly industrialised states, and above that
of the country as a whole.[158] Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the
1990s, before Modi took office, and some scholars have stated that growth did not
much accelerate during Modi's tenure,[161] although the state is considered to have
maintained a high growth rate during Modi's Chief Ministership. Under Narendra Modi,
Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states
for two consecutive years.[162] In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for
"economic freedom" by a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights and
labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states.[158][163] In the later
years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an
argument to counter allegations of communalism.[5] Tax breaks for businesses were
easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land. Modi's policies to make
Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones,
where labour laws were greatly weakened.[125]
Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development,
poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th
in the country with respect to rates of poverty and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent
of children under five were underweight and 23 percent were undernourished, putting
the state in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index.[164][165] A study
by UNICEF and the Indian government found that Gujarat under Modi had a poor record
with respect to immunisation in children.[166]
Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the
rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the
median of the 29 Indian states.[110] It showed a marginal improvement in rates of infant
mortality, and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.[110] With
respect to the quality of education in government schools, the state ranked below many
Indian states.[110] The social policies of the government generally did not benefit
Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.
[110]
 Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens
in rural areas or from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013 the state
ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index.[9] Under Modi, the
state government spent less than the national average on education and healthcare.[110]
Final years
Further information: 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's election campaign in 2007
and 2012 contained elements of Hindu nationalism. Modi only attended Hindu religious
ceremonies, and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his
2012 campaign he twice refused to wear articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders.
[125]
 He did, however, maintain relations with Dawoodi Bohra.[125] His campaign included
references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including to Afzal Guru and
the killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for
the assembly election of 2012.[125] During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify
himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during
the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the
rest of India.[125]

Narendra Modi submits his resignation as Gujarat Chief Minister to the Governor.

While campaigning for the 2012 assembly elections, Modi made extensive use of
holograms and other technologies allowing him to reach a large number of people,
[123]
 something he would repeat in the 2014 general election. In the 2012 Gujarat
Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373
votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt.[167] The BJP won
115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure[168] and allowing the party to
form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995).[169] After his election as prime
minister, Modi resigned as the chief minister and as an MLA from Maninagar on 21 May
2014. Anandiben Patel succeeded him as the chief minister.[170]

Premiership campaigns
2014 Indian general election
Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election

Narendra Modi hands over his resignation as Maninagar MLA to the Speaker of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.

External video

 BJP announces Shri Narendra Modi as its Prime Ministerial

candidate for Loksabha Elections. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube,

13 September 2013

In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead of
the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[171][172] Several BJP leaders expressed opposition to Modi's
candidature,[173] including BJP founding member L. K. Advani, who cited concern with
leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas".[174] Modi played a dominant
role in the BJP's election campaign.[175][176] Several people who voted for the BJP stated
that if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate, they would have voted for
another party.[171][177][178] The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election
campaign.[173][179] The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[160]
Modi meets his mother after winning the 2014 elections.

During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the previous INC
government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of
GDP growth in Gujarat.[173] Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about
"development," without focus on any specific policies.[173] His message found support
among young Indians and among middle-class citizens. The BJP under Modi was able
to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's
commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism.[160] Prior
to the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the 2002
Gujarat riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on
Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development,[176] although Hindutva
remained a significant part of its campaign.[173][177][17] The BJP's campaign was assisted by
its wide influence in the media.[165] Modi's campaign blitz cost approximately ₹50
billion (US$660 million),[160] and received extensive financial support from corporate
donors.[165] In addition to more conventional campaign methods, Modi made extensive
use of social media,[160][173] and addressed more than 1000 rallies
via hologram appearances.[17]
The BJP won 31% of the vote,[16] and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to
282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984.[176][177] Voter
dissatisfaction with the INC, as well as with regional parties in North India, was another
reason for the success of the BJP,[177] as was the support from the RSS.[173] In states such
as Uttar Pradesh in which the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support
from upper-caste Hindus, although the 10 percent of Muslim votes won was more than it
had won before. It performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently
experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims.[177] The magnitude of the BJP's
victory led many commentators to say that the election constituted a political
realignment away from progressive parties and towards the right-wing.[17][160][177][180][181] Modi's
tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political
realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural
nationalism.[182]
Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two
constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara.[183] He won in both constituencies,
defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi and Madhusudan
Mistry of the INC in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[184] Modi, who was unanimously elected
leader of the BJP, was appointed prime minister by India's president.[185][186] To comply
with the law that an MP cannot represent more than one constituency, he vacated the
Vadodara seat.[187]
2019 Indian general election
External video

 BJP announced manifesto and Shri Narendra Modi as prime

minister candidate. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 8 April 2019.

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election

Prime Minister Narendra Modi taking charge of the office of the Prime Minister of India, at South Block, in New
Delhi on 27 May 2014.

On 13 October 2018, Modi was renamed as the BJP candidate for prime minister for
the 2019 general election.[188] The chief campaigner for the party was BJP's
president Amit Shah. Modi launched the Main Bhi Chowkidar campaign ahead of the
general election.[189] In the year 2018, end Party's, second-biggest alliance Telugu
Desam Party split from NDA over the matter of special-status for Andhra Pradesh.[190]
The campaign was started by Amit Shah on 8 April 2019. In the campaign, Modi was
targeted by the opposition on corruption allegations over Rafale deal with France
government. Highlighting this controversy the campaign "Chowkidar Chor Hai" was
started, which was contrary to "Main Bhi Chowkidar" slogan.[191] Modi made defence and
national security among the foremost topics for the election campaign, especially
after Pulwama attack, and the retaliatory attack of Balakot airstrike was counted as an
achievement of the Modi administration.[192][193] Other topics in the campaign were
development and good foreign relations in the first premiership.[194]
Modi contested the Lok Sabha elections as a candidate from Varanasi. He won the seat
by defeating Shalini Yadav of the Samajwadi Party, who fought on SP-BSP alliance by
a margin of 479,505 votes.[195][196] Modi was unanimously appointed the prime minister for
a second time by the National Democratic Alliance,[197] after the alliance won the election
for the second time by securing 353 seats in the Lok Sabha with the BJP alone won 303
seats.[198][199]

Prime Minister
Main article: Premiership of Narendra Modi
Narendra Modi takes the oath of office as the Prime Minister of India, with President Pranab
Mukherjee administering the oath.

Narendra Modi takes the oath of office as the Prime Minister of India for the second time, with President Ram
Nath Kovind administering the oath.

After the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won a landslide in

the 2014 Lok Sabha election, Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of
India on 26 May 2014. He became the first Prime Minister born after
India's independence from the British Empire in 1947.[200] Modi started his second term
after the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won again in the 2019
Lok Sabha election. On 6 December 2020, Modi became the 4th longest serving Prime
Minister of India and the longest serving Non-Congress Prime Minister.[201]
For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the premiership of Narendra
Modi.
Governance and other initiatives

Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressing the nation on India's 74th Independence Day.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi walking towards the dais to address the Nation at Red Fort, on the occasion of
75th Independence Day, in Delhi on 15 August 2021.

Modi's first year as prime minister saw significant centralisation of power relative to
previous administrations.[134][202] His efforts at centralisation have been linked to an
increase in the number of senior administration officials resigning their positions.
[134]
 Initially lacking a majority in the Rajya Sabha, or upper house of Indian Parliament,
Modi passed a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further
centralisation of power.[203] The government also passed a bill increasing the control that
it had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.[16]
In December 2014 Modi abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with the
National Institution for Transforming India, or NITI Aayog.[204][205] The move had the effect
of greatly centralising the power previously with the planning commission in the person
of the prime minister.[203][204][205][206][207] The planning commission had received heavy criticism
in previous years for creating inefficiency in the government, and of not filling its role of
improving social welfare: however, since the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, it had
been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.[205]
The Modi government launched investigations by the Intelligence Bureau against
numerous civil society organisations and foreign non-governmental organisations in the
first year of the administration. The investigations, on the grounds that these
organisations were slowing economic growth, was criticised as a witch-hunt.
International humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres was among the
groups that were put under pressure.[134] Other organisations affected included the Sierra
Club and Avaaz.[206] Cases of sedition were filed against individuals criticising the
government.[134] This led to discontent within the BJP regarding Modi's style of
functioning and drew comparisons to the governing style of Indira Gandhi.[134][203]
Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; a total of 1,301
such laws had been repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years.[208][209]
[210]
 He started a monthly radio programme titled "Mann Ki Baat" on 3 October 2014.
[211]
 Modi also launched the Digital India programme, with the goal of ensuring that
government services are available electronically, building infrastructure to provide high-
speed Internet access to rural areas, boosting manufacturing of electronic goods in the
country, and promoting digital literacy.[212][213]
Modi launched Ujjwala scheme to provide free LPG connection to rural households. The
scheme led to an increase in LPG consumption by 56% in 2019 as compared to 2014.
  In 2019, a law was passed to provide 10% reservation to Economically weaker
[214]

sections.[215]
He was again sworn in as prime minister on 30 May 2019. On 30 July 2019, Parliament
of India declared the practice of Triple Talaq as illegal, unconstitutional and made it
punishable act from 1 August 2019 which is deemed to be in effect from 19 September
2018.[216][217][218] On 5 August 2019, the government moved resolution to scrap Article 370 in
the Rajya Sabha,[219] and also reorganise the state with Jammu and Kashmir serving as
one of the union territory and Ladakh region separated out as a separate union territory.
[220]

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[f] According to one

study, "The BJP government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing
mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account, either by
ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political executive or were
captured by party loyalists."[222] Scholars also point to how he Modi government has used
state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, thus undermining
freedom of expression and alternative sources of information.[226][223] Reporters Without
Borders in 2021 characterised Modi as a predator for curbing press freedom in India
since 2014.[227]
Economic policy

Modi with other BRICS leaders in 2019. Left to right: Xi, Putin, Bolsonaro, Modi and Ramaphosa.

Modi and Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore officially launched APIX, a global
Fintech Platform at the Singapore FinTech Festival in 2018.

The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation

of the economy, based on a neoliberal framework.[206][228] Modi liberalised India's foreign
direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries,
including in defence and the railways.[206][229][230] Other proposed reforms included making it
harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them;
[228]
 some of these proposals were dropped after protests.[231] The reforms drew strong
opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions
went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.[228] The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, a
constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms
favoured corporations over labourers.[206]
The funds dedicated to poverty reduction programmes and social welfare measures
were greatly decreased by the Modi administration.[134] The money spent on social
programmes declined from 14.6% of GDP during the Congress government to 12.6%
during Modi's first year in office.[206] Spending on health and family welfare declined by
15%, and on primary and secondary education by 16%.[206] The budgetary allocation for
the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, or the "education for all" programme, declined by 22%.
[206]
 The government also lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, increased
sales taxes, and reduced customs duties on gold, and jewellery.[206] In October 2014, the
Modi government deregulated diesel prices.[232]
In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign
companies to manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning the country into a
global manufacturing hub.[206][233] Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the
initiative, while critics argued it would allow foreign corporations to capture a greater
share of the Indian market.[206] Modi's administration passed a land-reform bill that
allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact
assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it.[234] The bill was
passed via an executive order after it faced opposition in parliament, but was eventually
allowed to lapse.[203] Modi's government put in place the Goods and Services Tax, the
biggest tax reform in the country since independence. It subsumed around 17 different
taxes and became effective from 1 July 2017.[235]

Modi at the launch of the Make in India programme.

In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money.[236] On 9

November 2016, the government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, with the
stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, the use of counterfeit currency, and
terrorism.[237] The move led to severe cash shortages,[238][239][240] a steep decline in the Indian
stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50,[241] and sparked widespread protests
throughout the country.[242] Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[243]
[244]
 In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by
25%, and the number of digital transactions increased steeply.[245][246]
Over the first four years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average rate of
7.23%, higher than the rate of 6.39% under the previous government.[247] The level of
income inequality increased,[248] while an internal government report said that in 2017,
unemployment had increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was
attributed to the 2016 demonetisation, and to the effects of the Goods and Services
Tax.[249][250]
In the next year, after 2018, Indian economy started a gradual recovery with
a GDP growth of 6.12% in 2018-19 FY, with an inflation rate of 3.4%.[251] Same year,
India was successful in making a good economy in trade and manufacturing sector.
[252]
 While in the FY of 2019–20, due to the general election, Modi government focused
more on their election campaign. In the year 2019–20, the GDP growth rate was 4.18%
and inflation rate also increased to 4.7% from 3.4% in the previous year. Though being
high unemployment, increase in inflation rate and budget deficiency, Modi's leadership
won in 2019 elections.[253]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous rating agencies downgraded India's GDP
predictions for FY21 to negative figures,[254] signalling a recession in India, the most
severe since 1979.[255] According to a Dun & Bradstreet report, the country is likely to
suffer a recession in the third quarter of FY2020 as a result of the over 2-month
long nation-wide lockdown imposed to curb the spread of COVID-19.[256] This was also
accompanied by the mass migration of migrant workers.[257]
Health and sanitation
See also: Swachh Bharat Mission
In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the
central government on healthcare.[166] The Modi government launched New Health Policy
(NHP) in January 2015. The policy did not increase the government's spending on
healthcare, instead emphasising the role of private healthcare organisations. This
represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which
had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including reducing child and
maternal mortality rates.[258] The National Health Mission, which included public health
programmes targeted at these indices received nearly 20%[259] less funds in 2015 than in
the previous year. 15 national health programmes, including those aimed at controlling
tobacco use and supporting healthcare for the elderly, were merged with the National
Health Mission. In its budget for the second year after it took office, the Modi
government reduced healthcare spending by 15%.[260] The healthcare budget for the
following year rose by 19%. The budget was viewed positively by private insurance
providers. Public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private healthcare
providers, and suggested that it represented a shift away from public health facilities.
[261]
 The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation
of ₹20 billion (US$270 million) for a government-funded health insurance program, and
a decrease in the budget of the National Health Mission.[262] The government introduced
stricter packaging laws for tobacco which requires 85% of the packet size to be covered
by pictorial warnings.[263] An article in the medical journal Lancet stated that the country
"might have taken a few steps back in public health" under Modi.[258] In 2018 Modi
launched the Ayushman Bharat Yojana, a government health insurance scheme
intended to insure 500 million people. 100,000 people had signed up by October 2018.
[264]
Modi discussing the COVID-19 pandemic with Chief Ministers via videoconferencing in June 2020.

Modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good

health.[258] On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission ("Clean India")
campaign. The stated goals of the campaign included eliminating open
defecation and manual scavenging within five years.[265][266] As part of the programme, the
Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging
people to use them.[267][268][269] The government also announced plans to build new sewage
treatment plants.[270] The administration plans to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The
construction projects have faced allegations of corruption, and have faced severe
difficulty in getting people to use the toilets constructed for them.[266][267][268] Sanitation cover
in the country increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018; however,
usage of the new sanitary facilities lagged behind the government's targets.[271] In 2018,
the World Health Organization stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were
averted in rural India after the launch of the sanitation effort.[272]
Hindutva
Further information: Hindutva

Modi pays obeisance at Tirumala Temple in Andhra Pradesh.

During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders
known to have opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra
Bose, and Ram Manohar Lohia.[134] The campaign also saw the use of rhetoric based on
Hindutva by BJP leaders in certain states.[273] Communal tensions were played upon
especially in Uttar Pradesh and the states of Northeast India.[273] A proposal for the
controversial Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[17]
The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope after
Modi's election as Prime Minister, sometimes with the support of the government.
[273]
 These activities included a Hindu religious conversion programme, a campaign
against the alleged Islamic practice of "Love Jihad", and attempts to
celebrate Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right
wing Hindu Mahasabha.[274][275] Officials in the government, including the Home Minister,
defended the conversion programmes.[273]

Modi at the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.

Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under Modi. The RSS provided
organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration
appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government
positions.[276] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been
associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical
Research (ICHR).[17] Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those
sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the
appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[17][277][278]
The North East Delhi riots, which left more than 40 dead and hundreds injured, were
triggered by protests against a citizenship law seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and
part of Modi's Hindu nationalist agenda.[279] On 5 August 2020, Modi
visited Ayodhya after the Supreme Court in 2019 ordered a contested land in
Ayodhya to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple and ordered the
government to give alternate 5 acre land to Sunni Waqf Board for the purpose of
building a mosque.[280] He became the first prime minister to visit Ram
Janmabhoomi and Hanuman Garhi.[281]
Foreign policy
Further information: Foreign policy of Narendra Modi and trips as prime minister

Modi with U.S. President Donald Trump at Namaste Trump rally in Ahmedabad, India.

Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and did not
feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.[282] Modi invited all the other leaders
of SAARC countries to his swearing in ceremony as prime minister.[283][284] He was the first
Indian prime minister to do so.[285]
Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding INC government, focused on
improving economic ties, security, and regional relations.[282] Modi continued Manmohan
Singh's policy of "multi-alignment."[282] The Modi administration tried to attract foreign
investment in the Indian economy from several sources, especially in East Asia, with the
use of slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India". The government also tried to
improve relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, Iran, Saudi
Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel.[i]

Modi meeting Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi in New Delhi in January 2018.

The foreign relations of India with the USA also mended after Narendra Modi became
the Prime Minister.[287] During the run-up to the general election there was wide-ranging
scepticism regarding future of the strategic bilateral relation under Modi's premiership as
in 2005 he was, while Chief Minister of Gujarat, denied a U.S. visa during the Bush
administration for his poor human rights records.[139][140] However sensing Modi's inevitable
victory well before the election, the US Ambassador Nancy Powell had reached out to
him as part of greater rapprochement from the west. Moreover, following his 2014
election as the Prime Minister of India President Obama congratulated him over the
telephone and invited him to visit the US.[288] Modi government has been successful in
making good foreign relations with the USA in the presidency of both Barack
Obama and Donald Trump.[289][290]
During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to a number of different
countries to further the goals of his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN,
and G20 summits.[282] One of Modi's first visits as prime minister was to Nepal, during
which he promised a billion USD in aid.[291] Modi also made several overtures to the
United States, including multiple visits to that country.[284] While this was described as an
unexpected development, due to the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa
over his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, the visits were expected to strengthen
diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.[284][better  source  needed]
In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land exchange deal with Bangladesh about
the India–Bangladesh enclaves, which had been initiated by the government of
Manmohan Singh.[203] Modi's administration gave renewed attention to India's "Look East
Policy", instituted in 1991. The policy was renamed the "Act East Policy", and involved
directing Indian foreign policy towards East Asia and Southeast Asia.[292][293] The
government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with Myanmar, through the
state of Manipur. This represented a break with India's historic engagement with
Myanmar, which prioritised border security over trade.[293] China–India relations have
deteriorated rapidly following the 2020 China–India skirmishes.[294] Modi has pledged aid
of $900 million to Afghanistan, visited the nation twice and been honoured with the
nation's highest civilian honour in 2016.[295][296]
Defence policy

The former Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu and Modi visiting the Technology Exhibition, at Tel
Aviv, Israel in 2017.

India's nominal military spending increased steadily under Modi.[297] The military budget
declined over Modi's tenure both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation.[298]
[299]
 A substantial portion of the military budget was devoted to personnel costs, leading
commentators to write that the budget was constraining Indian military modernisation.[298]
[300][299]

The BJP election manifesto had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into India
in the Northeast, as well as to be more firm in its handling of insurgent groups. The Modi
government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist illegal immigrants
from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalise their residency in India. The government
described the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons but it drew criticism
from several Assamese organisations.[301]

Prime Minister Modi celebrating Diwali with the Indian Army force in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan on 14 November
2020.

The Modi administration negotiated a peace agreement with the largest faction of
the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM), which was announced in August
2015. The Naga insurgency in northeast India had begun in the 1950s.[301][302] The NSCM
and the government had agreed to a ceasefire in 1997, but a peace accord had not
previously been signed.[302] In 2015 the government abrogated a 15-year ceasefire with
the Khaplang faction of the NSCM (NSCM-K). The NSCM-K responded with a series of
attacks, which killed 18 people.[301] The Modi government carried out a raid across the
border with Myanmar as a result, and labelled the NSCM-K a terrorist organisation.[301]
Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign, and repeatedly
stated that Pakistan was an exporter of terrorism.[303][304][305] On 29 September 2016, the
Indian Army stated that it had conducted a surgical strike on terror launch pads in Azad
Kashmir. The Indian media claimed that up to 50 terrorists and Pakistani soldiers had
been killed in the strike.[306][307][308] Pakistan initially denied that any strikes had taken place.
[309]
 Subsequent reports suggested that Indian claim about the scope of the strike and the
number of casualties had been exaggerated, although cross-border strikes had been
carried out.[303][310][311] In February 2019 India carried out airstrikes in Pakistan against a
supposed terrorist camp. Further military skirmishes followed, including cross-border
shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft.[312][313][314]
Following his victory in 2019 Lok Sabha elections, he focused more on Defence policies
of India, especially against China and Pakistan.[315] On 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian
troops engaged in aggressive melee, face-offs and skirmishes at locations along
the Sino-Indian border, including near the disputed Pangong Lake in Ladakh and
the Tibet Autonomous Region, and near the border between Sikkim and the Tibet
Autonomous Region. Additional clashes also took place at locations in eastern Ladakh
along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).[316] After which there was start
of skirmishes between the nations leading to many border clashes, responses and
reactions from both sides.[317] A series of talks were also held between the two by both
military and diplomatic means for peace.[318] The first border clash reported in 2021 was
on 20 January, referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim.[319]
Environmental policy

Modi (right) at CoP21 Climate Conference, in Paris, announcing the founding of an International Solar
Alliance (ISA). November 2015.

In naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the "Ministry of Environment and Forests" the
"Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change." In the first budget of the
government, the money allotted to this ministry was reduced by more than 50%. The
new ministry also removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental
protection. These included no longer requiring clearance from the National Board for
Wildlife for projects close to protected areas, and allowing certain projects to proceed
before environmental clearance was received.[206] The government also tried to
reconstitute the Wildlife board such that it no longer had representatives from non-
governmental organisations: however, this move was prevented by the Supreme Court.
[320]
Modi and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow on 2 November 2021

Modi also relaxed or abolished a number of other environmental regulations, particularly

those related to industrial activity. A government committee stated that the existing
system only served to create corruption, and that the government should instead rely on
the owners of industries to voluntarily inform the government about the pollution they
were creating.[206] Other changes included reducing ministry oversight on small mining
projects, and no longer requiring approval from tribal councils for projects inside
forested areas. In addition, Modi lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in the
most polluted areas in the countries.[320] The changes were welcomed by
businesspeople, but criticised by environmentalists.[321]
Under the UPA government that preceded Modi's administration, field trials
of Genetically Modified (GM) crops had essentially been put on hold, after protests from
farmers fearing for their livelihoods. Under the Modi government these restrictions were
gradually lifted. The government received some criticism for freezing the bank accounts
of environmental group Greenpeace, citing financial irregularities, although a leaked
government report said that the freeze had to do with Greenpeace's opposition to GM
crops.[322] At the COP26 conference Modi announced that India would target carbon
neutrality by 2070, and also expand its renewable energy capacity.[323] Though the date
of net zero is far behind that of China and the USA and India's government wants to
continue with the use of coal, Indian environmentalists and economists applauded the
decision, describing it as a bold climate action.[324]
Democratic backsliding
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[f] According to one
study, "The BJP government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing
mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account, either by
ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political executive or were
captured by party loyalists."[222][325] Scholars also point to how the Modi government has
used state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, thus
undermining freedom of expression and alternative sources of information.[226][223] There
have been several reports of the Modi government to be as an authoritarian
conservative government, even due to lack of good opposition.[326]

Electoral history
Main article: Electoral history of Narendra Modi

Election results
 Votes for
Year Office Constituency Party % Opponent Party
Modi

Ashwinbhai
57.3
2002 Rajkot II 45,298 Narbheshankar
2
Mehta

73.2
2002 1,13,589 Yatinbhai Oza
Member of the 9
Legislative
Assembly
Indian Nationa
69.5
2007 Maninagar 1,39,568 Dinsha Patel Congress
3

Bharatiya
75.3
2012 Janata Party 1,20,470 Shweta Sanjiv Bhat
8

72.7
2014 Vadodara 8,45,464 Madhusudan Mistry
5

Member of the Lok 56.3 Aam Aadmi

2014 5,81,022 Arvind Kejriwal
Sabha 7 Party
Varanasi
63.6 Samajwadi
2019 6,74,664 Shalini Yadav
2 Party

Personal life and image

Further information: Public image of Narendra Modi
Personal life
In accordance with Ghanchi tradition, Modi's marriage was arranged by his parents
when he was a child. He was engaged at age 13 to Jashodaben Modi, marrying her
when he was 18. They spent little time together and grew apart when Modi began two
years of travel, including visits to Hindu ashrams.[29][332] Reportedly, their marriage was
never consummated, and he kept it a secret because otherwise he could not have
become a 'pracharak' in the puritan Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[59][333] Modi kept his
marriage secret for most of his career. He acknowledged his wife for the first time when
he filed his nomination for the 2014 general elections.[334][335] Modi maintains a close
relationship with his mother, Hiraben.[336]

Modi at Yoga Day celebrations in New Delhi, 21 June 2015.

A vegetarian and teetotaler,[337][338] Modi has a frugal lifestyle and is a workaholic and

introvert.[339] Modi's 31 August 2012 post on Google Hangouts made him the first Indian
politician to interact with citizens on a live chat.[340][341] Modi has also been called a
fashion-icon for his signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, as well as for a suit with
his name embroidered repeatedly in the pinstripes that he wore during a state visit by
US President Barack Obama, which drew public and media attention and criticism.[342][343]
[344]
 Modi's personality has been variously described by scholars and biographers as
energetic, arrogant, and charismatic.[16][345]
He had published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj in 2008, containing profiles of various
RSS leaders. The longest was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS
expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru worthy of worship").
[346]
 According to The Economic Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the
RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically
aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for
children.[347]
The nomination of Modi for the prime ministership drew attention to his reputation as
"one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians."[160][348][349][350] During
the 2014 election campaign the BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine
leader, who would be able to take difficult decisions.[160][171][173][177][178] Campaigns in which he
has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, in a manner unusual for the
BJP and RSS.[173] Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about
economic growth and "development".[351] Nonetheless, his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots
continues to attract criticism and controversy.[8] Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and
the policies adopted by his government continue to draw criticism, and have been seen
as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[8][16][134][173] In March 2021,
Modi received his first COVID-19 vaccine dose at the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi.[352]
Personal donations
Modi has made donations for various causes and programmes. One such instance was
when Modi donated ₹225,000 (US$3,000) towards the initial corpus of the Prime
Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations (PM-CARES) Fund.
[353]
 In his role as chief minister of Gujarat, Modi had donated ₹2.1 million (US$28,000)
from personal savings for educating daughters of state government officials. Modi had
also raised ₹899.6 million (US$12 million) by auctioning all the gifts he received as chief
minister and donated this to the Kanya Kelavani Fund. The money was spent on
the education of girl children, through the scheme.[354][355][356][357][358][359][360]
Approval ratings
Main article: Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership

Modi interacting with the school children after delivering his address on Independence Day in New Delhi, 15
August 2017.

As a Prime Minister, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of
his first year in office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research
poll, with 68% of people rating him "very favorably" and 93% approving of his
government.[361] His approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% through
his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.[362] At
the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi
continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled
rating him "very favorably."[363][364] At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew
Research poll showed Modi with an overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with
69% of people polled rating him "very favorably."[365] A poll conducted by The Times of
India in May 2017 showed 77% of the respondents rated Modi as "very good" and
"good".[366] In early 2017, a survey from Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the
most popular figure in Indian politics.[367] In a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called
the Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as
of 22 December 2020 of all government leaders in the 13 countries being tracked.[368][369]

Awards and recognition

In March 2012 and June 2014, Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time
Magazine, one of the few Indian politicians to have done so.[370][371] He was
awarded Indian of the Year by CNN-News18 (formally CNN-IBN) news network in 2014.
[372]
 In June 2015, Modi was featured on the cover of Time Magazine.[373] In 2014, 2015,
2017, 2020 and 2021, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential
People in the World.[374][375][376][377][378] Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th Most Powerful
Person in the World in 2014 and the 9th Most Powerful Person in the World in 2015,
2016 and 2018.[379][380][381][382][383][384][385] In 2015, Modi was ranked the 13th Most Influential
Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[386] Modi was ranked fifth
on Fortune Magazine's first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.[387][388] In
2017, Gallup International Association (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi as third
top leader of the world.[389][390] In 2016, a wax statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame
Tussauds wax museum in London.[391][392]
In 2015 he was named one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" as
the second-most-followed politician on Twitter and Facebook.[393] In 2018, he was the
third most followed world leader on Twitter,[394] and the most followed world leader on
Facebook and Instagram.[395][396] In October 2018, Modi received United Nations's highest
environmental award, the 'Champions of the Earth', for policy leadership by "pioneering
work in championing" the International Solar Alliance and "new areas of levels of
cooperation on environmental action".[397][398] He was conferred the 2018 Seoul Peace
Prize in recognition of "his dedication to improving international co-operation, raising
global economic growth, accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by
fostering economic growth and furthering the development of democracy through anti-
corruption and social integration efforts". He is the first Indian to win the award.[399][400]
Following his second swearing-in ceremony as Prime Minister of India, a picture of Modi
was displayed on the facade of the ADNOC building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates.[401] The Texas India Forum hosted a community event in honour of Modi on 22
September 2019 at the NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. The event was attended by
over 50,000 people and several American politicians including President Donald Trump,
making it the largest gathering for an invited foreign leader visiting the United States
other than the Pope.[402][403] At the same event, Modi was presented with the Key to the
City of Houston by Mayor Sylvester Turner.[404] He was awarded the Global Goalkeeper
Award on 24 September 2019 in New York City by the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation in recognition for the Swachh Bharat Mission and "the progress India has
made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership".[405][406][407]
In 2020, Modi was among eight world leaders awarded the parodic Ig Nobel Prize in
Medical Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that
politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and
doctors can".[408] On 21 December 2020, President Donald Trump awarded Modi with
the Legion of Merit for elevating the India–United States relations.[409][410] The Legion of
Merit was awarded to Modi along with Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison and
former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe, the "original architects" of the QUAD.[411][412][413]
On 24 February 2021, the largest cricket stadium in the world at Ahmedabad was
renamed Narendra Modi Stadium by the Gujarat Cricket Association.[414]
Modi is featured in TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of 2021 list,[415] making it
his fifth time after 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2020. TIME called him the third "pivotal leader"
of independent India after Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi who "dominated the
country’s politics like no one since them".[416][417]
State honours
Decoration Country Date Note Ref.

Special
Class, the
highest
honour of
 Saudi 3 April
Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud Saudi [418]

Arabia 2016
Arabia
awarded to
non-Muslim
dignitaries

The highest
State Order of Ghazi Amir 4 June civilian
 Afghanistan [296]

Amanullah Khan 2016 honour of

Afghanistan

The highest
10
Grand Collar of the State of civilian
 Palestine February [419]

Palestine honour of
2018
Palestine

The highest
civilian
 United 4 April honour of
Order of Zayed [420]

Arab Emirates 2019 the United

Arab
Emirates

The highest
12 April civilian
Order of St. Andrew  Russia [421]

2019 honour of
Russia

The highest
honour of
Order of the Distinguished 8 June the Maldives
 Maldives [422]

Rule of Izzuddin 2019 awarded to

foreign
dignitaries
 Decoration Country Date Note Ref.

First Class,
the highest
24 honour of
King Hamad Order of the
 Bahrain August Bahrain [423]

Renaissance
2019 awarded to
foreign
dignitaries

Chief
Commander,
21
 United the highest
Legion of Merit December [424]

States degree of
2020
the Legion
of Merit

First Class,
17 The highest
Order of the Dragon King  Bhutan December civilian [425]

2021 honour of
Bhutan.

Other honours
Award Country/Organisation Date Note Ref.

Awarded annually by the Indian

CNN-News18
media house CNN-News18, to
Indian of the CNN-News18 2014 [372]

various Indians for the contribution

Year
in their respective fields.

Awarded annually by the United

Champions of 3 October Nations Environmental
 United Nations [397][398]

the Earth 2018 Programme for the environmental

leadership.

Awarded bi-annually by South

Seoul Peace 24 October
 South Korea Korea for the contribution in peace [399][400]

Prize 2018
and harmony.
 Award Country/Organisation Date Note Ref.

Global 24 Awarded annually by the Bill &

Bill & Melinda Gates
Goalkeeper September Melinda Gates Foundation for the [405][407]

Foundation
Award 2019 global leadership.

In popular culture
See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi
Modi Kaka Ka Gaon, a 2017 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Tushar Amrish Goel
is the first biopic on Modi, starring Vikas Mahante in the titular role it was made halfway
into his first-term as the prime minister which is shown in the film.[426] PM Narendra
Modi, a 2019 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film by Omung Kumar,
starred Vivek Oberoi in the titular role and covers his rise to prime ministership.[427]An
Indian web series, Modi: Journey of a Common Man, based on the same premise
released in May 2019 on Eros Now with Ashish Sharma portraying Modi.[428] Hu
Narender Modi Banva Mangu Chu is a 2018 Indian Gujarati-language drama film by Anil
Naryani about the aspirations of a young boy who wants to become like Narendra Modi.
[429]

7 RCR (7, Race Course Road), a 2014 Indian docudrama political television series

which charts the political careers of prominent Indian politicians, covered Modi's rise to
the PM's office in the episodes - "Story of Narendra Modi from 1950 to 2001", "Story of
Narendra Modi in Controversial Years from 2001 to 2013", "Truth Behind Brand Modi",
"Election Journey of Narendra Modi to 7 RCR", and "Masterplan of Narendra Modi's
NDA Govt."; with Sangam Rai in the role of Modi.[430]
Other portrayals of Modi include by Rajit Kapur in the film Uri: The Surgical
Strike (2019) and Vikram Gokhale in the web-television series Avrodh: The Siege
Within (2020) both based on the 2016 Uri attack and the following Indian surgical
strikes.[431][432] Pratap Singh played a character based on Modi in Chand Bujh Gaya (2005)
which is set in the backdrop of the Gujarat riots.[433]
Premiered on 12 August 2019, Modi appeared in an episode - "Man vs. Wild with Bear
Grylls and Prime Minister Modi" - of Discovery Channel's show Man vs Wild with the
host Bear Grylls,[434][435] becoming the second world leader after Barack Obama to appear
in the reality show.[436] In the show he trekked the jungles and talked about nature and
wildlife conservation with Grylls.[437] The episode was shot in Jim Corbett National
Park, Uttarakhand and was broadcast in 180 countries along India.[438] He has also
appeared twice on the Indian television talk show Aap Ki Adalat before the 2009 and
2014 elections respectively.[439][440]
Along with hosting the Mann Ki Baat monthly radio programme, on All India Radio, he
has also conducted Pariksha Pe Charcha - a competition/discussion for students and
the issues they face in examinations.[441][442]
Bibliography
For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Narendra Modi.

 Modi, Narendra (2004). Aapaatkaal Mein Gujarat (in Hindi)

(Samskarana 1 ed.). New Delhi:  Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 81-
7315-466-X.  OCLC 56367646.
 ——————— (2011). Convenient Action: Gujarat's Response to
Challenges of Climate Change. New Delhi: Macmillan Publishers
India. ISBN 978-0-230-33192-1.  OCLC 696558495.
 ——————— (2015). Social Harmony.  Prabhat
Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5048-980-2.
 ——————— (2015). Jyotipunj  (in Hindi).  Prabhat
Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5186-231-4.
 ——————— (21 December 2015). India's Singapore
Story. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4695-73-2.
 ——————— (2017). Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on
Radio. BlueKraft Digital Foundation. ISBN 978-9350359907.
 ——————— (22 April 2014).  A Journey: Poems by Narendra
Modi. Translated by Manthi, Rajiv. Rupa Publications.  ISBN  978-
81-291-3386-1.
 ——————— (3 February 2018). Exam Warriors. Penguin
India. ISBN 978-0143441502.
 ——————— (2018). Abode of Love. Rajpal
Publishers.  ISBN  978-9350642382.
 ——————— (2020). Letters to Mother [Saakshi
Bhaav].  HarperCollins. ISBN 978-9353576325.
 ——————— (2018) [2017].  President Pranab Mukherjee: A
Statesman. Translated by Joshi, Varun. ISBN 978-8192925554.

See also
 List of prime ministers of India
 Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership

References
1. ^ previously known as 7, Race Course Road

Notes
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Narendra Modi was born Narendrabhai
Damodardas Modi on 17 September 1950. He
used Damodardas, his middle name - Gujaratis have a
tradition of using the names of their fathers as their middle
names - but he is widely known as Narendra Modi. (Marino
2014, pp. 4–5)
2. ^ Sources stating that RSS had a deep impact on the political
heriarchy of the BJP, specially in the case of Narendra Modi.[2]
[3][4]

3. ^ Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the

2002 violence.[5][6][7][8][9]
 4. ^ In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no
evidence against Modi.[11][12]
5. ^ Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human
development indices in Gujarat.[8][9]
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sources describing that India has
experienced a backslide in democracy:[221][222][223][224][225]
7. ^ Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.[8][15][16]
[17][18][19][20]

8. ^ The exact number of people killed in the train burning is

variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59,
[93]
 while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[94]
9. ^ The Narendra Modi led government completed two years in
power in May 2016 and the prime minister has made his mark
on both the domestic and foreign policy fronts. It is important
to assess how successful his initiatives have been in the
arena of foreign affairs in comparison to his predecessors. In
this regard, this paper identifies and examines the key trends
and issues in foreign policy under the Modi led administration
and the measures needed to translate speeches and policies
into action. Modi government has also took a serious node of
relations with middle-east nations, as well as Iran and Israel.
[286]

Citations
1. ^ "Jashodaben, named by Narendra Modi as his wife, prays
for him to become PM". NDTV.  Press Trust of India. 11 April
2014. Archived from the original  on 17 July 2020.
Retrieved 12 June  2020.
2. ^ Asrar, Nadim (26 February 2014). "Narendra Modi's
political journey from RSS worker to BJP's PM
candidate". NDTV. Archived from the original  on 8 August
2020. Retrieved  15 August 2015.
3. ^ "PM Modi turns 69: A timeline of his political
career". Deccan Herald. 17 September 2019. Archived
from  the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13
January  2021.
4. ^ Tiwari, Ravish (27 November 2014). "The low-profile RSS
apparatchik is the newface of power in the NDA".  India
Today. Retrieved 13 January  2021.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Bobbio, Tommaso (1 May 2012). "Making
Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of
subnationalism in India". Third World Quarterly. 33 (4): 657–
672.  doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423.  S2CID 154422056
.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008).  The
Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's
Future.  Harvard University Press. pp.  17–28, 50–
51.  ISBN  978-0-674-03059-6. JSTOR 27639120.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Shani, Orrit (2007). Communalism, Caste
and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat.  Cambridge
University Press. pp. 168–173. ISBN 978-0-521-68369-2.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Buncombe, Andrew (19 September
2011). "A rebirth dogged by controversy".  The Independent.
London. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011.
Retrieved 10 October  2012.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jaffrelot, Christophe  (June 2013).  "Gujarat
Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech
 Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'".  Studies in Indian
Politics. 1  (1): 79–
95.  doi:10.1177/2321023013482789. S2CID  154404089.
Retrieved 29 August  2021.
10. ^ "India's 'modern-day Nero' to be grilled over Muslim
bloodbath". The Independent. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 6
November 2021.
11. ^ "India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots
case".  BBC News.  BBC. 10 April 2012.  Archived  from the
original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
12. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (10 April 2012). "SIT finds no proof
against Modi, says court".  The Hindu. Archived from the
original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
13. ^ Welzel, Christian; Inglehart, Ronald; Bernhangen, Patrick;
Haerpfer, Christian W. (2019), "Introduction", in Welzel,
Christian; Inglehart, Ronald; Bernhangen, Patrick; Haerpfer,
Christian W. (eds.),  Democratization, Oxford University
Press, pp.  4, 7, ISBN 978-0-19-873228-0,   (p.7) Our diagram
... reveals that India’s score in comprehensive democracy is
at best half the Western level, which conflicts with the
standard democracy measures by Polity and Freedom House
where India scores much higher. On the other hand, India’s
modest democracy performance in the V-Dem data fully
confirms Alexander, Welzel, and Inglehart (2012) who argue
that India’s state of democracy is overestimated by standard
measures and needs to take account of serious deficiencies
in rule of law and human rights enforcement (cf. Inglehart and
Welzel 2005; Welzel and Inglehart 2006; Alexander and
Welzel 2011).’ The recent considerable drop of the ‘Indic
East’ mainly reflects India’s democratic backsliding under the
Hindu-nationalist administration of Modi. (p.4 The 'Indic East'
comprises those nations in South Asia whose history was shaped by
Indian culture.)
14. ^ Chidambaram, Soundarya (2022), "India's Inexorable Path
to Autocratization: Looking beyond Modi and the populist
lens", in Widmalm, Sten (ed.), Routledge Handbook of
Autocratization in South Asia, Routledge, pp. 130–
148,  doi:10.4324/9781003042211-11, S2CID  245210210, (T)
he electoral success of populist parties has also coincided
with a decline of democracy across the globe (Giinther and
Liihrmann, 2018). The focal point in this regard is the rise of
populist demagogues and authoritarian strongmen who have
caused democratic decline by cracking down on political
dissent and curbing the autonomy of the judiciary and the free
press, thus creating the conditions for democratic backsliding
and decline (Levitsky and Ziblatt, 2018). The path of the
Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in India since 2014 seems to fit
this description. The BJP’s hegemonic control of Indian
politics has been coterminous with aggressive cultural
nationalist rhetoric manifesting itself as routinized intimidation
and killing of journalists and political critics, vigilante lynching
of Muslims, and a general clampdown on dissent (Kesavan,
2017). Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister and leader of the
BJP epitomizes the populist strongman with his charismatic
appeal, centralization of power (Vaishnav, 2019), and ability
to connect with the masses through clever use of media
(Martelli and Jaffrelot, 2017; Vaishnav, 2021). Not
surprisingly, scholars and commentators looking at
contemporary Indian politics converge on the idea that Modi's
 populist leadership of the BJP is the reason for the havoc
being wreaked on democratic institutions in the country
(Kinnvall, 2019; Chatterji et al., 2019; Basu, 2018; Chacko,
2018; Nilsen, 2018)
15. ^ Visweswaran, Kamala (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala
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Culture, History, and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell.
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Retrieved 30 August  2021. The chief minister of Gujarat, a
young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called
Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of
Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal and opposite
reaction."
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19-007817-1, In 2014, Modi, in spite of being chief minister of
Gujarat for thirteen years, presented himself as an alternative
for and of the people because he came from a plebian
 background ... While he had not very often referred to this
pedigree in Gujarat, he successfully projected himself as an
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27. ^ Roberts, Adam (2017),  Superfast Primetime Ultimate
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crackled with age—she was eighty-five—and the two largest
toes on her left foot were missing. 'The house next door,
where the family lived, was not in good condition. They had
no attic, no proper roof, just a tin roof,' she recalled. Modi was
a stubborn and forceful child, she said: 'I remember he would
never get beaten by other children, he would beat the others.'
As for helping with his father’s business: 'He did not work, not
regularly, on the tea stall. The mother wanted him to help, but
he didn’t.'
28. ^ Roberts, Adam (23 May 2015),  Special Report, India:
Modi's many tasks  (PDF), London: Economist, The railway
station is single-track. Next to it, where the celebrity’s father
once ran a tea stall, is a motorbike-repair shop. Over the road
is his modest, whitewashed former school. Only in a street
nearby, beyond a Sufi shrine, do you find hints of the great
man. Neighbours all introduce themselves with the same
surname: Modi, Modi, Modi. Most of them recall something of
the childhood of Narendra Modi, such as when he brought
home a baby crocodile from a lake. They speak with respect
more than fondness. He rarely helped his father with the tea
stall. Friends from the school recall that he liked theatre and
insisted on taking the part of a king. From childhood his
passion was politics, and he soon joined the Hindu nationalist
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) movement. A fellow
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A neighbour attended his teenage wedding. An unwilling
groom, he soon fled town, leaving his wife behind. He rarely
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 keeping with the traditions of their community. They were
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Further reading
 Guha, Ramachandra  (2007). India After Gandhi: The History of
the World's Largest Democracy.  Harper Perennial.  ISBN  978-0-
06-095858-9.
 Jain, Varsha; E, Ganesh B (2018).  "Understanding the Magic of
Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra
Modi".  Journal of Political Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–
33.  doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222.  ISSN  1537-7857. S2CI
D 202247610.
 Kanrad, Bharat (2018). Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and
India's Global Ambition.  Viking Publishers. pp.  2–
541.  ISBN  9789353051952.
 Kochanek, Stanley A.; Hardgrave, Robert L. (2007).  India:
Government and Politics in a Developing Nation.  Cengage
Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
 Marino, Andy  (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political
Biography. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5136-
218-0.
 Panda, Jaganath P. (2016).  "Narendra Modi and his mode of
governance".  Journal of Asian Public Policy.  9 (2): 95–
97.  doi:10.1080/17516234.2016.1165444.  ISSN  1751-6234. S2CI
D 155201252.
 Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (2013).  Narendra Modi: The Man, The
Times.  Westland.  ISBN  9-789-383-26048-5. OCLC  837527591.
 Sen, Ronojoy (3 May 2016).  "Narendra Modi's makeover and the
politics of symbolism". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 9  (2): 98–
111.  doi:10.1080/17516234.2016.1165248.  ISSN  1751-6234. S2
CID 155130008.
 Schakel, Arjan H.; Sharma, Chanchal Kumar; Swenden, Wilfried
(27 May 2019).  "India after the 2014 general elections: BJP
dominance and the crisis of the third party system". Regional &
Federal Studies.  29  (3): 329–
354.  doi:10.1080/13597566.2019.1614921.  ISSN  1359-7566. S2
CID 182486831.
 Chatterjee, Ankita (1 September 2020).  "Humour in Narendra
Modi memes on new media".  South Asian Popular
Culture. 18 (3): 227–
245.  doi:10.1080/14746689.2020.1815450.  ISSN  1474-6689. S2
CID 222214793.
 Rao, Shakuntala (2 July 2020). "Narendra Modi's social media
election campaign and India's delegative democracy". The
Communication Review. 23 (3): 223–
241.  doi:10.1080/10714421.2020.1829306.  ISSN  1071-4421. S2
CID 224981212.
  Komireddi, K. S. (31 July 2019). Malevolent Republic: A Short
History of the New India.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN  978-1-
78738-294-7.
 Madan, Tanvi (29 January 2020). Fateful Triangle: How China
Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold War. Penguin
Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5305-756-5.
 Mahurkar, Uday  (26 May 2017). Marching with a Billion: Analysing
Narendra Modi's Government at Midterm. Random House
Publishers India Pvt. Limited.  ISBN  978-93-86495-84-6.
 Maiorano, Diego (3 April 2015). "Early Trends and Prospects for
Modi's Prime Ministership". The International Spectator. 50 (2):
75–92. doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511. ISSN 0393-2729. 
S2CID  155228179.
 Chandrasekaran, Natarajan; Purushottam, Roopa (2019).  Bridgital
Nation (Solving Technology's People Problem).  Mumbai,
India: Penguin
Books. ISBN 9789353056360. OCLC  1124852952.
 Gokhale, Nitin A. (29 November 2017).  Securing India The Modi
Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More.  Bloomsbury
Publishing.  ISBN  978-93-86643-88-9.
 Kamath, M. V.; Randeri, Kalindi (2013).  The Man of the Moment:
Narendra Modi. Wide Canvas. ISBN 978-93-259-6838-
7. OCLC  1000812046.
 Mohan, C. Raja (1 June 2015). Modi's World: Expanding India's
Sphere of Influence. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-
93-5177-206-4.
 Bal Narendra: Childhood Stories of Narendra Modi. Rannade
Prakashan. 2014.  ISBN  978-93-83923-78-6.

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Political offices

Preceded by Chief Minister of Gujarat Succeeded by

Keshubhai Patel 2001–2014 Anandiben Patel

Preceded by Prime Minister of India

Incumbent
Manmohan Singh 2014–present

Gujarat Legislative Assembly

Preceded by Member of the Legislative Assembly Succeeded by

for Rajkot II
Vajubhai Vala 2002–2002 Vajubhai Vala

Preceded by Member of the Legislative Assembly Succeeded by

for Maninagar
Kamlesh Patel 2002–2014 Suresh Patel

Lok Sabha

Preceded by Member of Parliament

for Varanasi Incumbent
Murli Manohar Joshi 2014–present

Preceded by Leader of the House

Incumbent
Sushilkumar Shinde 2014–present

Diplomatic posts
 Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit Succeeded by
 Vladimir Putin 2016  Xi Jinping

Preceded by Head of SCO Summit Succeeded by

 Shavkat Mirziyoyev 30 November 2020 unannounced

Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit Succeeded by

 Vladimir Putin 2021 unannounced

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 Premiership of Narendra Modi

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