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Transformer Handbook
Transformer Handbook
0. FOREWORD
The objective of this Transformer Handbook is to facilitate the physical understanding, selection,
ordering, operation and maintenance of the whole range of power and distribution transformers.
The target readers are personnel involved in the various stages of a transformer’s service life, from
planning the investment to the disposal of the transformer after use.
This handbook is arranged in sections following the transformer’s life from initial considerations and
planning through ordering, installation, operation, maintenance and scrapping.
Other useful information, including more theoretical topics, is included.
Navigation through the handbook is facilitated by the three level contents list following this
foreword, and the Index Section 20 page 231 at the end. Each section may be read independently
of the other sections. Please note that page numbers contain an introductory chapter number and
the page number after the hyphen.
Some topics or phenomena are deliberately mentioned several places in the text for the purpose
that readers might not read the whole content of this book from the beginning to the end, but only
chapters of particular individual interest.
The first edition, Rev. 01, of this handbook issued at the end of 2003 was limited to distribution
transformers and the “IEC-world”.
Based on feedback from the readers and the fact that ABB has merged all transformer activities
into one Business Unit, Transformers, the second edition, Rev. 02, of the handbook issued in 2004
covered all transformer types fulfilling the requirements of IEC and relevant ANSI/IEEE standards.
The second edition, Rev. 02, was well accepted by customers and ABB employees. It is also
available in the Russian language.
This third edition, Rev. 03, is a general updating and expansion of the handbook, partly initiated by
comments from the readers.
This handbook is based on ABB Ltd. best knowledge and experience, and is meant to be a guide
for readers in handling transformer matters. ABB Ltd and the authors of the handbook cannot
however be rendered responsible for any legal, technical or commercial use of the information
herein. Binding information should be a part of the contract/agreement between the customers and
the different transformer suppliers.
The standards, IEC, CENELEC, and ANSI/IEEE, mentioned in the text, refer to the edition given in
the list of standards. For practical use, only latest editions of the standards should be used.
ABB Power Products Division thanks the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for
permission to reproduce information from its International Standards. All such extracts are
copyright of IEC, Geneva, Switzerland. All rights reserved. Further information on the IEC is
available from www.iec.ch. The IEC is not responsible for the placement and context in which the
extracts and contents are reproduced by ABB Power Products Division; nor is the IEC in any way
responsible for the other content or accuracy thereof.
Similarly, ABB Power Products Division appreciates the permission of The American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) to
reprint excerpts from its standards. All such excerpts are copyright of ANSI/IEEE the year
published. All rights reserved. Further information on the ANSI/IEEE is available from www.ansi.org
and www.ieee.org. The ANSI/IEEE is not responsible for the placement and context in which the
excerpts are reproduced by ABB Power Technologies Division. The ANSI/IEEE disclaims any
responsibility or liability resulting from the placement and use in the described manner.
Extracts from the ABB Switchgear Manual are quoted by kind approval by the issuer.
ABB Ltd. issued in 2006 ABB Service Handbook for Transformers which goes more into detail in
the subjects service and maintenance than the present Transformer Handbook.
UK English has been selected for this document to comply with the language in IEC standards.
Also the use of “.” and “,” in numbers follows the practice used in IEC standards. There are no real
differences between the vocabulary applied in IEC and IEEE/ANSI standards. The only exception
is the use of the words “earth”/”earthed” (according to IEC) and “ground”/”grounded” (according to
IEEE).
Please also read the Note at the end of the handbook.
2
Contents
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. 2
1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1-7
1.1. ABB-GROUP ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-7
1.2. ABB POWER TECHNOLOGIES BUSINESS UNIT TRANSFORMERS ................................................................................ 1-7
3
7.4. SURFACE TREATMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 7-115
7.5. EARTH QUAKE WITHSTAND CAPABILITY ................................................................................................................ 7-116
4
12. THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS.........................................................12-162
5
18.1.8. Other relevant STANDARDS and litterature........................................................................................ 18-221
19. Extracts from IEC 61936-1 (2002-10) Power installations=exceeding 1 kV a.c. – Part 1:
Common rules ..........................................................................................................................19-222
RE. 4 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 19-222
Re. 4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 19-222
RE. 5 INSULATION ................................................................................................................................................ 19-222
RE. 6 EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 19-223
Re. 6.1 General requirements ...................................................................................................................... 19-223
RE. 7 INSTALLATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 19-223
Re. 7.1 General requirements ...................................................................................................................... 19-223
RE. 8 SAFETY MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 19-223
Re. 8. 6 Protection against fire ...................................................................................................................... 19-224
RE. 9 PROTECTION, CONTROL AND AUXILIARY SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 19-229
Re. 9.1 Monitoring and control systems ....................................................................................................... 19-229
RE. 10 EARTHING SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 19-229
Re. 10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 19-229
Re. 10.2 Fundamental requirements.............................................................................................................. 19-229