CHAPTER 3:

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
 GAME CHANGERS:
COPERNICUS, DARWIN, &
FREUD
INTRODUCTION

• This lesson will enlighten us on the development of

science and how it transformed our community.
• How the ideas metamorphosed us, the discoveries
brought about by the curious minds of humanity.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE
TO:

1. Discussed the postulated of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud

2. Develop a timeline of events for the said Intellectual

Revolutionaries in terms of the development of science and
technology

3. Identify science in various areas such as an idea, body of

knowledge, education, art, and intellectual activity, a social
endeavor, as a subject, and personal and social action.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONISTS

Intellectual Revolutionists (L to R) Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, Sigmund

Freud)
• We often talk about heroes who died for freedom. Indeed, our history
will tell that—same thing today of our modern heroes like our front
medical liners facing the bites of CoVID-19.
• Moreover, the same goes for the heroes in the field of science who
went against the flow.
• These people were intellectual revolutionists because they were able
to correct prior knowledge and break the monotony of life, which was
bold and controversial
• But let us talk about how they with technical science ideas. Let us see
different perspectives on what science is.
• Science as an idea includes ideas and theories available in
methodological explanations according to the natural and physical
environment.
• Science as an intellectual activity involves studying the physical
and natural world systematically and pragmatically through
analyses and experimentations.
• Science as a discipline explains the how’s and what’s of the world.
It is science as a subject.
• Science, as a personal and people's activity, explains that it
encompasses being knowledge and activities practiced by
men to understand the natural world.
• Science as credulity is a tendency to be too ready to
believe that something is real or genuine.
• Science, as an art, is an expression of the products
produced.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONIST

• The following science men were in the center of the

limelight during their own time. We will highlight
some of their contributions and see what
revolutionizes the world of science by then.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Facts about Copernicus
1. One of the Renaissance men
2. Ideas on the thought experiment
3. Appointed as a canon at Frombork Cathedral
in Poland
4. Influenced by the Book of Johannes Mueller
5. Authored Commentariolus (Little
Commentary)
6. Nicolas Copernicus' book De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of
Heavenly Spheres) is the start of the scientific
revolution
IN HIS BOOK, HE INTRODUCED TWO KINDS OF
PLANETARY MOTION:

1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the Earth's

realm, thus, closer to the sun.
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the
Earth's orbit, thus farther from the sun
• In his postulate, one of the problems in the Copernican
model was the position of the stars, which is not in a fixed
position
• Although the Copernican model was a great help, it was
said to be heretic and unacceptable to the Catholics
• It was banned and ignored by Rome for the entire 16th
century.
• During his lifetime, the geocentric model was the rule,
meaning the sun and planets around the Earth, and Earth
itself was the center of the universe.
CHARLES DARWIN
Facts about Darwin

1. Famous for his Theory of Evolution

2. Shrewsbury School where he was inspired to
study natural history
3. Took a 5-year voyage in Galapagos Islands
through HMS Beagle
4. Published Darwin's book The Origin of the
Species in 1589
5. His book The Descent of Man was very
controversial
• The contribution of Darwin in the field of Natural
Science is undeniably impressive and vital.
• Until now, he was still the man to deal with on
evolution.
• Having apes as the descendants of men today is
such a controversy until today. What is your side of
the story?
SIGMUND FREUD

Facts about Freud

1. Famous in the Field of Psychology

2. A proponent of psychosexual
development theory
3. Psychoanalysis
4. He examined frog brains
5. Believed that our base urges were sexual
6. Most of our personalities come from our
desire
• Even though Freud dealt with specific controversial issues
such as sex, it changes the paradigm of many to be open
and be on the pursuit of the real objective of education.
• Although he was born in the latter period of a scientific
revolution, his theories remain valuable and sensible in
psychology or science.
SUMMARY
• In this lesson, you have learned various postulates
contributed by Freud, Darwin, and Copernicus.
• Darwin posited the evolution of man
• Freud contributed to the psychosexual stages of
development that point out sexual desires and behavior.
• Lastly, Copernicus contradicted the Catholics during that
time with his postulate that the sun is the center of the
universe.