EòÉVÉÚ B´ÉÆ EòÉäEòÉä {ÉÊjÉEòÉ

THE CASHEW & COCOA JOURNAL

VÉÖ±ÉÉ<Ç - ʺÉiÉƤɮ - 2021ú JÉhb÷ IX ºÉÆJªÉÉ. 3 July - September 2021 Vol. IX No. 3

EòÉVÉÚ +Éè®ú EòÉäEòÉä Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ÊxÉnäù¶ÉɱɪÉ, EòÉäÊSÉxÉ - 682 011

DIRECTORATE OF CASHEWNUT & COCOA DEVELOPMENT, COCHIN-682 011
July - September 2021

THE CASHEW & COCOA JOURNAL

Vol. IX No. 3, JULY - SEPTEMBER 2021

ADVISORY BOARD CONTENTS

CHAIRMAN 1. कोको ( थयो ोमा ककाओ एल) म पोषण बं धन 02

Dr. S.K. Malhotra यू के या, भ व ा, एलाइन अपशरा, सी टी जोस, एम चाइ ा,
एन आर नागराजा, शवाजी हाउसराव थबू,े आर तव काश पा न,
के एस का तका
2. असम म कोको रोग और क ट 06
ADVISORY BOARD एल एस सहं और अनोक उचोइ
3. Modernized Plant Health Clinic Museum on 09
Cashew with Interactive ICT Features
Shamsudheen Mangalassery, Siddanna Savadi,
CHIEF EDITOR M.G. Nayak, Preethi P., and B.M. Muralidhara
Dr. Venkatesh N. Hubballi
4. Nutrient Management in Cocoa 13
Priya U.K., Bhavishya, S. ElainApshara,
C.T. Jose, M.Chaithra, N.R.Nagaraja,
ShivajiHausraoThube, R.Thavaprakasa Pandian,
K.S.Karthika
SUB EDITORS
Ravindra Kumar 5 Diseases and Pests of Cocoa in Assam 18
L.S.Singh and Anok Uchoi

V.S. Jayalakshmi 6. Official Language Implementation 22

Report 2020-21
R.I. Resmi 6. News and Events 24
7. Statistics 29
8. Cocoa Needs 39
9. Cashew Needs 40

Published by the Director, Directorate of Cashewnut & Cocoa Development, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmer’s Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmer’s Welfare, Cochin - 682 011, Kerala.
Phone : 2377239, 2377151, Fax : 0484-2377239, Website : https//dccd.gov.in
E- mail:dccd@nic.in, dccdcochin@gmail.com
Printed at Paico Printing Press, Ernakulam,Ph : 0484 2393504
The contributors are solely responsible for the views expressed by them and this Directorate does not hold any responsibility on such views.
All correspondence regarding articles, advertisements, subscription, etc. may be addressed to the Chief Editor.

01
 EòÉVÉÚ B´ÉÆ EòÉäEòÉä {ÉÊjÉEòÉ

कोको ( थयो ोमा ककाओ एल) म पोषण बं धन

यू के या, भ व ा, एलाइन अपशरा, सी टी जोस, एम चाइ ा, एन आर नागराजा,
शवाजी हाउसराव थबूे, आर तव काश पा न, के एस का तका

आमख
ु उ चत पोषक त बं धन का एक अ त र लाभ यह है िक
कोको ( थयो ोमा ककाओ एल) एक ´ÉÞIÉÉ®úÉä{ÉhÉ फसल
है जसका, दु नया भर म ावसा यक मह ह।ै कोको, एक
उ किटबं धीय फसल और द ण अमे रका के अमेज़ॅन े के
मूल नवासी को भारत म 1970 के दशक के अतं म अतंर पण के
प म पेश िकया गया था। अब कोको क खेती कनाटक, के रल,
त मलनाडु और आं देश म ापक प से क जाती ह,ै
ादातर ना रयल और सुपारी के बगीचो ं म लाभदायक म त
फसल के प म।
हाल ही म, कोको क भारी मागँ और रबर के कम
समथन मू के कारण िकसानो ं ने रबड़ और तल े ताड़ के बागानो ं
म कोको क अतंराल खेती क है जो िकसानो ं को ायी आय और
उ जो खम वहन मता दान करती ह।ै क े नरी के बढ़ते
उपयोग के कारण भारत म कोको और कोको आधा रत उ ादो ं
क आव कता म वृ ई ह।ै 2018 म कोको क घरेलू
आव कता 30,000 मेिटक टन सूखा बी त वष थी। बढ़ती
मागं को पूरा करने के लए, भारत 2018 म 1551 करोड़
पये(DCCD, 2020) का बड़ा शेयर आयात कर रहा ह।ै
इस लए िकसानो ं को उ और ायी आय दान करने के लए
कोको क खेती म अपार सं भावनाएं ह।
उपज जलवाय,ु म ी, िक ो ं और बं धन पहलुओ ं क
अनुकूलता पर नभर ह।ै उ चत तरीको ं से उवरको ं के पया और
समय पर योग से पोषक त ो ं के ो ं को रोक सकता है और
उ पैदावार का पता लगा सकता है (है रसैट अल, 1999)।
अ धक योग के कारण पोषक त ो ं क हा न को फसलो ं ारा
बहेतर पोषक त सु न त करने से कम िकया जा सकता ह,ै
और ली चगं के कारण ए पयावरण दषणू कम हो सकता ह।ै
इस कार कोको म पोषक त बं धन उ ादन, आ थक और
पयावरणीय रता के लए अ नवाय ह।ै
पोषण बं धन म मदृा परी ण का मह
पोषक त ो ं के वकारो ं क घटना और उनके सुधार क
पूव सूचना देने म मृदा परी ण मह पूण ह।ै नए वृ ारोपण के
साथ आगे बढ़ने से पहले म ी परी ण करने क सलाह दी जाती
है तािक कम या जहरीले पोषक त ो ं क पहचान क जा सके और
ज से ज बचाव के उपाय िकए जा सक। ा पत बगीचो ं म
म ी के नमूनो ं को पेड़ के मूल से 60 सटीमीटर दरू और 30
सटीमीटर गहराई से एक वु बरमा या कु दाल का उपयोग करके
एक िकया जा सकता ह।ै व ेषण के लए म ी इक ा करते
समय त ाल बे सन, बं ड, सीमा पं यो,ं बहेद गीली या सूखी
म ी से बचा जाना चािहए। एक िकए गए म ी के नमूनो ं म
टोपो ाफ म अतंर को कवर करने वाले पूरे े का त न ध
होना चािहए। कोको जसैे रोपण फसलो ं म तीन साल म एक बार
म ी परी ण करने क सलाह दी जाती ह।ै कमी या वषा
ल णो ं को दशाने वाले बागानो ं म, प ी व ेषण के बाद म ी
का परी ण िकया जाना चािहए।
मदृा म पारंप रक उवरको ं का योग
सं तु उवरक खुराक को दो समान खुराको ं म लागू

* ीमती र ी आर आई, क न अनुवादक, काजू और कोको वकास नदेशालय ारा अनूिदत।

02
VÉÖ±ÉÉ<Ç - ʺÉiÉƤɮ 2021

िकया जाना ह।ै अ ल ै -मई के दौरान पहली खुराक और सतं बर-
नवं बर के दौरान दसरी
ू खुराक लागू करने क सलाह दी जाती ह।ै
उवरको ं को म ी म लगाया जाना चािहए जब पोषक त ो ं को
अ धकतम करने के लए पया म ी क नमी उपल हो।
उवरको ं को पौधो ं के आधार पर समान प से लागू िकया जा
सकता ह,ै रोपण के पहले वष के दौरान 30 सटीमीटर के दायरे म
लगाया जाता ह।ै बड़े पौधो ं म उवरको ं को उथले बे सनो ं म लगाया
जा सकता ह,ै 30 सेमी के रेिडयस म म ी म मलाया जाता है और
बाद म धीरे-धीरे 75 सेमी तक बढ़ाया जा सकता ह।ै पेड़ क उ
के साथ पोषक त ो ं क आव कता भ होती ह।ै त वष त
पेड़ 1 िकलो ाम से अ धक सूखे फल देने वाले उ उपज वाले
पेड़ो ं म, पोटे शयम क एक अ त र खुराक से उपज म सुधार
होगा। सारणी 1 कोको के पोषक त और उवरक
आव कताओ ं को दान करती ह।ै

सारणी 1: कोको के लए पोषण और उवरक ज़ रत

पोषण ( ा/पौधा/वष) I वष II वष III वष से

नाइटजन 33 66 100
फॉसफे रस 13 26 40
पोटै शयम 46 92 140
उवरक ( ा/पौधा/वष)
यू रया 72 144 220
रोक फॉसफे ट 65 130 200
ू रट ऑफ पोटैश 77 154 230

फ टगेशन के पानी के मा म से लागू िकया जाता ह,ै इस लए यह व ध म-

फ टगेशन, सचाई ं णाली के मा म से उवरको ं क बचत ह।ै जनन से 10 मनट पहले सचाई ं शु करने क सलाह
आपू त करने क एक व ध ह।ै पारंप रक व ध क तल ु ना म यहाँ दी जाती है ोिकं पोषक त ो ं के अवशोषण को अ धकतम
पानी म घुलनशील उवरको ं का उपयोग िकया जाता ह।ै उवरको ं करने के लए म ी म पया नमी बरकरार रखी जाएगी। 20
को 18 से (10 िदनो ं के अतंराल म )9 खुराको ं म (20 िदनो ं के मनट क अव ध के लए नषेचन जारी रखा जा सकता ह।ै
अतंराल) िदसं बर से मई तक लगाया जाता है जो पु न और जनन अव ध को लं बे समय तक नही ं रखा जाना चािहए ोिकं
फलन के साथ मेल खाता ह।ै जब कोको को सुपारी बागान म इससे पोषक त ो ं को गहरी म ी क परत तक ले जाया जाएगा,
अतंराल स के प म उगाया जाता है तो फ टगेशन तकनीक जो िक कोको के पेड़ो ं ारा पोषक त ो ं के अवशोषण को कम
उवरको ं क खुराक सफा रश के 75% तक कम हो जाती है और करता ह।ै सारणी 2 फ टगेशन के लए त पेड़ आधार पर उवरक
बहेतर पोषक त सु न त करती ह।ै चं ूिक उवरको ं को सचाई ं क आव कता दान करती ह।ै

03
 EòÉVÉÚ B´ÉÆ EòÉäEòÉä {ÉÊjÉEòÉ

सारणी 2. फ टगेशन सं ा और दर
फ टगेशन के लए सं तु उवरको ं क खरुाक 75 ा एन,30 ा पी 2 ओ 5 और
105 ा के 2ओ / पेड/वष
135 यू रया, 65 डीएपी,
यू रया, डीएपी, एमओपी क सं तु खरुाक 175 एमओपी / पेड/वष
उवरक लगाने क सं ा उवरक / पेड/अव ध
10 दवस के अतंराल
यू रया 7.5
डीएपी 3.6
एमओपी 9.7
20 दवस के अतंराल
यू रया 15
डीएपी 7.2
एमओपी 19.4

कोको म पोषण अ व ा पोटै शयम क कमी

पोषण अ व ा पोषक त ो ं क कमी के प म या
पोषक त ो ं क आपू त के अपया र या उवरको ं या पोषक
ोतो ं के असं तु लत अनु योग के कारण पोषक त ो ं क
वषा ता के प म हो सकती ह।ै म ी के भौ तक रासाय नक
गुणो ं और अपया या अ म बं धन थाओ ं के कारण पोषक
वकार भी वक सत हो सकते ह। पोषक त ो ं क गड़बड़ी क
पहचान कोको पौधे ारा द शत अजीबोगरीब कमी या
वषा ता के ल णो ं से हो सकती ह।ै के वल म ी और प ी
व ेषण के साथ कमी के ल णो ं का पता लगाया जा सकता ह।ै
कोको के बागानो ं म द शत मुख पोषक त ो ं क
कमी पोटे शयम क कमी ह।ै नाइटोजन और फा ोरस क कमी
अ तरह से बनाए ए बागानो ं म कम आवृ यो ं म देखी जाती
ह।ै कै ि शयम, मै ी शयम और स र जसैे मा मक पोषक
त ो ं क कमी कु छ हद तक कोको ¤ÉÉMÉÉxÉ म होती ह।ै
ल ण सबसे पहले पुरानी प यो ं पर िदखाई देते ह।
प ी के मा जन के पास अतंः शरा े म पीले पीले े ो ं का
गठन। ये े कु छ समय बाद एक-दसरे ू के साथ ज ू होकर
ने ोिटक बन जाते ह। शराओ ं के बीच अ धक तज े ी से सीमातं
प रगलन होगा। ने ोिटक े पर आ मण करने क आतं रक
सतह पर एक पीला े होगा।
नाइटजन क कमी
नाइटोजन क कमी म भी ल ण पहले पुराने प ो ं पर
िटप झलसने
ु और प यो ं के आकार म कमी के प म िदखाई देते
ह। पुराने प े भी पीलापन िदखाएं गे। पेिटयोल ेम के साथ ती
कोण िदखाएगा।
फॉसफे रस क कमी
पौधे का वकास नही ं होगा। यवुा प यॉं प से

04
VÉÖ±ÉÉ<Ç - ʺÉiÉƤɮ 2021
आकार म कम होगा। प ी फरार होने के बाद भी ाइ ू
बने रहगे।
मृदा परी ण रपोट के अनुसार सही उवरक खुराक
और शे ल ू का पालन करके मुख पोषक त ो ं क कमी को दरू
िकया जा सकता ह।ै
सू पोषक वकार
सू पोषक वकारो ं म सबसे ापक प से ज ा क
कमी और बोरान क कमी ह।ै कु छ वृ ारोपण म लोहे क कमी को
कही ं कही ं देखा जाता ह।ै
ज े क कमी
ब त छोटे प े मुख गहरे लाल शराओ ं को िदखाते
ह। प यां काफ व प िदखाती ह, लं बाई के अनुपात म ब त
सं क ण हो जाती ह, मा जन अ र लहराती और कभी-कभी
म और मु पा नसो ं के क े प पर अलग-अलग पं
म छोटे ोरोिटक पचै के साथ सकल के आकार का हो जाता ह।ै
300 ाम जक ं स े ट और 100 ाम पानी म 100
ाम चूने के साथ छड़काव फो लयर क कमी को पूरा करने के
लए, कमी के ल ण को ठीक करने के लए 1% से 1.5%
ZnSO4 क सफा रश भी क जा सकती ह।ै
बोरोन क कमी
यवुा प े आकार म कमी िदखाते ह और पीला पड़ जाते
ह। चि त तव तत व ता या स पल घुमा के साथ स और
श और भं गुर म मोटा होगा। पुरानी प यो ं का प उगाए जाने पर िकसानो ं को आ थक रता दान करता ह।ै
05
होगा। बोरे के छड़काव से कमी को दरू िकया जा सकता ह।ै
लोह क कमी
ल णो ं को यवुा प यो ं ारा िदखाया जाता है जसम
पीले हरे रंग क पृ भू म के खलाफ गहरे हरे रंग क नस होती ह
या हरे रंग क िटटें ड नस और मुख िटप झलसना
ु होगा। पछले
श क प यो ं म ल ण मुख नही ं ह। पुराने प े अ र
सं क ण सीमातं और िटप झलसा ु िदखाते ह। 1% जलीय लौह
स े ट के साथ पण छड़काव से ल णो ं म सुधार होता ह।ै
ल णअभ और सुधार क िड ी मोटे तौर पर
लगाने क व ध, समय और आवृ पर नभर करती ह।ै ये
पैरामीटर के वल व तृ म ी और पौधे के ऊतक व ेषण और
अ े मापदंडो ं ारा सुझाए जा सकते ह। ऊपर सूचीब सबसे
आम वकार ह जो भारत के मुख कोको उ ादक े ो ं म देखे
जाते ह। वृ ारोपण म कु छ व श े के वकार उ हो सकते
ह जो उपरो ल णो ं के साथ समानता िदखा सकते ह और
इस लए मानक म ी परी ण के बाद ही बं धन के उपायो ं का
परी ण करना चािहए।
न ष
घरेलू और अतंरा ीय बाजार म बढ़ती मागं के कारण
कोको एक नकदी फसल ह,ै जसका उ वा ण क मू ह।ै
खेत क आय को बनाए रखने के लए फसल को अपार सं भावनाएं
े ताडो ं के अतंराल के प म
मली ह और ना रयल, सुपारी और तल

असम म कोको रोग और क ट*
एल एस सहं और अनोक उचोइ
कोको द ण भारत का धान बागानी फसल ह।ै
हालािंक, पछले कु छ वष म मु प से आईसीएआर-EåòxpÒªÉ
¤ÉÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉÒ ¡òºÉ±É +xɺÖÉvÆÉÉxÉ ºÉºÆlÉÉxÉ, +xɺÖÉvÆÉÉxÉ Eòåxpù, कािहकु ची,
गुवाहाटी, असम ारा आयो जत व भ व ार ग त व धयो ं के
कारण उ र पूव भारत के िकसान समुदाय के बीच इस फसल को
काफ मह मला ह।ै वतमान म, कोको 15.7 ह ेयर े म
उगाया जाता ह।ै गोलपारा, ब ा, काम प, बोगाईगाव ं ँ ,
नलबाड़ी और उदलगुरी असम के मुख कोको उ ादक जले ह।
अनुसंधान क म िक ी परी ण पर िकए गए अ यन,
किहकु ची सुपारी के तहत लगाए गए कोको जीनोटाइप के बीच
आशाजनक प रणाम िदखाया। जीनोटाइ वीटीएलसी 19 इस
े के लए उपयु था, जसम त वष 43 फली त पेड़ क
पैदावार के साथ सात साल क उ म 1.76 िकलो ाम सूखी
फ लयां मलती थी।ं हालािंक, रोग और क ट कोको के उ ादन
को भा वत करने वाले मुख कारको ं म ह।ै इस लेख म असम म
कोको के मह पूण रोगो ं और क ट और भारत के उ र पूव े म
कोको उ ादन बढ़ाने के लए उनक बं धन नी तयो ं पर काश
डाला गया ह।ै
असम म कोको के रोग और क ट
काली फली वगलन और चारकोल फली वगलन
असम म कोको के दो मह पूण रोग ह। मह पूण क टो ं म
मायलोके रस वी वल, प ा खाने वाली इ ी, चूण म ु ण, का
* ीमती र ी आर आई, क न अनुवादक, काजू और कोको वकास नदेशालय ारा अनूिदत।
06
EòÉVÉÚ B´ÉÆ EòÉäEòÉä {ÉÊjÉEòÉ
क ट, दीमक और गलहरी शा मल ह। इन रोग और क टो ं के
बं धन सं बं धी ववरण यहां िदए गए ह।
रोग
काली फली (फाइटो थोरा पा मवोरा)
यह असम म कोको क मह पण ू बीमा रयो ं म से एक ह।ै
यह मानसनू क अव ध (जल ु ाई-अग ) के दौरान भारत म सभी
कोको े ो ं म पाया जाता ह।ै सं मण फली क सतह पर कही ं भी
होता ह।ै सभी उ क फली अ तसं वदेनशील होती ह।ै कटाई करते
समय फली म चोट लगन,े छं टाई और अ सां ृ तक काय म
सं मण का खतरा अ धक होता ह।ै ारं भक ल ण चॉकलटे
ाउन छ ी के प म िदखाई देते ह, जो फली क सतह पर तज े ी से
फै लते ह। रोग के बढ़ने के साथ, फं गल ोर गया से मलकर कवक
का एक सफे द वकास भा वत फली क सतह पर उ होता ह।ै
अतं म, भा वत फली भरूे से काले रंग क हो जाती ह।ै
मानसून क शु आत म ¤ÉÉäÊbÇ+ÉìCºÉ म ण (1%)
और उसके बाद मा सक अतंराल पर मानसून क अव ध म दो बार
छड़काव करने क सलाह दी जाती ह।ै सै नटरी ू नगं के ज रए
सं मत फली को हटाया और दरू िकया जा सकता ह।ै छायादार
पेड़ो ं क अ धक भीड़ से बच और समय पर छं टाई रोग के उ चत
बं धन के साथ-साथ ेम नासूर क घटनाओ ं म मदद करता ह।ै
इसके अलावा, बीमारी को फै लने से बचाने के लए पूरे साल
बगीचे को साफ रखना चािहए।
VÉÖ±ÉÉ<Ç - ʺÉiÉƤɮ 2021
कोयला फली वगलन (बो टयो ड ो डया थयो ोमे)
सं मण गहरे भूरे से काले रंग के ध े के प म िदखाई
देता ह।ै भा वत ध े कोयला सा काला हो जाता है और पेड़ पर
मु फाइड फली के प म रहता ह।ै आतं रक ऊतक सड़ जाते ह
और फ लयाँ काली हो जाती ह। यह रोग पूरे वष म च लत ह,ै
गम के महीनो ं म गं भीर हो जाता ह।ै सभी उ क फ लयॉं
अ तसं वेदनशील होते ह। सं मण घावो ं के मा म से होता ह।ै
भा वत फली फसल के लए अनुपयु पाए जाते ह।
बो डऑ म ण (1%) का छड़काव करके समय पर बं धन
से रोग को नयं त करने क सलाह दी जाती ह।ै
1% बो डऑ म ण क तैयारी
50 लीटर पानी म एक िकलो को र स े ट ि लस
मलाना। एक अ पा म 50 लीटर पानी म एक िकलो चूना का
घोल तयैार करना। दोनो ं घोलो ं का मलाकर एक चाकू डालके इस
म ण का परी ण करना। अगर चाकू लाल सा रंग िदखाए तो
और अ धक चूना मलाना। इस बो डऑ म ण तयैार करने
के लए हमेशा ा क बा ी का ही योग करना।
10% बो डऑ लेप क तैयारी
दो पा ो ं म 500 मली लीटर पानी लेकर उसम एक म
100 ाम को र स े ट और दसरे ू म 100 ाम चनूा का घोल
तयैार करके िफर दोनो ं को अ तरह मलाइए। इस लपे को
छं टाई के तरुंत बाद कटे ए भाग म लगाएं तािक कवक बाधा न हो।
शे रल वगलन
चार से सात िदवस के यवुा मृदु फली सूखकर मुरझा
जाती ह।ै फ लयॉं अपना चमक खो बठैता ह।ै इस कार मुरझाई
फली लगभग एक महीने तक पेड़ म रहता है और िफर गर जाता
ह।ै यह कोको उगाने वाले े Éå क एक आम सम ा ह।ै
कट
प ा एवं फली खाने वाली इ यॉं
ं ा वग के व भ
लपिटय कार क इ यॉं यवुा कोको
07
बीजओ ु ं के मृदु प ो ं और रोहो ं को खा जाता ह।ै सद के मौसम म
नुकसान गं भीर पाया जाता ह।ै इ यॉं नसरी म बढ़ते अक ं ु रो ं को
खा जाता है और काश सं ेषक माग को भा वत करता ह।ै
इ यॉं फली के हरे िह े को खुरचकर खाते ह, जससे भूरे रंग
का नशान लग जाता ह,ै जो ि तीयक सं मण का कारण बनता
ह।ै नसरी और फली म हाथ से हटाने या 1 लीटर पानी के साथ
म त 2 मलीलीटर रोगोर के छड़काव से क ट आबादी का
बं धन करने म मदद मल सकती ह।ै िफर से पीड बाधा हो तो 10
लीटर पानी म 16 मली लीटर िडमेथोएट के घाल से छडकाव
सं तु ह।ै
मायलोसेरस वी वल(मायलोसेरस व रडैनस)
वी वल प ो ं को खाकर कं काल के प म बना देता है
जससे काश सं ेषण पर असर पड़ता ह।ै वय भं ृग पहले
मृदु प ो ं पर आ मण करता है और बाद म वय प ो ं पर भी।
इसका आ मण सबसे ादा अ बूर से जनवरी तक होता ह।ै
ादातर आ मण रात को ही होता ह।ै अ नयं त त म नाश
काफ गं भीर होता ह।ै एक लीटर पानी म 2 मली लीटर रोगोर
मलाकर फु हार देने से पीड़ बाधा का नयं ण िकया जा सकता ह।ै
चूण म ु ण ( ैनोको स लैले सनस)
वय मादाएं और यवुा म ु ण मृदु रोहो,ं फू ल और
यवुा फली का रस चूसते ह। भा वत पौधे अवां छत ऊंचाई पर
मं द वकास और अ धक शाखाएं िदखाते ह। गम के महीनो ं म
क टो ं का कोप अ धक होता ह।ै डाइमेथोएट (रोगोर) 160
मली को 100 लीटर पानी म मलाकर छड़काव करना बं धन
क सव म व ध ह।ै
का क ट (सेलेनो ो सं स)
मृदु प यो ं और फली पर हमला करते ह। वे
प यो ं को नचली सतह से चूसते ह। प रणाम प प यां
सकु ड़ जाती ह और ममीकृ त हो जाती ह। स दयो ं के महीनो ं
(अ ू बर-जनवरी) के दौरान जनसं ा म वृ दे खी गई है।

वे यवुा अप रप फली का रस चू सते ह, जो एक झलसा
ु आ
प और वकृ त फली िदखाते ह। क ट के बं धन के लए
रोजर 2 मलीलीटर को 1 लीटर पानी म मलाकर फु हार दे ना
है।
गलहरी (फनाबंुलस टस रएटस)
गलह रयाँ असम म कोको क खेती को भा वत करने
वाले मुख कं ृ तक क ट ह। वे ादातर पकने क अव ा म फली
को नुकसान प ंचाते ह। वे हरी फली को नुकसान प ंचाते ह।
गलहरी आमतौर पर फली के सरे के पास फली को काटती ह।
लगभग 97% फली को गलह रयो ं के हमले के कारण त
प ँ चती ह।ै खेत म समय पर कटाई और उ चत ता गलहरी
08
EòÉVÉÚ B´ÉÆ EòÉäEòÉä {ÉÊjÉEòÉ
के हमले को कम करने म मदद करती ह।ै बगीचे क प र ध म फल
के पेड़ लगाने से गलहरी के हमले क घटनाओ ं को कम करने म
भी मदद मलती ह।ै
दीमक (ओडंटोटमस ओबेसस राबं)
यह असम म कोको के मह पूण क टो ं म से एक है। वे
मा मक सं मण के लए अ णी पेड़ के तने पर क चड़ और
पस लयो ं का नमाण करके कॉलर े म कोको क छाल पर
हमला करते ह। बागान म मलबे के य से े क ता को
अपनाने से क ट बं धन म मदद मलेगी। टीले को हटाने और
आसपास के े और छे द को ोरोपायरीफॉस 2 मली त
लीटर पानी से डुबोने से क ट बं धन होता है।
v
July - September 2021
MODERNIZED PLANT HEALTH CLINIC MUSEUM ON
CASHEW WITH INTERACTIVE ICT FEATURES
Shamsudheen Mangalassery, Siddanna Savadi, M.G. Nayak, Preethi P.,
and B.M. Muralidhara
Cashew is an important horticultural nut
crop with huge export potential. Initially, it was
introduced into India as an afforestation tree.
After the 1950s, with the consistent research and
extension efforts of research organisations and
extension agencies along with processing
industries and enterprising farmers, the Cashew tree
has attained the status of a prominent commercial
crop of India. Currently, India ranks second in
area (11.05 lakh ha) and production (7.42 lakh
tonnes) of raw cashewnuts in the world
(Anonymous, 2020). The productivity in India is
only 707 kg/ha, which is far below compared to
many other producer countries and, whereas the
estimated potential productivity is 2 t/ha. The major
reasons for low productivity are the existence of
senile orchards which are of seedling origin, lack of
proper crop management practices and also the yield
losses due to damage caused by the insect pests.
Cashew is generally grown under degraded
ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur – 574202, Karnataka
09
landscapes. The lack of adoption of improved
agronomic techniques such as site-specific nutrient
management, soil and water conservation and water
management, timely pest and disease surveillance
and management in cashew by farmers can also be
attributed to the lack of effective extension.
Agricultural extension services are aimed
at providing advice and information to the farmers
and other stakeholders in an informal educational
process. It plays an important role in enhancing
the crop production/productivity by enriching
knowledge, information and skills of the farmers
on scientific cultivation as well as processing
through visits and training programmes. The
advent of Information and communication
technologies (ICTs) has made agricultural
extension services more dynamic and effective
compared to the conventional communication
methods employed in the training and visit (T&V)
extension system. This has prompted the use of

ICTs along with T&V extension methods to
efficiently communicate the agricultural
technological information to the farmers and
other stakeholders. ICTs find applications in tele-
centres, web portals, call centres, mobile apps,
radio, digital videos, audio and video
conferencing, e-learning platform etc (Saravanan
et al., 2015). Plant Health Clinic Museum
(PHCM) form an important component of
extension systems, in which farmers re given the
knowledge on scientific cultivation practices by
exhibiting the complete information on crops, on-
field problems and their solutions to farmers at
one place. Further, the PHCMs are aimed at
giving advice and recommendations to the
farmers (Negussie et al., 2011). The functioning
and the arrangement of plant health clinics vary
widely in the way they operate (Boa et al., 2016).
Bringing or sending all different types of samples
for diagnosis is impractical for farmers.
Moreover, due to the perennial nature of cashew
and its seasonality of production, providing field
exposure about all different aspects is not possible
during a particular leg of the visit of farmers to the
research organisations. With the advent of
modern ICTs, it is now possible to provide a
holistic overview of crop and related activities at
a single place. Keeping these in mind, a modern
PHCM has been set up at the Directorate of
Cashew Research, Puttur. This is first of its kind
for Cashew in India, and for a crop in entire
10
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
Southern India made for an agricultural extension
purpose, and is a new initiative in extension
activities in cashew. The cashew PHCM exhibits
all the aspects of cashew right from the
introduction of cashew by Portuguese in India to
till its emergence as a prominent commercial crop
of India. The important feature of this PHCM is
that it provides the information not only on pest,
disease and nutrient deficiency as in traditional
plant health clinics but also, on the advanced
cashew cultivation practices and processing
aspects in an interactive and appealing manner,
which are easy to understand and remember by
the farmers and other stakeholders. This PHCM
also exhibits important study materials useful for
students, researchers, teachers and scientists. The
features and relevance of the museum are
summarised below.
Kiosk for plant health assessment and comparison:
The kiosk provides one-stop point for the
visitors to get all the relevant information about
cashew cultivation and processing. Being an
interactive system, it avoids the top-down
delivery of information. The users can select the
information in which they are interested. The
plant health can be compared with the images and
videos available in the kiosk through different
custom made software for pest attack, disease
incidence and nutrient deficiency symptoms. It
also provides options for managing the problem.
July - September 2021

Special frames with digital display: This area of

the PHCM enlightens the visitors with the
videographic information on all aspects of
cashew cultivation, management, processing and
value addition.

Digital translates and bromides: These visual

treats in the plant health clinic museum aids the
visiting farmers with all the relevant information
on various facets of development and care for
cashew orchards. All various sections of cashew
cultivation are covered and the information can
be grabbed readily as the visitors move around.
Press button information board: This area of
the museum helps the farmers and visitors to learn
about the attributes of the popular varieties of
cashew. Users can find out the qualities of each
variety, compare among other varieties and see
the type of cashew apple and nut of each variety.
Fig. 1. A view of the mural depiction in cashew PHCM
at ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur
Fig. 2. A view of the model showing softwood
grafting technology in cashew PHCM at
ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur
Conclusions
Effective information delivery is
important for the success of any extension
programmes. In the conventional extension
system, information is provided in the form of
leaflets and printed publications which require
much effort for the farmer to grasp the
information. Also, the traditional plant health
clinics provided solutions in a cumbersome way.
The availability and access to improved
information and communication technologies
provided vast opportunities in collection,
processing, display, retrieval, management and
dissemination of information in most appealing
way to the users. The information provided with
the advanced ICTs are effective and easy to grasp

11

as it communicates the information in an
interactive and visually attractive manner that
engages most of the sensory elements in learning,
which is proven to have a long term persistence
effect on farmers and serve as one of the best
extension strategies.
References
Anonymous, 2020. Area and production of
cashew 2018-19. https://dccd.gov.in. Directorate
of Cashewnut and Cocoa Development, Kochi,
India.
Boa, E., Franco, J., Chaudhury, M., Simbalaya,
P., Van Der Linde, E., 2016. Plant health clinics.
12
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
What works in Rural Advisory Services 81.
Negussie, E., Karanja, P., Day, R., Romney, D.,
Reeder, R., Boa, E., Muriithi, C., Kamau, R.,
Phiri, N., Danielsen, S., 2011. Role of plant health
clinics in meeting the needs of small-scale
farmers for advisory services: experiences from
Eastern Africa. International Conference on
Innovations in Extension and Advisory Services:
Linking Knowledge to Policy and Action for Food
and Livelihoods, CTA, Nairobi, Kenya, p. 9.
Saravanan, R., Rasheed Sulaiman, V., Davis, K.,
Suchiradipta, B., 2015. Navigating ICTs for
extension and advisory services. What Works in
Rural Advisory Services?, 85. v
July - September 2021

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN COCOA

U.K.Priya, Bhavishya, S. ElainApshara, C.T. Jose, M.Chaithra,

N.R.Nagaraja,ShivajiHausraoThube, R.ThavaprakasaPandian, K.S.Karthika

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a
plantation crop that has commercial importance
worldwide. Cocoa a tropical crop and native of
Amazon region of South America was introduced
in India during early 1970 2 s as an intercrop.Now
cocoa is widely cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh mostly as a
profitable mixed crop in coconut and arecanut
gardens.
The yield is highly depended upon the
favourability of climate, soil, varieties and the
management aspects. Nutrient management in
particular gains importance since the adequate and
timely application of fertilizers in proper methods
can prevent nutrient disorders and ascertain higher
yields (Harriset al., 1999). An added benefit of
proper nutrient management is that the loss of
nutrients due to over application can be minimised

Recently, the huge demands of the cocoa ensuring better nutrient uptake by crops, and

beans and low support prices for rubber has reduced environment pollution caused due to

resulted in farmers undertaking cocoa leaching. Nutrient management in cocoa is thus

intercropping in rubber and oil palm plantations inevitable for enhanced production, economic and

that offers sustainable income and higher risk bearing environmental sustainability.

ability to farmers. The increasing use of
confectionaries has led to an increase in
requirement of cocoa and cocoa based products in
India. The domestic requirement of cocoa in 2018
was 30,000 MT of dry beans per annum. To meet
the growing demand, India is importing a lion share
worth 1551 crores in 2018 (DCCD, 2020). Hence
cocoa cultivation has got immense potential to
provide higher and sustainable income to farmers.
Importance of soil testing in nutrient management
Soil testing is important in predicting the
occurrence of nutrient disorders and their
rectification. It is advised to do soil testing before
proceeding for new plantations so that deficient or
toxic nutrients can be identified and remediation
can be carried out at the earliest. In established
gardens soil samples can be collected 60 cm away
from the base of the tree at a depth of 30 cm using a

ICAR- Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal-574243, Karnataka

13
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

pole auger or a spade. While collecting soil for
analysis immediate basin, bunds, border rows,
extremely wet or dry soils should be avoided. Soil
samples collected should be a representative of the
whole field covering differences in topography. It is
advised to do soil testing once in three years in
plantation crops like cocoa. In gardens showing
deficiency or toxic symptoms, soil testing should
be followed by leaf analysis.
Fertilizers should be applied to soil when
adequate soil moisture is available to maximise
nutrient uptake. Fertilizers may be applied
uniformly at the base of the plants, forked and
incorporated at a radius of 30 cm during the first
year of planting. In grown up plants fertilizers can
be applied in shallow basins, raked and
incorporated to the soil at a radius of 30 cm that
can be gradually increased to 75 cm in subsequent

Conventional soil blanket application of fertilizers
The recommended fertilizers doses have
to be applied in two equal splits. It is advised to
apply the first split during April-May and second
split dose during September-November.
years. Nutrient requirement varies with the age of
the tree. In high yielding trees with more than 1kg
dry bean yield per tree annually, an additional
dose of potassium will improve yield. Table 1
provides the nutrient and fertilizer requirements
of cocoa.

Table 1: Nutrient and fertilizer requirements of cocoa

Nutrients (g/plant/year) I year I year I year

onwards
Nitrogen 33 66 100
Phosphorous 13 26 40
Potassium 46 92 140
Fertilizer (g/plant/year)
Urea 72 144 220
Rock Phosphate 65 130 200
Muriate of Potash 77 154 230

Fertigation method
Fertigation is a method of supplying
fertilizers via irrigation system. When compared
to the conventional method here water soluble
fertilizers are utilized. Fertilizers are applied in
18(10 days interval) to 9 splits (20 days interval)
from December to May that coincides with the
flower setting and pod development. When cocoa

14
July - September 2021

is grown as intercrop in arecanut gardens
fertigation technique enables fertilizer dose to be
reduced to 75% of the recommendation and
ensures better nutrient uptake. Since the
fertilizers are applied through irrigation water
this method is labour saving. It is advised to start
irrigation 10 minutes prior to fertigation as
enough moisture will be retained in soil to
maximise absorption of nutrients. Fertigation
can be continued for a period of 20 minutes. The
fertigation period shouldn’t be prolonged as it
will cause the nutrients to be leached to deeper
soil a layer which reduces the absorption of
nutrients by cocoa trees. The solution should be
free of suspended particles and Di Ammonium
Phosphate (DAP) should be soaked for
overnight so as to prevent clogging of tubes. In
small scale fertigation can be undertaken
throughventury system and large scale fertilizer
tanks can be utilized by farmers. Table 2
provides the fertilizer requirement per tree basis
for fertigation.

Table 2. Fertigation frequency and rates

Recommended dose of 75 g N,30 g P2O5 and

fertilizers for fertigation 105 g K2O / tree/year
Recommended dose in terms 135g Urea, 65 g DAP,
of Urea, DAP and MOP 175 g MOP / tree /year
Frequency of application Fertilizer g/ tree/interval

10 days interval

Urea 7.5

DAP 3.6

MOP 9.7

20 days interval
Urea 15

DAP 7.2

MOP 19.4

15

Nutrient disorders in cocoa
Nutrient disorder can either be in form of
nutrient deficiency or in terms of nutrient toxicity
caused due to the inadequate level of nutrient
supply or unbalanced application of fertilizers or
nutrient sources. Nutrient disorders can also
develop due to the physico chemical properties of
soil and also inadequate or inefficient
management practices. Nutrient disorders can be
identified by the peculiar deficiency or toxicity
symptoms that are exhibited by the cocoa plant.
Deficiency symptoms can be ascertained only
with soil and leaf analysis.
The major nutrient deficiency exhibited in
cocoa gardens is potassium deficiency. Nitrogen
and phosphorus deficiencies are seen in lesser
frequencies in well maintained gardens.
Deficiencies of secondary nutrients like calcium,
magnesium and sulphur occur to a lesser extent in
cocoa gardens.
Potassium deficiency
The symptoms first appear on the older
leaves. Pale yellow areas formed in interveinal
region near leaf margin. These areas become
quickly necrotic by fusing with each other after
some time. There will be progress of marginal
necrosis much more rapid between veins. There
will be a yellow zone on inner surface of invading
necrotic zone.
16
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
Nitrogen deficiency
In nitrogen deficiency also the symptoms
are first visible on the older leaves in the form of
tip scorching and reduced size of the leaves.
Older leaves will also show yellowing. Petiole
will show acute angle with stem.
Phosphorus deficiency
Plant will have stunted growth. Young
leaves will be markedly reduced in size. The
stipules will persist even after leaf abscission.
The deficiency of major nutrients can be
overcome by following correct fertilizer doses
and schedules according to soil test reports.
Micronutrient disorders
Among the micronutrient disorders the
most widespread is zinc deficiency and boron
deficiency. In certain plantations iron deficiency
is also seen in isolated pockets.
Zinc deficiency
Very young leaves show prominent dark
red veinlets. Leaves will show considerable
distortion, becomes very narrow in proportion to
length, margin often wavy and leaf sometimes
becomes sickle-shaped with small chlorotic
patches in distinct row on each side of midrib and
main lateral veins.
To rectify the deficiency foliar spraying
with 300g Zinc Sulphate and 100 g lime in 100 L
of water can be undertaken. Spraying of 1% to
1.5% ZnSO4 can also be recommended to correct
the deficiency symptom.
July - September 2021
Boron deficiency
Young leaves show reduction in size and
turns pale. Hardening with marked reflexed
curvature or spiral twisting and will be thick to the
touch and brittle. Old leaves will have healthy
appearance. Spraying of borax can correct the
deficiency.
Iron deficiency
Symptoms are shown by the younger
leaves wherein there is the presence of dark green
veinlets against pale green background or there
will be green tinted veins and prominent tip
scorch. Symptoms are not prominent in leaves of
previous flush. Older leaves frequently shows
narrow marginal and tip scorch. Foliar spraying
with 1% aqueous Iron Sulphate shows correction
of symptoms.
The degree of symptom expression and
correction largely depends upon the method, time
and frequency of application. These parameters
can only be suggested by detailed soil and plant
tissue analysis and other field parameters. Above
listed are the most common disorders that are
seen in major cocoa growing tracts of India.
Certain field specific disorders may rise in
plantations that may show similarities with above
said symptoms and hence practicing the
17
management measures should be taken only after
following standard soil testing.
Conclusion
Cocoa is a cash crop having high
commercial value due to the increasing demand
in domestic and international market. The crop
has got immense potential to sustain farm income
and offers economic sustainability to farmers
when grown as intercrop in coconut, arecanut and
oil palms. Following the scientific crop
management practices along with adoption of
high yielding cocoa varieties, farmers can
increase the resource use efficiency, nutrient use
efficiency and production of cocoa, thereby
achieving better economic returns from cocoa.
References
DCCD, 2020, Directorate of Cashew and Cocoa
Development (DASD), Cochin, Kerala, India.
https://dccd.gov.in/Content.aspx?mid=1072&tid
=1 (Date accessed: 05-06-2020)
Haris, A.A., Balasimha, D., Sujatha, S., Bhat, R.
and Abdul Khader, K.B., 1999. The influence of
drip irrigation and fertilizer levels on yield and
photosynthetic characteristics of cocoa in mixed
cropping system with arecanut.Journal of
Plantation Crops.27 (2),131-135.
v

DISEASES AND PESTS OF COCOA IN ASSAM
L.S.Singh and Anok Uchoi
Cocoa is an important plantation crop
grown in south India. However, in the past few
years the crop has gained considerable
importance among the farming community of
North East India mainly due to various extension
activities conducted by ICAR-Central Plantation
Crops Research Institute, Research Centre,
Kahikuchi, Guwahati, Assam. At present, cocoa
is grown in an area of 15.7 hectare. Goalpara,
Baksa, Kamrup, Bongaigaon, Nalbari and
Udalguri are the main cocoa growing districts in
Assam. Study conducted on varietal trial at the
Research Centre, Kahikuchi showed promising
result among the cocoa genotypes planted under
arecanut. Genotypes VTLC 19 was found to be
suitable for this region with a pod yield of 43 pods
per tree per year yielding 1.76 kg dry beans at the
age of seven years. However, diseases and pest is
one of the major factors affecting cocoa
production. This article highlights the important
diseases and pest of cocoa in Assam and their
management strategies for increasing cocoa
production in North East region of India.
Diseases and pests of cocoa in Assam
Black pod rot and Charcoal pod rot are the
two important diseases of cocoa in Assam.
Important pests include myllocerus weevil, leaf
eating caterpillar, mealy bugs, thrips, termite and
squirrel. Management practices of this diseases
and pests are given hereunder.
Diseases
Black pod (Phytophthora palmivora):
It is one of the important diseases of cocoa
ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Research Centre, Kahikuchi, Guwahati, Assam
18
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
in Assam. It is also found to occur in all the cocoa
growing areas in India with maximum incidence
during the monsoon period (July-August). The
infection occurs anywhere on pod surface. Pods of all
ages are susceptible. Injury to the pods while
harvesting, pruning and other cultural operations are
more prone to infection. Initial symptoms appear as
chocolate brown spot, which spread rapidly on the
pod surface. As the disease advances, a whitish
growth of fungus consisting of fungal sporangia is
produced over the affected pod surface. Finally, the
affected pods turn brown to black.
Spraying Bordeaux mixture (1%) at the
onset of monsoon and thereafter twice during the
monsoon periods at monthly interval is
recommended. Infected pods may be removed
and destroyed through sanitary pruning. Avoid
overcrowding of shade trees and timely pruning
helps in proper management of the disease as well
as incidence of stem canker. In addition, the
garden should be kept clean throughout the year
to avoid spread of the disease.
Charcoal pod rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae):
Infection appears as dark brown to black
coloured spot. The affected spots turn charcoal
black and remain on the tree as mummified pods.
The internal tissues rot and the beans turn black.
This disease is prevalent throughout the year,
becomes severe during summer months. Pods of
all ages are susceptible. Infection takes place
through wounds. Affected pods are found
unsuitable for harvest. Timely management by
spraying Bordeaux mixture (1%) is recommended
to control the disease.
July - September 2021
Black pod rot
Preparation of 1% Bordeaux mixture
Dissolve 1 kg copper sulphate crystals in
50 litres of water. In another vessel containing 50
litres of water, prepare 1 kg of quick lime. Pour
the copper sulphate solution gently, stirring the
mixture continuously. Test the mixture before use
by dipping a polished knife in it. If the blade
shows a reddish colour, add more lime till the
blade is not stained. Always use plastic buckets
for preparing Bordeaux mixture.
Preparation of 10% Bordeaux mixture paste
Dissolve 100 g of copper sulphate and 100
g of quick lime each in 500 ml water separately
and mix thoroughly. Bordeaux paste should be
smeared on cut ends immediately after pruning of
main stem and branches to avoid fungal infection.
“Cherelle” wilt:
Young tender pods of four to seven days
old shows shriveling and mummifying
symptoms. The pods lose their luster and dried.
This pods remains in the tree for a month or so and
fall off. Many factors are associated with this
19
Charcoal pod rot
malady, nutrient competition, over bearing,
insects, diseases etc. This is found to be a
common problem in all the cocoa growing areas.
Pests
Leaf and pod eating caterpillars
Different types of leaf eating caterpillar of
Lympantria species feed on the tender foliage,
leaves and shoots of young growing cocoa
seedlings. The damage is found to be severe during
the winter season. The caterpillar skeletonizes the
young growing seedling in nursery and young
plants in a zig zag manner affecting the
photosynthetic pathway. In tender pods, caterpillar
feed by scrapping the green portion of the pod,
leaving a brown scar mark leading to secondary
infection. Mechanical removal with hand in
nursery and pods or spraying with systemic
insecticide 2 ml of Rogor mixed with 1 litre of
water can help to manage the pest population.
Second application is recommended if pest
recurrence is noticed by spraying 16 ml
Dimethoate mixed in 10 litres of water
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

Caterpillar attacked in green pod Caterpillar attacked in seedling stage

Caterpillar attacked in seedling stage

Myllocerus weevils (Myllocerus viridanus) period of feeding is during October to January.

The pest is also found to attack the leaves mostly
The weevils feed and skeletonize the
during night time. The damage is found to be very
foliage affecting the photosynthetic respiration.
severe if the pest is kept unmanaged. The damage
Adult beetles mostly attacked the tender leaves,
could be control by spraying Rogor 2 ml mixed
slowly feeding the mature leaves. The peak
with 1 litre of water.

Weevil attacked in old leaves and young shoots of cocoa

Mealy bugs (Planococcus lilacinus Ckll.) excessive branching at undesired height. The pest
The adult females and young ones suck incidence is more during the summer months.
the sap of tender shoot, flowers and young pods. Spraying Dimethoate (Rogor) 160 ml in 100 litres of
Affected plants show retarded growth and water is found to be the best method of management.

20
July - September 2021
Thrips (Selenothrips rubrocinctus)
Thrips attacked the tender leaves and pods.
They suck the leaves from the lower surface. As a
result leaves become shrivelled and mummified.
The population is found to be increased during
Mealy bugs attacked in cocoa seedling
Squirrel (Funambulus trisriatus):
Squirrels are the major rodent pests
affecting cocoa cultivation in Assam. They cause
damage to pods mostly at ripening stage. They
also found to damage green pods. The squirrels
usually gnaw the pods near the tip end of pods.
Squirrel damage of pod at green stage
Termite (Odontotermes obesus Ramb)
This is one of the important pests of cocoa
in Assam. They attack the bark of cocoa at the
collar region by making mound and ribs of mud
on the tree trunk leading to secondary infection.
21
winter months (October-January). They are also
found to suck the sap of young immature pods
showing a scorching appearance and deformed
pods. Spraying with Rogor 2 ml mixed with 1 litre
of water help to manage the pest population.
Thrips attacked in pod and tender leaves
About 97% of the pod got damage due to attack of
the squirrels. Timely harvesting and proper
sanitation in field help to reduce the squirrel
attack. Planting fruit trees at the periphery of the
garden also helps to reduce the incidence of
squirrel attack.
Squirrel damage of pod at ripe stage
Adoption of field sanitation by disposal of
decaying debris from the plantation will help.
Removal of mound and drenching the surrounding
area and hole with Chloropyriphos 2 ml per litre
of water helps in complete management of the pest.
v

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IMPLEMENTATION
REPORT 2020-21
a) Annual Action Plan on OL
On the basis of this Annual Programme
issued by the Department of Official Language,
this Directorate, during the report year, has
prepared an annual action plan specific to the
substantive activities and functional requirement of
the Directorate with special emphasis on the usage
of Information technology as a tool. The objective
of the Annual Action Plan is not only to encourage
progressive use of Hindi in internal official dealings
but also among all stake holders of the Directorate,
majority of them are farmers, scientists, technical
experts, State Government offices etc.
b) Training
All staff members have either completed
training or have working knowledge in Hindi.
Smt.Sreedevi, MTS received training in Hindi
Typing. Smt. Sreekala, Technical Assistant is
undergoing training in “Parangat.”
c) Compliance of Section 3(3)
All documents coming under section3(3)
viz; circulars, office orders, sanction orders, appeal
etc are issued in diglot form. During the report year,
116 such documents were issued in bilingual form.
d) Rule(5) of OL rules 1976
In compliance with rule 5 of OL rules
1976, all letters received in Hindi were replied to in
Hindi itself during the report year.
e) Rule(11) of OL rules 1976
In compliance of rule 11 of OL rules 1976,
all rubber stamps, name plates, sign boards etc are
made in bilingual form. All forms used in the office
too are in bilingual format. All computers have
been enabled with Unicode system.
22
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
f) Workshop
During the report year 3 workshops were
conducted on 15/09/20, 28/12/20 and 18/03/21.
g) Hindi day/Fortnight
Hindi fortnight was celebrated from
14/09/20 to 28/09/20. Various competitions in
Hindi have been held in which all Officers/Staff
participated with great enthusiasm. A technical
workshop was conducted on 15/09/20 for the
benefit of staff members. The valedictory function
of Hindi Fortnight Celebrations was held on
28/09/20 at 3.00PM at the Conference Hall of this
Directorate. Dr Venkatesh N Hubballi, Director,
presided over the function. After the invocation by
S m t . Re s m i , H i n d i Tr a n s l a t o r, S h r i P A
Parameswaran, Admn.Officer gave the welcome
address. In his Presidential address, Dr Venkatesh
N Hubballi, Director, congratulated all the prize
winners and expressed his pleasure at the active
participation of all staff members. He also
expressed his appreciation for the fact that there has
been an 10% increase in Hindi noting and
correspondence. Presidential address was followed
by prize distribution. The winners of various
competitions were awarded prizes. Prize
distribution was followed by Vote of Thanks
proposed by Smt.Resmi R I, JT.
h) Official Langua ge Implementation
Committee
Meetings of Official Language
Implementation Committee(OLIC) were held
regularly as per rules. During the report year, four
such meetings were held on 21/07/20, 30/09/20,
18/12/20 and 24/03/21. and their minutes
forwarded to the Department of Agriculture, Co-
operation and Farmer’s Welfare, Town Official
July - September 2021
Language Implementation Committee and
Regional Implementation Office.
i) Aaj ka Sabd
This unique scheme named ‘aaj ka sabd’ has
been formulated for the encouragement of staff
members in enhancing the use of Hindi. Under this
scheme, daily a Hindi word, its English meaning, a
sentence using the Hindi word and its English
equivalent is displayed on the White Boards kept at
the common area of both the floors of this
Directorate. A competition is held on the basis of
these words and sentences every year during Hindi
fortnight Celebrations and the first, second and
third place winners are awarded cash prizes
Rs.1000/-, Rs.750/- and Rs.500/- for first, second
and third prizes respectively. This competition was
held during this year too, during Hindi Fortnight
celebrations and prizes awarded as mentioned
below :-
First prize - Smt. P S Sreekala
Second prize - Smt Sridevi V M
Third prize - Shri Bipin V
Consolation prize - Shri Rohit H S
j) Purchase of Hindi books
As per OL rules, 50% of fund spent on
library books(other than reference literature)
should be utilised for purchase of Hindi books
whereas in this Directorate whatever funds are
being utilised for purchase of books are used only
for purchase of Hindi books. During the report
year an amount of Rs.5606/- has been spent on
purchase of Hindi books.
k) Participation in TOLIC
This Directorate actively participates in all
activities of TOLIC. Two years ago Kochi TOLIC
had taken a decision that if an office is awarded best
performance shield continuously for three
consecutive years, they will not be considered for
23
the award ceremony for the next three years. This
Directorate has won first prize for implementation
of official language for 3 consecutive years. Hence
the Directorate was not considered for the
competition during report year.
l) Incentive Scheme
As per the directives of Department of
Official Language, an incentive scheme has been
formulated for encouraging the use of Official
Language in day to day office work. Officers/
employees who do their official work wholly or
partly originally in Hindi and who write atleast
10,000 words a year in Hindi are eligible to
participate in this scheme for which the following
cash awards are given :
First Prize (2 prizes) @ Rs.5000 each
Second Prize (3 prizes) @ Rs.3000 each
Third Prize (5 prizes) @ Rs.2000 each
During the report year, following prizes were
awarded :-
Smt. V S Jayalakshmi, Statistical Investigator -
First Prize of Rs.5000/-
Shri Bipin V, UDC - Second prize of Rs.3000/-
Shri Dense K Paul, Senior Computor
- Second prize of Rs.3000/-
m) Other achievements
A multilingual Cashew App has been
developed in association with Directorate of
Cashew Research(ICAR), Puttur,Karnataka, for
disseminating various technical and scientific
information of Cashew among farming community.
In compliance of the Annual Plan 2019-20, Hindi
langauge is prominently included in this Cashew
App which will help popularize the crop in Hindi
speaking States/Regions.
Third edition of Technical Glossary has been
prepared and is ready for publication.

NEWS & EVENTS
Cashew Seminar, Bhavikere
The University of Agricultural & Horticultural
Sciences, Shivamogga in collaboration with
Directorate of Cashewnut & Cocoa Development
(DCCD) organised Cashew seminar on 26.09.2021
at Agricultural & Horticultural Research Station
Bhavikere, Chikkmagaluru district. The programme
was inaugurated by Miss Shobha Karandlaje,
Hon'ble Union Minister of State for Agriculture &
Farmers Welfare, Govt of India. During inaugural
address the Minister stressed that there is an urgent
One day online training programme on Cocoa
As a part of the Asadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav
celebration , the DCCD, Kochi organised a one day
training programme on “Organic Production of
Cocoa” through Google Meet for the farmers of
Idukki, Kozhikode and Wynad districts on 27th
August 2021. Shri. Ravindra Kumar, Deputy Director,
DCCD addressed the farmers and officials and
made an introductory speech on the purpose of
the training organised through online and explained
the development of cocoa culivation in India.
Shri. Nikhil V.M. Sr, Technical Assistant, DCCD
welcomed all the participants and coordinated the
programme. Dr. Suma B., Professor & Head,
Cocoa Research Station, KAU delivered a class
24
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
need to increase the cashew area to meet the
demand for cashew industries. During the
programme Sri Pranesh, Deputy Speaker,
Legislative Council, Govt. of Karnataka,
Dr.M.K.Naik, Vice Chancellor, UAHS, Shivamogga
and Dr.Venkatesh N Hubballi, Director, DCCD,
Cochin were present. Sri. D.S.Suresh, Hon'ble
MLA Tarikere Taluk presided the function.
Hon'ble Minister visited the accredited Cashew
nurser y & Cashew demonstration fields
established at the research station.
on “Organic Production Technology” covering
different aspects viz. lay out & land preparation, criteria
for selection of variety and their performance,
production technologies including organic fertilisers
for manure during the training. The farmers raised
questions on different aspects of the crop and Dr.
Suma interacted with them and cleared their all
questions. Around 100 participants attended the
online training programme. The farmers were very
happy for having conducted the training through
online and requested further more trainings through
online. The officials from M/s. Mondelez India
Foods Ltd. also coordinated and participated in the
programme. Dr. Venkatesh. N. Hubballi, Director,
DCCD expressed gratitude to Dr. Suma for having
July - September 2021
led an informtive class and also appreciated the farmers
for making the programme fruitful and successful.
The Programme ended with vote of thanks by Smt.
Jayalakshmi VS, Statistical Investigator, DCCD.
Directorate of Cashew Research Celebrates
CASHEW DAY – 2021
Cashew Day- 2021 was celebrated at the
institute on 17th of February which commenced
with the theme of Scientist- farmer interaction and
application of drone technology in Cashew in
collaboration with the Directorate of Cashewnut
and Cocoa Development, Kochi. Shri. Kishore
Kumar Kodgi, President, CAMPCO, Mangalore
was the Chief Guest and Dr. M. Veerangouda,
Dean (AG.Eng g), College of Agricultural
Engineering, Raichur and Kadamajalu Subhash Rai
were guests of honors for the function. The
Cashew Day is conducted every year to introduce
and familiarize all the new and latest innovations
and technologies to the farming community.
A dwarf cashew variety “NETRA
VAMAN” was released by Shri. Kishore Kumar
25
Kodgi, President, CAMPCO, Mangalore. Dr. M.
Gangadhara Nayak, Principal Scientist, (Hort.)
briefed about the newly released cashew variety.
Netra Vaman grows to a height of less than 2.5
meters. It was evaluated for about 10 years and
found unique with respect to plant height, compact
spreading habit, nut size and apple colour and quality.
Though the variety is not a much good yielder it can
grow well even under shade conditions. The nuts
are small in size with a weight of less than 7 g. The apple
colour is good, attractive and has less fibre content.
The variety is pruning responsive, long flowering
duration variety, and flowers in the first year of
planting. It has stem galling like coffee. It can be
suitable for homegardens. It best suits for the one
who is fond of bonsai and opts for pot culture.
Dr. M. Veerangouda, Dean (AG.Engg),
College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur released
the cahew pest database developed by the Directorate .
Kadamajalu Subhash Rai, a progressive farmer
informed that he has grown cashew varieties VRI -
3, NRCC Selection- 2 at spacing of 3m×3m and
Bhaskara and Ullal- 3 at a spacing of 8m×8m and
10m×10m respectively. He said that if one invests
money on soil, he can dig gold from it.
Later, Dr. M. Veerang ouda, Dean
(AG.Engg), gave presentation on application of
drones in agriculture and horticulture. Drones can
be used even in forests and slopes. Decreased
health hazards, greater field coverage, and women
empowerment adds to advantages of use of drones
in agriculture. After the stage program, there was a
demonstration on spray through drones in the
Directorate's cashew fields.

Cashew New planting Scheme 2021-22 –
cashew grafts distribution programme,
Kannur
Distribution of grafts at Payam
The distribution programme of Cashew
Grafts under the new planting scheme for 2021-22
of the Directorate of Cashewnut and Cocoa
Development was held in association with Payam
Grama Panchayath on 06/09/2021. A total of ten
thousand cashew grafts of Vengurla 4 variety were
distributed to the beneficiary farmers at three
different locations Ulikkal, Peruvamparambu and
Vallithode. The distribution was inaugurated by
One day online training programme on
CASHEW
As a part of the Asadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav
celebration, the DCCD, Kochi organised a training
on “Organic Production of Cashew” through
Google Meet for the farmers of various districts of
Kerala on 13th September 2021. Shri. Ravindra
Kumar, Deputy Director, DCCD made a key note
26
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
Shri. Sajeev Joseph, MLA, Irikkoor at Ulikkal and
Smt. P Rajani, Predisent, Payam Grama Panchayath
at Peruvamparambu by distributing the cashew
grafts to the beneficiary farmers. Shri. Jose
Poomala, Chairman, Kerala Pradesh Cashew Cell
was also present and supported in coordinating
the farmers during distribution.
Distribution of cashew grafts at Kottiyoor
Another distribution programme of
Cashew Grafts under the new planting scheme was
also held on 09/09/2021 in association with
Kottiyoor Grama Panchayath at Chunkakkunnu.
A total of twelve thousand Vengurle – 4 variety of
cashew grafts were distributed to the beneficiary
farmers.The distribution was inaugurated by Shri.
Roy Nambudakam, Predisent, Kottiyoor Grama
Panchayath by distributing the cashew grafts to the
beneficiary farmers. Shri. Jose Poomala, Chairman,
Kerala Pradesh Cashew Cell, Vice president
Kottiyoor Grama Panchayath and members of the
panchayath were present on the occasion.
address on organic cultivation of cashew and
explained the status of cashew development in
India. Shri. Nikhil V.M. Sr, Technical Assistant,
DCCD welcomed all the participants and coordinated
the programme. Dr. Jalajs S. Menon Professor &
Head, Cashew Research Station, KAU delivered a
class on “Cashew : Org anic Production
Technology” covering different types of cashew
July - September 2021
varities available and their performance for
adoption in the field. A detailed class was taken on
Productivity Improvement, doubling Farmers
income and Value addition in cashew during the
training. Thereafter farmers interaction was held in
which farmers raised questions on different aspects
of the crop and Dr. Jalaja S.Menon explained and
cleared all questions. Around 96 participants
attended the online training programme. The
Report om Skill Development Programme at
CPCRI-Vittal
The Skill Development Programme on
Nursery Worker recommended by Agriculture Skill
Council of India (ASCI) under Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship, New Delhi and
sponsored by Directorate of Cashewnut and Cocoa
Development (DCCD) under Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers Welfare, Kochi, Kerala was organized at
ICAR- CPCRI, Regional Station, Vittal in Karnataka
from 15th February 21 to 11th March 2021. CPCRI
received 51 applications from which 25 were selected
considering all the requirements and criteria
recommended by the council. Daywise programs
included lectures, method demonstrations, practicals,
field visits, visit to crop based institutes and
industries. Hands on trainings were given on nursery
activities related to plantation crops. Through
exposure visits to Horticultural Institutes and private
27
farmers were very happy for having conducted the
training through online and requested further more
trainings through online. The officials from RARS,
KSACC, and Dept. of Agriculture, Kerala etc. also
participated in the programme. The training was
an informtive and organised successfully by
DCCD. The Programme ended with vote of
thanks by Smt. Jayalakshmi VS, Statistical
Investigator, DCCD.
nurseries, trainees acquainted with nursery
techniques of spices, fruits, vegetables and flowers as
well. The participants were given with training
materials like, technical bulletins on crops, cocoa
notebook, nursery manual, note pad, pen, file folder etc.
They too were given with personal accessories like,
bags, boots, caps and nursery tools like secateurs,
budding/ grafting knives, sprayers etc. Various nursery
implements were purchased and provided to trainees
and utilized efficiently for hands on trainings
conducted both in groups and individually. The
program was inaugurated on 15.02.2021, Dr. S. Elain
Apshara, Principal Scientist (Horticulture) convened
the program and Dr. Priya, U.K., Scientist (Soil
Science) as certified ASCI trainer co-ordinated the
training program. Pre evaluation test was conducted to
study the level of knowledge of participants on
nursery activities. At Vittal Station, lectures were taken by
scientists of each section covering Horticulture,

Genetics, Agronomy, Soil Science, Plant Pathology,
Agricultural Entomology, Statistics and Social
Sciences. Trainees were acquired knowledge in the
Report on Skill Development training
programme at CRS, Madakkathara
The Skill Development programme on
“Nurser y Worker” under MIDH through
affiliation by ASCI funded by DCCD was held on
5th March 2021 to 29th of March 2021 at Cashew
Research Station, Madakkathara for a batch of 25
trainees. Theoretical sessions on various aspects
of cashew were taken by the Professors of Cashew
Research Station Madakkathara. The trainees were
evaluated regularly on theory and practical aspects
viz . seed sorting, grafting, scion procuring,
28
The Cashew and Cocoa Journal
Nurser y worker training prog ramme and
certificate were issued by the ASCI trainer to the
participants.
preparation of potting mixture, cover filling, seed
pre-treatments and sowing. Special assignments on
innovative approaches in nursery were also made.
Final assessment of trainees were done by
representatives from ASCI. Certificate distribution
ceremony was conducted on 16/04/2021. Honble
Vice Chancellor Dr.R Chandra Babu inaugurated
the function. Sri.Venkatesh N Hubballi, Director
DCCD delivered a key note address. The training
output was a group of unemployed youth have
been empowered with special skill development in
nursery and allied activities of cashew.
July - September 2021

STATISTICS
Export of Cashew Kernels from India - April 2020- March 2021
Country Quantity - Kg Value(INR) Value(US $)

AFGHANISTAN 98000 53726281 728323

ALGERIA 75000 34373546 465698
ANGOLA 350 217333 2872
AUSTRALIA 200 118778 1595
AUSTRIA 40 24940 340
BAHARAIN IS 572056 345222655 4669389
BELGIUM 392364 229121692 3078484
BHUTAN 5974 3474462 46928
BOTSWANA 15 11162 153
BRUNEI 75344 42245631 569262
BURUNDI 40 29452 394
CANADA 186150 78680195 1059892
CAYMAN IS 50 34806 460
COLOMBIA 68040 38141167 513323
CONGO D. REP. 803 547757 7324
COTE D’ IVOIRE 16851 6348511 83834
CYPRUS 65772 42647390 579256
CZECH REPUBLIC 64104 35191721 472050
DENMARK 31752 17521832 239634
DOMINIC REP 15000 6602063 89710
EGYPT A RP 47000 31806381 427283
FIJI IS 460 292985 3931
FRANCE 235379 121835022 1646976
GABON 1 720 10
GAMBIA 150 85201 1170
GEORGIA 54000 32849217 439466
GERMANY 1768796 1104478671 14900871
GREECE 703431 420773417 5657399
HONG KONG 279714 183194264 2474091
IRAN 278000 153995879 2090370
IRELAND 40 21782 298
ISRAEL 71726 45783129 608803
ITALY 34884 19794693 268405
JAMAICA 330 253587 3477
JAPAN 6011382 3671000745 49381833
JORDAN 6000 5674425 74999
KENYA 80 44872 610
KOREA RP 286700 171475836 2320535
KUWAIT 1133030 665078829 8991807
LIBERIA 3 1299 18

29
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

Export of Cashew Kernels from India - April 2020- March 2021

Country Quantity - Kg Value(INR) Value(US $)

MALAYSIA 853718 475470265 6423075

MALDIVES 25377 16686321 227078
MALTA 50 33818 447
MAURITANIA 50 87821 1201
MAURITIUS 26976 17050357 229698
MOROCCO 45600 21537398 288857
MYANMAR 9 5382 71
NEPAL 460245 274648772 3692721
NETHERLAND 6034632 3322602117 44747832
NEW ZEALAND 1021 1198124 15836
NIGERIA 130 116738 1596
NORWAY 6944 3092419 41616
OMAN 792720 467951856 6332843
PAKISTAN IR 15000 8302692 112818
PANAMA REPUBLIC 3000 1765903 23499
PAPUA N GNA 5 5058 67
PHILIPPINES 420 303559 4125
POLAND 47628 21674335 291605
QATAR 1110045 648748601 8793370
REUNION 20 16038 215
RUSSIA 109400 62716018 841890
RWANDA 20 16478 221
SAUDI ARAB 6370527 3745987367 50642840
SEYCHELLES 691 428907 5853
SIERRA LEONE 84 57294 775
SINGAPORE 1132506 674487025 9092128
SLOVENIA 206388 122006345 1642811
SOUTH AFRICA 80752 43775184 592977
SPAIN 2662632 1846537963 24838413
SRI LANKA DSR 0 541 7
SUDAN 20 19416 264
SWITZERLAND 101687 61453450 822281
TAIWAN 1912 1925512 26276
TRINIDAD 222264 123681947 1671308
TURKEY 60882 32425758 436215
U ARAB EMTS 12688239 7218470205 97877754
UK 460445 257069162 3462666
USA 2096336 1251926903 16883050
UKRAINE 500 373217 5081
VIETNAM SOC REP 377749 116484119 1581503
TOTAL (Kg/Rs.) 48575635 28403862713 383554156
TOTAL (MT/Rs.Crs) 48576 2840.386
Source : CEPC, Kollam

30
July - September 2021

(Contd..)
Export of CNSL from India- April-2020 to March-2021
Country Quantity - Kg Value(INR) Value(US $)

Argentina 210 22370 300

Australia 41780 3075777 41032
Belgium 342152 44118567 600782
Egypt A Rp 6000 257395 3538
Indonesia 1140 183500 2493
Israel 80 5788 77
Japan 32820 2146896 28593
Korea Rp 1759950 68262324 913592
Mexico 15248 1690631 23225
Nepal 21390 1433130 19603
Netherland 66000 3043990 41165
Portugal 75000 3421444 46716
Russia 79000 3157634 41698
Singapore 122900 7082274 96937
Slovenia 78350 3425074 46926
South Africa 12000 1220337 16644
Spain 206000 9879462 134720
Taiwan 87600 4563785 61631
Thailand 55000 2647499 35098
Turkey 380 24852 331
U Arab Emts 390 88380 1189
UK 144000 8313585 112922
USA 158704 14621921 197120
Total(Kg) 3306094 182686615 2466332
Total(Mts) /Rs.Cr 3306.094 18.2686615

Source : CEPC, Kollam

31
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

Import of Raw cashewnut in to India - April - 2020 to March - 2021

Country Quantity - Kg Value(INR) Value(US $)

Australia 106835 8087643 106895

Benin 163676685 13217007668 176633021
Burkina Faso 22607188 1744679893 23290873
Congo P Rep 16987 1522392 20388
Cote D’ Ivoire 99608136 8397465308 112726826
El Salvador 91310 8204474 112766
Gambia 23329348 2154040746 29024877
Ghana 134349957 12570460973 168046627
Guinea 40853987 2928072831 39455885
Guinea Bissau 99087639 9342512560 126498176
Hong Kong 978019 97251513 1296435
Indonesia 12736896 1359399008 18439071
Madagascar 978750 70098920 957620
Malaysia 157730 18726888 248330
Mali 3278840 187731008 2518565
Mozambique 18133899 1757185327 23279941
Myanmar 25440 1948760 25562
Netherland 24187 1004731 13803
Nigeria 35808136 2898188815 38822490
Senegal 18141750 1632712944 22187451
Singapore 19169000 1746597574 23422575
South Africa 480000 40463852 534340
Tanzania Rep 70717830 7735147081 104853885
Thailand 493000 43806632 588502
Togo 24004350 1864864035 24920414
U Arab Emts 39654062 3203579048 42909779
UK 1900240 226905153 3085572
USA 204275 14496550 197281
Venezuela 17228 1476586 19499
Vietnam Soc Rep 599365 39175284 522134
Total(Kg) 831231069 73312814197 984759583
Total(Mts) Rs.Cr 831231.069 7331.28142

Source : CEPC, Kollam

32
July - September 2021

EXPORT OF COCOA AND COCOA PRODUCTS FROM INDIA - 2020-21

COCOA: EXPORT DATA Quantity in '000 kgs Value in Rs.lakhs

Cocoa Beans Whole/Broken Raw/Roasted 101.03 384.06

Cocoa Shlls Husks Skins And Othr Cocoa Waste 7.57 17.81

Cocoa Paste Not Defatted 32.59 136.64

Wholly Or Partly Defatted Cocoa Paste -

Cocoa Butter Fat And Oil 9,687.84 30,663.83

Cocoa Pwdr Nt Contng Sugar/Swtng Matrl 157.27 347.13

Cocoa Pwdr Contng Sugar/Othr Swtng Matrl 62.82 246.98

Othr Food Prpn Cntng Cocoa In Blks/Slbs Wghng>2kg/

In Lqd,Pste,Pwdr,Grnlr/Othr Bulkform In Cntnrs Etc
Of A Cntnt > 697.57 1,117.08

Othr Food Prpn In Blcks Slbs/Bars Flled 635.15 2,875.15

Othr Food Prpn In Blcks Slbs/Bars Nt Fild 614.53 4,969.53

Chocolate And Chocolate Prdcts 2,251.37 5,927.36

Sugar Cnfctnry Cntng Cocoa 2,443.03 3,977.61

Spreads Cntng Cocoa 26.32 36.2

Prepns Cntng Cocoa For Mkg Bevrges. 1,602.01 2,804.49

Other Food Preparations Containing Cocoa 7,448.94 57,334.56

Total 25,768.04 110,838.43

Source : Dept. of Commerce , Govt. of India

33
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

IMPORT OF COCOA AND COCOA PRODUCTS IN TO INDIA - 2020-21

COCOA: IMPORT DATA Quantity in '000 kgs Value in Rs.lakhs

Cocoa Beans Whole/Broken Raw/Roasted 23,394.16 45,052.58

Cocoa Shlls Husks Skins And Othr Cocoa Waste -

Cocoa Paste Not Defatted 2,822.88 8,445.77

Wholly Or Partly Defatted Cocoa Paste 368.63 240

Cocoa Butter Fat And Oil 12,375.56 52,144.95

Cocoa Pwdr Nt Contng Sugar/Swtng Matrl 34,040.29 52,030.51

Cocoa Pwdr Contng Sugar/Othr Swtng Matrl 1,377.42 4,223.38

Othr Food Prpn Cntng Cocoa In Blks/Slbs Wghng>2kg/

In Lqd,Pste,Pwdr,Grnlr/Othr Bulkform In Cntnrs Etc
Of A Cntnt > 2kg 4,785.31 11,225.83

Othr Food Prpn In Blcks Slbs/Bars Flled 2,255.95 5,812.91

Othr Food Prpn In Blcks Slbs/Bars Nt Fild 419.35 1,871.29

Chocolate And Chocolate Prdcts 1,996.19 9,695.26

Sugar Cnfctnry Cntng Cocoa 1,712.40 3,008.28

Spreads Cntng Cocoa 2,037.86 4,974.56

Prepns Cntng Cocoa For Mkg Bevrges. 32.11 28.84

Other Food Preparations Containing Cocoa 1,442.02 3,344.74

Total 89,060.13 202,098.91

Source : Dept. of Commerce , Govt. of India

34
July - September 2021

PRICE OF COCOA

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of January 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 01.01.21 08.01.21 15.01.21 22.01.21 29.01.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 40 40 40 40 40 40
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 45 50 50 50 50 49
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 - 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 35 35 35 33 33 34.2
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 42 42 42 40 42 41.6
10 Idukki Idukki 45 44 44 50 50 46.6
wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of January 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 170 170 170 170 170 170
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 150 155 155 150 150 152

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of February 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 05.02.21 12.02.21 19.02.21 26.02.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 40 40 40 40 40
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 53 53 53 53 53
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha - - - - -
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 34 34 34 34 34
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 42 43 43 43 42.75
10 Idukki Idukki 50 50 50 50 50
wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of February 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 170 175 175 180 175
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 150 160 160 160 157.5

35
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of March 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 05.03.21 12.03.21 19.03.21 26.03.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 40 40 45 45 42.5
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 53 53 53 53 53
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 40 40 40 40 40
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 43 42 43 42 42.66
10 Idukki Idukki 53 53 53 55 53.5
wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of March 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 180 180 180 175 178.75
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 160 150 150 145 149

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of April 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 02.04.21 09.04.21 16.04.21 23.04.21 30.04.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 40 40 40 40 40 40
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 45 50 50 50 50 49
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 - 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 35 35 35 33 33 34.2
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 42 42 42 40 42 41.6
10 Idukki Idukki 45 44 44 50 50 46.6
Wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of April 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 180 180 180 180 180 180
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 140 150 150 160 160 152.2

36
July - September 2021

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of May 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 07.05.21 14.05.21 21.05.21 28.05.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 45 45 - - 45
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 52 52 52 52 52
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 - - - 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 45 - - - 45
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 43 - - - 43
10 Idukki Idukki 55 - - 47 51
wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of May 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady - - - - -
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 160 - 160 160 160

Weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of June 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 04.06.21 11.06.21 18.06.21 26.06.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) - - 45 45 45
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 45 45 45 45 45
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 40 37 37 35 37.25
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 45 42 40 40 41.75
10 Idukki Idukki 45 - - 39 42
Wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of April 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady - 160 170 170 166.67
2 Wayanad Manathawadi - 160 160 155 158.33

37
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

Statement showing the weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of July 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 02.07.21 09.07.21 16.07.21 23.07.21 30.07.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 45 45 45 45 45 45
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 36 36 36 36 36 36
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 40 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 35 33 33 33 33 33.4
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 40 45 45 35 32 39.4
10 Idukki Idukki 39 39 39 36 34 37.4
wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of July 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 170 170 170 170 - 170
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 155 155 150 150 160 154

Statement showing the weekly wholesale price of Cocoa Wet beans for the month of August 2021
Cocoa Wet beans (Price in Rs./Kg)
S. No. Districts Centres 06.08.21 13.08.21 20.08.21 27.08.21 Average

1 Alappuzha Pulinkunnu - - - - -
2 Kottayam Kottayam - - - - -
3 Kottayam Pala (Meenachil) 45 40 40 40 41.25
4 Pathanamthitta Thiruvalla 36 36 36 36 36
5 Ernakulam Moovattupuzha 40 40 40 40 40
6 Ernakulam Kothamangalam 30 32 32 32 31.5
7 Thrissur Thrissur - - - - -
8 Idukki Thodupuzha - - - - -
9 Idukki Kattappana 32 32 32 32 32
10 Idukki Idukki 35 35 36 0.6 35.5
Wholesale price of Cocoa dry beans for the month of August 2021 (Rs./Kg)
1 Ernakulam Kalady 170 155 150 150 156.25
2 Wayanad Manathawadi 150 145 145 145 146.25

38
July - September 2021

COCOA NEEDS
Operations
Operations forfor
thethe month
month of July
of October

1. Irrigation
: Irrigation may be provided with the cessation of rain

once in 5-7 days interval @100 to 125 litres of water or
24 litres per day per plant through drip system.
2. Training & Pruning
:
The plants start to develop the first jorquette when they
are 14 months old. It is desirable to restrict the
jorquetting height to 1-1.5 m. There should be only one
main chupon stem and additional chupons arise from
the main stem should be removed periodically.
rd
3. Manuring & Fertilizer application
:
Second dose (2/3 Quantity) of fertilizers (Urea-146g,
Rock Phosphate-130g & Muriate of potash-154g)
should be applied around the cocoa basin of 150cm
radius & mixed with the soil by forking if not applied
during month of September.
4.
Weeding
:
Weeding may be done in the young plantations.
5. Mulching
:
Mulching may be done in cocoa basins with cocoa husk
or coconut husk or any other organic matters.
6. Plant protection
:
In plantations where black pod rot disease is noticed,
spraying may be done by using 1% Bordeaux mixture
and infected pods may be removed & destructed for
reducing the disease incidence.
7. Harvesting
:
Harvesting may be continued.
Operations for the month of November
1.
Irrigation

Irrigation may be provided
2.
Training & Pruning
:
Main chupon may be allowed to grow and all other
chupons should be pruned regularly.
3.
Mulching
:
Mulching may be done in young cocoa plantations with
cocoa or coconut husk/fallen cocoa leaves/pruned twigs.
4.
Rat & squirrel control
:
Poison baiting and use of traps may be followed to
check the population. Harvesting of matured pods may
be done at regular interval. Baiting with rodenticides
may be used for control of rats.
5. Harvest
:
Harvesting may be continued.
Operations for the month of December
1.
Irrigation
:
Once in 5-7 days interval irrigation may be done.
2.
Training & Pruning
:
All chupons may be removed which arise from the main
stem. The drooping fan branches may be cut and
removed. All lateral fan branches which arise on fans to
a distance of 30-50cm around the jorquette may be
removed. This allows entry of sunlight on the main stem
and is beneficial for increasing flowering on the main
stem. Pruning and training may be done gradually
without much shock to the bearing plants.
3. Harvest
:
Harvesting may be continued.
4. Rat and squirrel control
:
Poison baiting and use of traps may be followed.
39
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

CASHEW NEEDS
Operations for the month of October

1.
Crop stage
:
Flushing, early varieties may initiate flowering

2.
Weeding
:
Sickle weeding or chemical weeding may be adopted.
3.
Fertilizer application
:
The general recommended dosage of fertiliser
application is 500g N, 125 g P2O5 and 125 g K2O per
tree i.e. 1100 g urea, 625 g rock phosphate and 208 g
MOP per tree per year. 2/3rd dose may be applied
during the month.
4.
Plant protection
:
Tea Mosquito Bug attack: This will damage tender
shoots, inflorescences and immature nuts. Spray
monocrotophos @ 0.05% (1.5 ml /litre of water)
Lamda-cyhalothrin ( 0.003%) and Carbaryl (0.1%)
during flushing, flowering &fruiting respectively at
regular intervals on need basis.
Stem and Root Borer: Identify the affected tree.
Extract grubs mechanically by chiseling out the
damaged area of the tree and swab that portion with
0.2% carbaryl or chlorpyriphos (0.2%) solution.
Operations for the month of November
1. Crop stage
:
Flushing and flowering
2. Fertiliser application
:
2/3rd dose of fertilizer may be applied during the
month if not done in October.
3.
Plant protection
:
As scheduled in October.
Operations for the month of December
1.
Crop stage
:
Flushing and flowering continues, early varieties may
start yielding by the end of December.
2.
Fertiliser application
:
May be applied if not completed in previous months.
3.
Plant protection
:
As scheduled in October.
4.
Irrigation
:
Irrigate the plantation at fortnightly intervals @ 200
litres per plant. 60 - 80 litres of water per tree once in
four days through drip after initiation flowering till
fruit set give higher yield.
5. Harvest
: Early varieties may start yielding by the end of
December. Only mature nuts that fall to the ground
may be collected.

40
July - September 2021

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41
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

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42
July - September 2021

43
 The Cashew and Cocoa Journal

44
No. KERENG/2012/49318