International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction

Vol 1, No 4, December 2012, 213-220

Strength Characteristics of Periwinkle Shell Ash Blended

Cement Concrete
Kolapo O. Olusola1,∗ , Akaninyene A. Umoh2

1
Building department, Faculty of Environmental Design and Management,
Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife, Nigeria
2
Building Department, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Abstract: The study investigated the effect of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as cement substitute on the strengths
of concrete. Specimens were prepared from a mix of designed strength 25N/mm2 and the replacement of cement
with PSA was from 0% up to 40%. A total of 180 specimens were cast and tested for compressive and tensile
splitting strength at 7 and up to 180 days. The results revealed that compressive strength increased with the
increase in curing age but decreased as the PSA contents increased. The design strength was attained with 10%
PSA content at 28 days. The tensile splitting strength with 10% PSA was higher than the control (i.e. mix
only having cement as the binder) at ages above 14 days. The relationship between tensile splitting strength
and compressive strength of PSA blended cement concrete is similar to that of the conventional concrete. The
study concluded that 10% PSA content is adequate as cement substitution for structural concrete.
Keywords: Compressive strength; conventional concrete; periwinkle shell ash; tensile splitting strength
DOI: 10.7492/IJAEC.2012.023

1 INTRODUCTION and found on rocks, stones or pilings between high and

low tide marks; on mud-flats as well as on prop roots
Considerable efforts are being taken worldwide to im- of mangrove trees and in fresh and salt water. Dance
prove on the strength and durability performance of (1980) observed that ten (10) out of the eighty (80)
concrete through the use of pozzolanic materials. The species of periwinkle in the world are found in West
commonly used pozzolans have been fly ash, silica Africa. The common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) is
fume, metakaolin, and blast furnace slag. In contin- one of the most abundant marine gastropods in the
uing quest for more cost - efficient and environmen- North Atlantic, but Tympanotonus fuscatus is com-
tally acceptable materials, recently, there has been a monly found in the estuaries and mangrove swamp for-
growing interest in the use of agricultural wastes as est of the South - South region of Nigeria (Badmus
pozzolans. Some of the pozzolans of agricultural origin et al. 2007). Massive periwinkle harvesting has been
include sawdust ash (Sumaila and Job 1999; Udoeyo reported from some communities in this region of Nige-
and Dashibil 2002), rice husk ash (Zhang and Malho- ria (Powell et al. 1985; Job 2008; Jamabo and Chinda
tra 1996), corn cob ash (Adesanya 2001; Adesanya and 2010; Mmom and Arokoya 2010).
Raheem 2009b; Adesanya and Raheem 2009a), palm Previous research works on the use of PSA in con-
oil fuel ash (Tangchirapat et al. 2009) and periwinkle crete production (Koffi 2008; Dahunsi and Bamisaye
shell ash (Badmus et al. 2007; Dahunsi and Bamisaye 2002) have been centered on the effect of the ash on
2002; Job et al. 2009; Koffi 2008). the concrete compressive strength up to 28-days hydra-
Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) is obtained by burn- tion period. The use of PSA as partial replacement of
ing periwinkle shell which is the by-product of peri- cement in concrete by these authors only investigated
winkle which, in zoology is any small greenish ma- the effect of varying percentages of the ash on the com-
rine snail from the class of gastropod, the largest of pressive strength of the concrete produced. Since poz-
the seven classes in the phylum mollusc (Okon 1987; zolanic reaction depends on the liberation of calcium
Olorunoje and Olalusi 2003). They are herbivorous hydroxide from cement hydration, the effect became

*Corresponding author. Email: kolaolusola@yahoo.co.uk

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 Olusola and Umoh/International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction 1 (2012) 213-220

much more beneficial to compressive strength develop- Ibom State in the South-south region of Nigeria. The
ment of concrete at later ages. Therefore this study shells were calcined in a furnace and stopped as soon as
investigates the effect of PSA on both compressive and the temperature reaches 800◦ C. At this temperature,
tensile strength of concrete up to 180 days based on the energy input is far less than what is involved in ce-
the minimum structural design strength of 25N/mm2 . ment production. Then, the ash was ground and sieved
In this study, PSA was added to the concrete in the with 45µm size. The specific gravities for cement and
form of a mineral admixture. The mechanism by which PSA were 3.13 and 2.13 respectively. Chemical and
the pozzolanic reaction exercises a beneficial effect on physical properties of the cementitious materials are
the properties of concrete is the same irrespective of shown in Table 1.
whether it is added to concrete in the form of a min- The fine aggregate used was river-bed sand passing
eral admixture or as component of a blended Portland 4.75mm sieve and falls within zone 2; while the coarse
cement (Mehta 2006; Bhatty and Taylor 2006). aggregate was crushed granite of maximum size 20mm
with specific gravity of 2.65. The sieve analyses con-
ducted on the aggregates are presented in Tables 2
2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
and 3.
2.1 Materials
2.2 Proportioning and Mixing of Con-
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) produced to the stituents
specification of [NIS 444-1:2003] and [BS EN 197-
1:2000] was used for the research. The periwinkle shells The mix proportion involved mix-design strength of
for the production of PSA were collected from one of 25N/mm2 for normal weight concrete (i.e. mix only
the dumpsites in Otto market in Ikot Ekpene, Akwa having cement as the binder). This is taken as the ref-

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of PSA

Chemical composition
Elemental oxide Si O2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2 O Na2 O Mn2 O3 P2 O5 TiO2 LOI
(%) 33.84 10.2 6.02 40.84 0.48 0.26 0.14 0.24 0 0.01 0.03 7.6
Physical properties
Percentage Activity index with Portland cement Water Sound- Moisture Specific
retained on (% of control) requirement ness content gravity
45µm sieve 7 days 28 days (% of control) (mm) (%)
21 78.17 79.12 104 1 1.5 2.13

Table 2. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate (sand)

Sieve size (mm) Weight of Percentage of Cumulative percentage of Percentage passing
material retained (g) material retained (%) material retained (%) (%)
4.75 0 0 0 100
2.36 19 3.82 3.82 96.18
1.18 80.5 16.16 19.98 80.02
0.6 185 37.15 57.13 42.87
0.3 173 34.74 91.87 8.13
0.15 35 7.03 98.9 1.1
Pan 5.5 1.1 100 0
Total 498 100 - -

Table 3. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate (granite)

Sieve size (mm) Weight of Percentage of Cumulative percentage of Percentage passing
material retained (g) material retained (%) material retained (%) (%)
20 0 0 0 100
14 240 16 16 84
9.5 496 33.09 49.09 50.91
4.75 670.6 44.74 93.83 6.17
2.36 80 5.34 99.17 0.83
Pan 12.4 0.83 100 0
Total 1499 100 - -

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Table 4. Mix proportions (per m3 ) of PSA blended cement concrete

PSA content Cementitious binder (kg) Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (kg)
(%) OPC PSA (kg) (kg) 5-10 mm 10-20 mm
0 19.18 - 11.05 42.92 27.46 55.74
10 17.26 1.3 10.97 42.92 27.46 55.74
20 15.34 2.6 10.8 42.92 27.46 55.74
30 13.43 3.9 10.7 42.92 27.46 55.74
40 11.51 5.2 10.63 42.92 27.46 55.74

Table 5. Slump and compacting factor values for PSA blended cement concrete
PSA content Slump Compacting Actual water/ Amount of water
(%) (mm) factor cementitious materials ratio (% of Control)
0 (control) 29 0.86 0.58 100
10 28 0.87 0.59 101.72
20 28 0.85 0.6 103.45
30 26 0.84 0.62 106.29
40 25 0.83 0.64 110.34

erence control mix for the purpose of comparing the
improvement in strength performance with curing age
of specimens prepared from it with those of other spec-
imens cast from binary mixes consisting of OPC and
PSA as binders. A water/cement ratio requirement of
the mix design for the requisite workability (slump: 10-
30mm) was adhered. Partial replacement of OPC by
PSA of various percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 by
volume dictated by their differences in specific gravities
was adopted. The ingredients, i.e., cement, PSA, ag-
gregates and water, were manually mixed. The cement
and PSA blended was spread on already measured
sand, and the three ingredients mixed thoroughly be-
fore the coarse aggregate and water were added. Slump
and compacting factor tests were carried out to deter-
mine the workability of each mix. Detail of the mix
proportions of the concrete mixes are presented in Ta-
ble 4.
2.3 Specimens Preparation
Two types of specimens were prepared: 150mm cubes
and 150mm by 300mm cylinders. The specimens were
cast in steel moulds as specified by BS EN 12390-
2:2009. As soon as the specimens were cast, they were
stored in a place free from vibration and not exposed
to direct sunlight or other sources of heat and covered
with wet wooden bags. The specimens were demoulded
within 24 hours, and cured in water kept at tempera-
ture of 29±1◦ C until the day of testing.
respectively and the mean values computed. A total of
90 cubes and 90 cylinders were used to determine the
effect of PSA on the compressive strength and tensile
splitting strength respectively for the various curing
ages.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Effect of PSA on Workability of Fresh
Concrete
The results of the slump and compacting factor values
are shown in Table 5. To attain the same workability
level of 10-30mm in the mixes containing PSA with
that of conventional concrete (0% PSA), higher water
content was required. This is reflected in the gradual
increase in the ratio of water and cementitious mate-
rials with a corresponding increase in the amount of
water over control as the PSA percentage content in-
creases. This higher water requirement in mixes con-
taining PSA could be attributed to the high fineness
of PSA which meant a greater specific surface to be
wetted and lubricated. This is in agreement with the
earlier finding of the effect of rice husk ash in concrete
by Zhang and Malhotra (1996). The values of the
slump and Compacting Factor range between 25mm
and 29mm and 0.83 and 0.87 respectively, which is
within the stipulated range of slump (10-30mm) and
compacting factor (0.85 to 0.90) for low workability
concrete.

2.4 Testing of Specimens 3.2 Compressive Strength

The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength (BS EN 12390-3:2009) and tensile splitting
strength (BS EN 12390-6:2009) at ages 7, 14, 28, 90,
120 and 180 days. Three replicates of each of 150mm
cubes and 150mm by 300mm cylinders were tested at
each age for compressive and tensile splitting strength
The strength development at various ages is given in
Table 6. The compressive strength generally increased
with curing age and decreased with increased content
of periwinkle shell ash. The results at 7 days show that
in all the replacement levels the attainment of the de-
sign strength ranges between 77.63% and 65.66% (0%

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Table 6. Compressive strength of PSA blended cement concrete specimens at all curing ages

Curing age PSA Compressive strength (N/mm2 ) Attainment of

(Days) (%) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Mean design strength (%)
0 19.56 19.29 19.38 19.41 77.63
10 18.22 18.67 18.67 18.52 74.07
7 20 17.56 17.78 18.22 17.85 71.41
30 17.33 17.69 17.51 17.51 70.04
40 16.44 16.27 16.53 16.41 65.66
0 27.11 26.67 27.56 27.11 108.44
10 21.33 20.8 21.87 21.33 85.33
14 20 18.22 17.78 18.13 18.04 72.18
30 17.33 16.71 16.98 17.01 68.04
40 16.36 16.44 16.09 16.3 65.19
0 28 27.78 28.22 28 112
10 25.78 25.33 25.56 25.56 102.22
28 20 24 24.44 24 24.15 96.59
30 20.89 20.44 20.8 20.71 82.84
40 15.56 16.18 16 15.91 63.64
0 28.89 29.11 29.33 29.11 116.44
10 26.67 26.76 27.02 26.81 107.24
90 20 24.44 24.89 24.89 24.74 98.96
30 21.33 20.89 21.56 21.24 84.98
40 17.33 17.78 17.78 17.63 70.52
0 29.78 30.22 29.78 29.92 119.7
10 28.44 28.44 28.71 28.53 114.13
120 20 24.89 24.89 24.89 24.89 99.56
30 20 21.33 19.56 20.3 81.19
40 16.89 17.78 17.33 17.33 69.33
0 30.22 30 30.22 30.15 120.59
10 29.33 28.89 28.89 29.04 116.15
180 20 24 23.78 23.56 23.78 95.11
30 21.78 21.33 22.22 21.78 87.12
40 20.89 20.67 20.44 20.67 82.67

PSA having 77.63% and 40% PSA having the least
value of 65.66%). These values satisfied the require-
ment of normal concrete strength development which
is stipulated to be between 50-66% (British Standard
Institution 1985; lllston 1994).
At 14 days hydration period, the compressive
strength of the control mix had exceeded the design
strength with a value of 27.11N/mm2 , i.e., 108.44%
of the design strength. This is closely followed by
10% PSA which had 85.33% of the design strength,
while 10%, 20% and 30% PSA replacement had com-
pressive strength of 18.04N/mm2 , 17.01N/mm2 and
16.30N/mm2 , i.e., 72.18%, 68.04% and 65.19% of the
design strength respectively. The strength develop-
ment at 14 days satisfied the 60-75% of the design
strength stipulated by lllston (1994).
The compressive strength of 0% PSA and 10% PSA
at 28 days hydration period were 28N/mm2 and
25.56N/mm2 respectively which met the desired de-
sign strength of 25N/mm2 , while that of 20%, 30% and
40% PSA content were 24.15N/mm2 , 20.71N/mm2
and 15.91N/mm2 respectively. These values are com-
parable with Dahunsi and Bamisaye (2002) but lower
than Koffi (2008). The strength development for con-
trol mix (i.e. 0% PSA) is faster up to 28 days hydration
period whereas mixes containing PSA is slower. This
portrays the fact that the pozzolanic reaction depends
on the release of calcium hydroxide from cement hy-
dration.
The results at 90 days indicated that in all the mixes
there is continuous increase in the strength, show-
ing that there is both hydration and pozzolanic reac-
tions particularly with 10% PSA having a higher rate
of development than the control. At 120 days, 10%
PSA recorded compressive strength of 28.53N/mm2
representing an increase of 6.89% of the strength at
90 days, while the control mix recorded strength of
29.92N/mm2 which represents an increase of 3.26% of
the strength of 90 days. Other mixes had little or no
increase in the design strength beyond 90 days. The
20% PSA had strength of 24.89N/mm2 representing
99.56% (approximately 100%) of the design strength.
It means that where later age strength is required at
120 days hydration period, 20% replacement of cement
with PSA is adequate.
A further increase in the rate of strength develop-

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ment was observed with 10% PSA at 180 days when it
attained strength of 29.04N/mm2 which is not signifi-
cantly different from the control which had the strength
of 30.15N/mm2 . The continuous increase in the 10%
PSA can be attributed to the fact that the quantity of
calcium hydroxide liberated from cement hydration is
adequate to be consumed by the pozzolanic reaction.
The statistical analysis using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) of the compressive strength results showed
that the independent factor (i.e., PSA content and cur-
ing age), when considered individually and jointly had
significant effects on the compressive strength of the
concrete at 95% confidence level (Table 7). This indi-
cates that whenever any of the factors varies, the com-
pressive strength of the concrete changes and the de-
gree of the variation is proportional to the magnitude
of the change. The coefficient of determination (ad-
justed R-Square value) is 0.995 (99.5%). This implies
a strong statistical association among the two inde-
pendent variables and the compressive strength. The
independent variables were estimated to account for
99.5% of the variance in the compressive strength of
the concrete. The correlation coefficient (square root
of adjusted R-Square) was obtained as R = 0.997. This

Table 7. ANOVA analysis

Source Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean square F value Significance
1
Corrected model 1910.745 29 65.888 559.192 0
Intercept 44908.315 1 44908.315 381138.807 0
PSA 1123.14 4 280.785 2383.035 0
Curing age 584.776 5 116.955 992.604 0
PSA and curing age 202.829 20 10.141 86.071 0
Error 7.07 60 0.118
Total 46826.13 90
Corrected total 1917.815 89
Note: 1 Adjusted R-Square value = 0.995

Table 8. Tensile splitting strength of PSA blended cement concrete cylindrical specimens
Curing age PSA Compressive strength (N/mm2 ) Attainment of
(Days) (%) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Mean design strength (%)
0 2.68 2.62 2.69 2.66 92.36
10 2.36 2.36 2.26 2.33 80.21
7 20 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 78.47
30 1.84 1.84 1.77 1.82 63.32
40 1.56 1.41 1.49 1.49 51.74
14 0 2.55 2.62 2.69 2.62 90.97
10 2.69 2.62 2.62 2.64 91.67
14 20 2.33 2.33 2.26 2.31 80.21
30 1.87 1.84 1.91 1.87 64.93
40 1.53 1.49 1.56 1.52 52.78
0 2.83 2.83 2.97 2.88 100
10 2.86 2.86 2.94 2.89 100.35
28 20 2.41 2.33 2.48 2.41 83.68
30 2.16 2.12 2.19 2.16 75
40 2.09 2.05 2.05 2.06 71.88
0 3.11 3.25 2.97 3.11 107.99
10 3.31 3.32 3.25 3.3 114.58
90 20 2.55 2.48 2.48 2.5 86.81
30 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.33 80.9
40 2.09 2.12 2.12 2.11 73.26
0 3.54 3.61 3.47 3.54 122.92
10 3.68 3.68 3.61 3.66 126.74
120 20 2.97 2.97 2.76 2.9 100.69
30 2.55 2.69 2.55 2.59 89.93
40 2.48 2.55 2.41 2.48 81.11
0 3.82 3.89 3.82 3.84 133.33
10 3.96 3.96 3.89 3.94 136.81
180 20 3.37 3.32 3.4 3.36 116.67
30 2.9 2.86 2.9 2.89 100.35
40 2.8 2.76 2.76 2.77 96.18

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Table 9. ANOVA analysis

Source Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean square F value Significance
Corrected model 34.7271 29 1.197 391.902 0
Intercept 626.683 1 626.683 205096.364 0
Curing age 17.656 5 3.531 1155.676 0
PSA 16.11 4 4.028 1318.109 0
Curing age and PSA 0.96 20 0.048 15.716 0
Error 0.183 60 0.003
Total 661.594 90
Corrected Total 34.91 89
Note: 1 Adjusted R-Square value = 0.992

further confirms the very strong statistical relationship concrete. The coefficient of correlation was obtained as
noted above.
3.3 Tensile Splitting Strength
The results of the tensile splitting strength of the
concrete cylinders are presented in Table 8. It was
noted that the tensile splitting strength increases with
the increase in the amount of PSA incorporation in
the concrete up to 10% PSA content, and beyond
10% PSA content the strength decreases with in-
crease in percentage PSA. The values of tensile split-
ting strength for 10% PSA content exceed that of
the control. These values for 7, 14, 28, 90, 120 and
180 days were 2.31N/mm2 , 2.64N/mm2 , 2.89N/mm2 ,
3.30N/mm2 , 3.65N/mm2 and 30.15N/mm2 , (i.e.,
80.21%, 91.67%, 100.35%, 114.53%, 126.74% and
136.81% of the tensile splitting strength of the control
at 28 days respectively) whereas that of 0% PSA were
2.66N/mm2 , 2.62N/mm2 , 2.88N/mm2 , 3.11N/mm2 ,
3.54N/mm2 and 3.84N/mm2 , (i.e., 92.36%, 90.97%,
100%, 107.99%, 122.92% and 133.33% for 7, 14, 28, 90,
120 and 180 days respectively). It can be concluded
that the improvement of tensile splitting strength of
concrete with the incorporation of PSA is enhanced
with 10% replacement of the cement with the ash.
The improvement in tensile splitting strength at early
age and lower PSA (10% content) replacement level
could be attributed to the initial filling of voids by the
PSA. At higher levels of PSA (i.e. > 10%) substitu-
tion, the voids must have been filled while the excess
cause reduction in strength. This finding was reported
by Bhanja and Senguptab (2002), which stated that
initial filling of voids by silica fume significantly im-
proves the tensile strength, but at higher levels, the
improvement decreases.
The statistical analysis of tensile splitting strength
results presented in Table 9 indicated that the inde-
pendent factors (i.e. PSA content and curing age),
when considered individually and collectively had sig-
nificant effects on the tensile splitting strength of the
concrete. The coefficient of determination (adjusted R-
Square value) is 0.992 (99.2%). This implies a strong
statistical association among the variables. The inde-
pendent variables were estimated to account for 99.2%
of the variance in the tensile splitting strength of the
R = 0.996. This shows a very strong linear relationship
exist between the two sets of variable.
3.4 Relationship Between Tensile Splitting
and Compressive Strengths
The ratios of tensile splitting strength to compressive
strength of PSA blended cement concrete lies between
0.10 and 0.14 (10-14%) for the percentage replacement
of OPC with 0-40% PSA content. These values fall
within the general range of 0.08 to 0.14 (Mindess et al.
2003; Neville 2000) for normal-weight concrete. It is
also in agreement with the values obtained by Ade-
sanya and Raheem (2009a) on the use of corn cob ash
as partial replacement of cement.
The data generated from the plot of relationship be-
tween tensile Splitting Strength and cube compressive
strength of PSA blended cement concrete based on the
generalised relationship expressed by the equation:
ft = K · (fc )n (1)
where ft = tensile strength, fc = compressive strength,
and K and n are coefficients of correlation presented
in Table 10. It reveals that n increases and K de-
creases as the PSA content increases up to 10% and
between 20% and 40%; however, the pattern of varia-
tion between 10% and 20% does not follow this trend
and may need further investigation. Without this ex-
ception, it therefore means that the relationship be-
tween tensile splitting strength and cube compressive
strength of PSA blended cement concrete is similar to
that of the conventional concrete; hence the general-
ized equation is applicable to the PSA blended cement
concrete.
Table 10. Correlation coefficients of tensile splitting
and cube compressive strengths relationship of PSA
blended cement concrete
PSA content Model parameters R2
(%) n K
0 0.646 0.365 0.484
10 1.112 0.087 0.907
20 0.65 0.367 0.419
30 1.427 0.032 0.745
40 1.787 0.012 0.502

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4 CONCLUSIONS
From the results of the various tests performed, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The values of slump and compacting factor de-
creases as the PSA content increases. This means
that the concrete becomes less workable (stiff)
with increase in PSA content; hence there is high
demand for water to maintain the same worka-
bility level as the control.
2. The compressive strength of PSA blended cement
concrete is lower than the control but there is
a continuous strength development comparable
with that of the control. The optimum level of
PSA replacement is 10% which attained 102.22%
of the design strength at 28 days.
3. The tensile splitting strength increases at lower
levels of PSA (≤10% PSA) with curing age.
Higher percentages of PSA substitution (beyond
10% PSA) led to decrease in tensile splitting
strength. The highest tensile splitting strength
was obtained at optimum PSA content level of
10%.
4. The compressive and tensile splitting strengths of
PSA blended cement concrete were significantly
affected by both PSA percentage and curing age.
5. The relationship between the compressive and
tensile splitting strengths is similar to that of con-
ventional concrete, with variations in the values
of correlation coefficients K and n as outlined.
Thus the generalized equation of the relationship
is applicable to PSA blended cement concrete.
6. The ratios of tensile splitting strength to com-
pressive strength of PSA blended cement con-
crete lies between 0.10 and 0.14 for 0-40% PSA
content investigated. This falls within the range
obtained for normal weight concrete by previous
researchers.
7. The results at 90 days indicated that for all the
mixes there is continuous increase in the strength,
showing that there is both hydration and poz-
zolanic reactions particularly with 10% PSA hav-
ing a higher rate of development than the con-
trol. The 20% PSA had strength of 24.89N/mm2
at 120 days, representing 99.56% (approximately
100%) of the design strength. It means that
where later age strength is required at 120 days
hydration period, 20% replacement of cement
with PSA will be adequate in concrete mixes.
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