Larios, Alan Lyndon F. - bsn3A-Activity - Emphysema

Republic of the Philippines
University Vision
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
The President Ramon Iba, Zambales (Main Campus)
Magsaysay State University
shall be a progressive learner-
centered research university
recognized in the ASEAN
Region in 2020. Name: Allan Lyndon F. Larios Date:
University Mission
The President Ramon
BSN-3A
shall primarily provide advance
and higher professional,
technical, and special
instructions in various
disciplines; undertake Emphysema
research, extension and
income generation programs
for the sustainable What to know all about Emphysema
development of Zambales, the
region and the country.
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with
College Goals
The PRMSU-College of emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs or the alveoli are damaged. Over time, the inner
Nursing aims to provide the
students appropriate practical walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture creating larger air spaces instead of many small
and theoretical competencies
in the practice of nursing ones. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that
services. Expose students to
experiences which would reaches your bloodstream. When you exhale, the damaged alveoli don't work properly
provide them the opportunities
to reinforce skills in and old air becomes trapped, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter. Most
medical/nursing services.
Develop in the students the people with emphysema also have chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation
passion from services and
concern for the medical needs of the tubes that carry air to your lungs (bronchial tubes), which leads to a persistent
of our community. Undertake
research projects vis-a-vis the cough. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two conditions that make up chronic
development of newer and
better approaches in Nursing obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking is the leading cause of COPD.
and Nursing Education. At the
end of the program, 100 % of Treatment may slow the progression of COPD, but it can't reverse the damage. You can
the graduates are expected to
pass the Philippine Nursing have emphysema for many years without noticing any signs or symptoms. The main
Licensure Examination above
the National Percentage Rate. symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath, which usually begins gradually.
College Specific
Objectives
You may start avoiding activities that cause you to be short of breath, so the symptom
1. Provide appropriate and
relevant medical services to
doesn't become a problem until it starts interfering with daily tasks. Emphysema
the Filipino people in particular
and to those in dire need of
eventually causes shortness of breath even while you're at rest. Emphysema is the
health care in general. enlargement and destruction of the alveolar, bronchial, and bronchiolar tissue with
2. Undertake research projects
on the development of newer resultant loss of recoil, air trapping, thoracic overdistention, sputum accumulation, and
and better approaches in
Nursing and Nursing loss of diaphragmatic muscle tone. These changes cause a state of carbon dioxide
Education
3. Pass licensure examinations retention, hypoxia, and respiratory acidosis.
for Registered Nurses.
4. Become leaders in the field
of Medicine/Nursing Signs & Symptoms
0919-069-9175
online.con@prmsu.edu.ph
@prmsucollegeofnursing
Common Signs & Symptoms
 use of accessory muscles

 thin appearance with barrel chest
 puffing(pursed lips)
 Tripod position
 Cyanosis
 On-going fatigue
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
 wheezing
recognized in the ASEAN  Coughing
Region in 2020.
 Chest pain & Chest tightness
University Mission
The President Ramon  Shortness of breath; especially during light exercise or climbing steps
and higher professional, Assessment
disciplines; undertake  Anorexia, fatigue, weight loss
income generation programs  Feeling of breathlessness,cough, sputum production, flaring of the nostrils, use of
for the sustainable
development of Zambales, the accessory muscles of respiration, increased rate and depth of breathing, dyspnea.
 Decreased respiratory excursion,resonance to hyperresonance, decreased breath
College Goals
The PRMSU-College of sounds with prolonged expiration, normal or decreased fremitus
students appropriate practical
and theoretical competencies How is emphysema diagnosed?
in the practice of nursing
experiences which would
The diagnosis of emphysema cannot be made solely on symptoms. Several tests are used
to reinforce skills in
to make the diagnosis. One simple test is to tap on your chest and listen with a
Develop in the students the
stethoscope for a hollow sound. This means that air is being trapped in your lungs. Other
concern for the medical needs
tests include:
research projects vis-a-vis the
better approaches in Nursing
X-rays: X-rays are generally not useful for detecting early stages of emphysema.
end of the program, 100 % of
However,
pass the Philippine Nursing
Licensure Examination above X-rays can help diagnose moderate or severe cases. Either a plain chest X-ray or a CAT
the National Percentage Rate.
(computer-aided tomography) scan can be used. Once the test is completed, the readings
College Specific are compared to X-rays of healthy or normal lungs.
Objectives
relevant medical services to Pulse oximetry: This test is also known as an oxygen saturation test. Pulse oximetry is
and to those in dire need of used to measure the oxygen content of the blood. This is done by attaching the monitor to
health care in general.
2. Undertake research projects a person’s finger, forehead, or earlobe.
on the development of newer
Nursing and Nursing
Education
Spirometry and pulmonary function tests (PFT): This is one of the most useful tests to
3. Pass licensure examinations
determine airway blockage. A spirometry or PFT tests the lungs’ volume by measuring
of Medicine/Nursing
airflow while a patient inhales and exhales. This test is done by taking a deep breath and
0919-069-9175
then blowing into a tube that is hooked up to a specialized machine. These tests are
online.con@prmsu.edu.ph compared to normal results from people of similar gender, age, height, weight and ethnic
background.
Arterial blood gas: This test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
blood from an artery. It is a test often used as emphysema worsens. It is especially helpful
in determining if a patient needs extra oxygen.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): ECGs check heart function and are used to rule out heart
disease as a cause of shortness of breath.
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
You might also talk to your doctor about whether testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency is appropriate for you.
Region in 2020.
University Mission
Prevention
The President Ramon
The best way to prevent or reduce further problems associated with the condition is to
avoid
disciplines; undertake
research, extension and  Cigarette smoking
for the sustainable  Chemical fumes
region and the country.  Solid perfumes
College Goals  Cleaning products
The PRMSU-College of
Nursing aims to provide the  Paint/varnish
and theoretical competencies  Dust
services. Expose students to  Pollen
provide them the opportunities  Pollution
Treatment
end of the program, 100 % of Because emphysema can worsen over time and there is no known cure, treatment is
pass the Philippine Nursing focused on slowing the speed of decline. The type of treatment will depend on the
the National Percentage Rate. severity of the disease.
College Specific
Objectives
 Quitting smoking: If you smoke, quit. This is the most important step you can take
to protect your lungs. It is never too late to quit. Your doctor can help you find the
the Filipino people in particular best smoking quitting method for you.
 Bronchodilator medications: These medicines relax the muscles around the airways.
They are often used to treat asthma. Bronchodilators, given through hand-held
Nursing and Nursing
Education
inhalants, produce more immediate results and have fewer side effects than oral
3. Pass licensure examinations medications.
of Medicine/Nursing
 Anti-inflammatory medication: These medications reduce inflammation in the
0919-069-9175
airways. However, long-term side effects of these drugs include osteoporosis,
online.con@prmsu.edu.ph hypertension, high blood sugar, and fat redistribution.
 Oxygen therapy: Oxygen therapy is prescribed for patients whose lungs are not
getting enough oxygen to the blood (hypoxemia). These patients can’t absorb enough
oxygen from the outside air and need to get more oxygen through a machine (a nasal
catheter or a facemask).
 Lung volume reduction surgery: Lung volume reduction surgery involves removing
a portion of diseased lung tissue, then joining together the remaining tissue. Doing
this may relieve pressure on the breathing muscles and help improve lung elasticity
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
(or stretch). The results of the surgery have been very promising. Not all patients with
emphysema are candidates for this surgery.
Region in 2020.
University Mission
Nursing Interventions
The President Ramon
shall primarily provide advance  Maintaining a patent airway is a priority. Use a humidifier at night to help the patient
technical, and special mobilize secretions in the morning.
disciplines; undertake  Encourage the patient to use controlled coughing to clear secretions that might have
income generation programs collected in the lungs during sleep.
for the sustainable
development of Zambales, the  Instruct the patient to sit at the bedside or in a comfortable chair, hug a pillow, bend
the head downward a little, take several deep breaths, and cough strongly.
College Goals
 Place patients who are experiencing dyspnea in a high Fowler position to improve
lung expansion. Placing pillows on the overhead table and having the patient lean
over in the orthopneic position may also be helpful. Teach the patient pursed-lip and
diaphragmatic breathing.
 To avoid infection, screen visitors for contagious diseases and instruct the patient to
avoid crowds.
 Conserve the patient’s energy in every possible way. Plan activities to allow for rest
periods, eliminating nonessential procedures until the patient is stronger. It may be
necessary to assist with the activities of daily living and to anticipate the patient’s
needs by having supplies within easy reach.
 Refer the patient to a pulmonary rehabilitation program if one is available in the
community.
College Specific
 Patient education is vital to long-term management. Teach the patient about the
Objectives disease and its implications for lifestyle changes, such as avoidance of cigarette
relevant medical services to smoke and other irritants, activity alterations, and any necessary occupational
and to those in dire need of changes. Provide information to the patient and family about medications and
2. Undertake research projects equipment.
Nursing and Nursing What are the treatments for emphysema?
Education
There is no cure for emphysema. However, treatments can help with symptoms, slow the
of Medicine/Nursing progress of the disease, and improve your ability to stay active. There are also treatments
0919-069-9175
to prevent or treat complications of the disease. Treatments include:
Lifestyle changes, such as
 Quitting smoking if you are a smoker. This is the most important step you can take
to treat emphysema. Avoiding secondhand smoke and places where you might
breathe in other lung irritants
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
 Ask your health care provider for an eating plan that will meet your nutritional
needs. Also ask about how much physical activity you can do. Physical activity can
Region in 2020.
strengthen the muscles that help you breathe and improve your overall wellness.
University Mission
The President Ramon
Medicines, such as
technical, and special  Bronchodilators, which relax the muscles around your airways. This helps open your
disciplines; undertake airways and makes breathing easier. Most bronchodilators are taken through an
income generation programs inhaler. In more severe cases, the inhaler may also contain steroids to reduce
for the sustainable
development of Zambales, the inflammation.
 Vaccines for the flu and pneumococcal pneumonia, since people with emphysema
College Goals are at higher risk for serious problems from these diseases
 Antibiotics if you get a bacterial or viral lung infection
in the practice of nursing  Oxygen therapy, if you have severe emphysema and low levels of oxygen in your
experiences which would blood. Oxygen therapy can help you breathe better. You may need extra oxygen all
the time or only at certain times.
Develop in the students the  Pulmonary rehabilitation, which is a program that helps improve the well-being of
concern for the medical needs people who have chronic breathing problems. It may include
development of newer and An exercise program
end of the program, 100 % of  Disease management training
pass the Philippine Nursing  Nutritional counseling
the National Percentage Rate.  Psychological counseling
College Specific  Surgery, usually as a last resort for people who have severe symptoms that have not
Objectives
1. Provide appropriate and gotten better with medicines. There are surgeries to
on the development of newer Health education
Nursing and Nursing
Education
What causes emphysema?
of Medicine/Nursing The cause of emphysema is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your
0919-069-9175 lungs and the airways. In the United States, cigarette smoke is the main cause. Pipe,
cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause emphysema, especially if you
inhale them.
Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to emphysema. These include

secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or
workplace.
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in
causing emphysema.
Region in 2020.
University Mission
Who is at risk for emphysema?
The President Ramon
The risk factors for emphysema include:
instructions in various Smoking. This the main risk factor. Up to 75% of people who have emphysema smoke
research, extension and or used to smoke.
for the sustainable
development of Zambales, the Long-term exposure to other lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, air pollution,
and chemical fumes and dusts from the environment or workplace.
College Goals
Nursing aims to provide the Age. Most people who have emphysema are at least 40 years old when their symptoms
and theoretical competencies begin.
experiences which would Genetics. This includes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is a genetic condition.
to reinforce skills in Also, smokers who get emphysema are more likely to get it if they have a family history
Develop in the students the of COPD.
of our community. Undertake What are the symptoms of emphysema?
At first, you may have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease gets worse,
your symptoms usually become more severe. They can include:
the National Percentage Rate.  Frequent coughing or wheezing
College Specific  A cough that produces a lot mucus
Objectives
 Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity
 A whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe
 Tightness in your chest
and better approaches in Some people with emphysema get frequent respiratory infections such as colds and the
Nursing and Nursing
Education flu. In severe cases, emphysema can cause weight loss, weakness in your lower muscles,
for Registered Nurses. and swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs.
of Medicine/Nursing
0919-069-9175
@prmsucollegeofnursing Causes
Smoking is the number one factor. Because of this, emphysema is one of the most
preventable types of respiratory diseases. Air pollutants in the home and workplace,
genetic (inherited) factors (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), and respiratory infections can
also play a role in causing emphysema. Cigarette smoking not only destroys lung tissue,
it also irritates the airways. This causes inflammation and damage to cilia that line the
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
bronchial tubes. This results in swollen airways, mucus production, and difficulty
clearing the airways. All of these changes can lead to shortness of breath.
Region in 2020.
University Mission
The main cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to airborne irritants,
The President Ramon
including:
technical, and special  Tobacco smoke; The most common cause of emphysema is tabacco smoking, so
disciplines; undertake emphysema is considered to be a preventable disease in most cases. There are other
income generation programs genetic conditions that can cause emphysema, but these are rare in comparison to
for the sustainable
smoking.
 Marijuana smoke
College Goals  Air pollution
 Chemical fumes and dust
services. Expose students to Health Teaching
to reinforce skills in  Be sure the patient and family understand any medication prescribed, including
Develop in the students the dosage, route, action, and side effects.
concern for the medical needs  Instruct the patient to report any signs and symptoms of infection to the primary
research projects vis-a-vis the healthcare provider.
better approaches in Nursing  Explain necessary dietary adjustments to the patient and family. Recommend eating
end of the program, 100 % of small, frequent meals, including high-protein, high-density foods.
pass the Philippine Nursing  Encourage the patient to plan rest periods around his or her activities, conserving as
the National Percentage Rate. much energy as possible.
College Specific  Arrange for return demonstrations of equipment used by the patient and family. If the
Objectives
1. Provide appropriate and patient requires home oxygen therapy, refer the patient to the appropriate rental
the Filipino people in particular service, and explain the hazards of combustion and increasing the flow rate without
health care in general. consultation from the primary healthcare provider.
and better approaches in Nursing Intervention
Nursing and Nursing
Education
3. Pass licensure examinations Nursing Diagnosis for Emphysema : Impaired Gas Exchange related to ventilation-
4. Become leaders in the field perfusion abnormalities secondary to hypoventilation.
of Medicine/Nursing
0919-069-9175 Goal:
Patients can maintain adequate gas exchange.
Outcomes:
Patients were able to demonstrate:
Lung sounds clean.
COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
Normal skin color.
Region in 2020.  Blood gases within the normal range expected for age.
University Mission
The President Ramon
and higher professional, Intervention:
disciplines; undertake  Assess for signs and symptoms of hypoxia and hypercapnia.
for the sustainable
 Monitor and record blood gas examination, review of the increasing trend in PaCO2
or decrease in PaO 2.
 Assist with the provision of mechanical ventilation as indicated, assess the need for
College Goals
The PRMSU-College of CPAP or PEEP.
students appropriate practical  Auscultation of the chest to listen to breath sounds every hour
in the practice of nursing  Review the daily chest X-ray examination, note the increase or irregularities.
 Monitor cardiac rhythm.
 Give parenteral fluids to order.
 Give the drugs to order: bronchodilators, antibiotics, steroids.
and Nursing Education. At the Nursing Diagnosis for Emphysema : Excess Fluid Volume related to pulmonary edema
pass the Philippine Nursing Goal:
College Specific
 Patients avoid excess fluid volume.
Objectives
1. Provide appropriate and Outcomes:
 Patients were able to demonstrate:
on the development of newer  Normal vital signs.
Nursing and Nursing  Fluid balance within normal limits.
Education
3. Pass licensure examinations  No edema.
of Medicine/Nursing Intervention:
0919-069-9175
online.con@prmsu.edu.ph  Carved body weight each day.
 Monitor the patient's input and output every 1 hour.
 Assess signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output.
 Assess for signs of volume overload: edema, weight gain, CVP
 Monitor hemodynamic parameters.

COLLEGE OF NURSING
University Vision
Region in 2020. Nursing consideration
University Mission
The President Ramon Emphysema is mostly a disease associated with smoking and the best response to early
warning signs of emphysema is to stop smoking or else later your physician will have to
consider a nursing care plan for emphysema. People with emphysema often have
allergies.
for the sustainable
College Goals
College Specific
Objectives
Nursing and Nursing
Education
of Medicine/Nursing
0919-069-9175
COLLEGE OF NURSING

Larios, Alan Lyndon F. - bsn3A-Activity - Emphysema

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Republic of the Philippines

 use of accessory muscles

Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to emphysema. These include

Patients were able to demonstrate:

Lung sounds clean.

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