340 SWANK, ROTH, AND JANSEN

istor leads ran to a bridge circuit and to a millivolt recorder. A into the dorsal surface of the brain through bilateral 3 x 5 mm
photograph of the thermode-thermistor unit is shown in Fig. IB. holes made in the skull with a dental drill. Figure 3 is a lateral
Although the dimensions for the unit seen in Figs. I A and B are X ray of the cat’s head showing the unit in place.
specific for the anterior hypothalamus of the cat’s brain, similar Changes in hypothalamic temperature were made bilaterally
units have been constructed for the dog. with temperature-controlled water under pressure, as shown
The separate units of the device were molded into a single in Fig. 4. Temperature records, reporting the type of control
dental acrylic base using the mold shown in Fig. 2. The ventral possible with this system have been published earlier (2).
surface of the acrylic base and the thermode and thermistor This report has described the design and construction of a
shafts were covered with multiple coats of thinned lacquer thermode-thermistor unit that can be chronically implanted for
prior to stereotaxic implanta,tion. The unit was “cold sterilized” measurements of, and experimental changes in, brain tem-
(Zepharin solution) before surgery. perature in unanesthetized animals. A similar type of construc-
The flanged ventral edge of the thermode-thermistor mount tion would be of value for making a series of units with mul-
was attached to the skull surface by three stainless steel screws tiple probes for either stimulating or recording from local
and a layer of dental acrylic. The shafts of the unit extended brain areas.

REFERENCES

I. ADAMS, T. Science I 39 : 6og--61 o, 1963. 6. HAMMEL, H. T., J. D. HARDY, AND M. M. Fusco. Am. J. Physiol.
2. ADAMS, T. J. A#. Physiol. 18: 772-777, 1963. I g8 : 48 I -486, I 960.
3. BARBOUR, H. G. Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 70: I -26, 1gr 2. 7. HASAMA, B. Arch. Exftl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 153 : 257-290, 1930.
4. FORSTER, R. E., II, AND T. B. FERGUSON. Am. J. Physiol. 169: 8. HENSEL, H. $mp. Neural. Aspects Temp. Regulation, 1st. Alaska:
255-269,1952. Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, 1960, p. 70.
5. FREEMAN, W. J., AND D. D. DAVIS. Am. J. Physiol. 197: 145-
148, 1959.

Screen filtration pressure method

and adhesiveness and aggregation of blood cells*

ROY L. SWANK, JOHN G. ROTH, AND JEROLD JANSEN

Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Reqioial Primate
Research Center, and Research Instrument Service, Uniuersi,!~ of Oregon
Medical School, Portland, Oregon

SWANK, ROY L., JOHN G. ROTH, AND .JEROLD .JANSEN. circulatory dynamics in arteries and large arterioles. This
Screen @ration pressure method and adhesiveness Ad aggregation of method indicates changes in the concentration of red blood
blood cells. J. Appl. Physiol. r g(2) : 340-346. r g64.-An cells (3, 5, I I), and changes in the concentration and nature
apparatus is described which measures the resistance to flow of of the plasma proteins (4, 7, I I)? It does not detect aggrega-
blood through a screen with multiple openings 20 p square. tion of the blood elements (Table I ), unless these aggregates
This apparatus is especially sensitive to presence in blood of approach in size the diameter of the capillary tube (usually
aggregated blood elements and adhesive materials. It is much 300 p) used for testing flow characteristics of the blood. Since
less sensitive to changes in hematocrit. The structural features blood flow is laminar through conduits of this caliber these
and operation, as well as interpretation of pressure curves aggregates occupy a central position in the cellular core, and
are described. interfere very little with the rate of flow. The addition of
anticoagulants to the blood, in vitro and in vivo, may signifi-
viscosity of blood suspension stability of blood cantly lower the blood viscosity values obtained with the
aggregation of platelets and leucocytes aggregation of capillary tube method (6), and addition of low molecular
red blood cells adhesiveness of platelets weight dextrans reduce blood viscosity which has been ele-
adhesiveness of blood elements vated by injections of high molecular weight dextrans ( I o, I 4).
It seems likely that aggregates of blood elements, if suffi-
ciently large and held together by sufficiently strong forces,
would occlude the smaller conduits of the vascular system,
T HE CONVENTIONAL CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD Of IlXaSUring
i.e., smaller
aggregates
arterioles,
would fail to interfere
venules, and capillaries.
with passage of blood through
These same

blood viscosity yields information which may apply only to

l Recent observations in collaboration with Dr. Geoffrey Sea-
Received for publication 5 August 1963. man indicate that the cone-plate viscometer also does not detect
* This study was supported jointly by Public Health Service the presence of aggregated or adhesive blood cells, and in many
Grant H 2676, a personal grant from Mr. Robert Wills, and the respects furnishes data similar to that which was previously ob-
Medical Research Foundation of Oregon. tained with the capillary tube method (I 3a).

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SCREEN FILTRATION PRESSURE 341

larger blood vessels. Aggregates which appear to meet these TABLE I b Relationshi’ of relative viscosities determined
criteria have been observed in blood stored for future trans- with a capillary tube about 300 p in diameter (r3a)
fusions (8) ; during hypotensive (9, I 3), endotoxin (2), and to screen j&ration pressures
anaphylactic (I 5) shock; following large fat meals (IO) ; and
following addition of large molecular weight substances Screen Filtration Pressure
(dextrans, gelatins, and the like) (I o, I I, I 4), serotonin and R$;r;;C. (mm Hg) Normal Values
25 - 50 m m Hg
adenosine diphosphate to blood (I, I 2). Values,
In an attempt to quantitate the degree of aggregation present 4 3~ I unit
Before After
in blood, a device has been developed in this laboratory which filtration filtration
demonstrates the resistance to flow of blood through multiple
pores precisely 20 p square (8, 9). This method has demon- Hypotensive shock 3*7 225
strated marked increase in resistance to flow of blood during Stored blood (hep.) 4.0 148 33
storage (8), during hypotensive shock (g), and after addition Blood + serotonin 3.4 125
of serotonin and adenosine diphosphate (12) to the blood.
Tests with the same bloods have clearly shown that the presence
of these aggregates does not significantly influence the re-
sistance to flow of blood through a capillary tube (Table I).
The present paper describes the details of construction and
operation of this instrument and interpretation of the pressure
curves which are obtained with it.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE APPARATUS2

The apparatus consists of a syringe drive which empties a

hypodermic syringe, containing blood, at a predetermined
rate. The blood is forced from the syringe through a screen with
multiple pores each precisely 20 p square. The pressures which
develop proximal to the screen are monitored by a strain
gauge and recorded. (Statham strain gauge with sensitivity
between o and 750 mm Hg, and Leeds and Northrup Speedo-
max H recorder with paper speed of 2 in./10 set are used.)
The ram advances at a controlled rate for a preset distance,
then automatically returns to its initial position. The emptying
time of the syringe has been set empirically to permit blood FIG. I. Details of construction of the syringe filter block. A
to be tested without anticoagulant. The period of the test photograph of the screen E is inserted in the lower left hand
can be easily altered to satisfy other criteria of experimentation. corner of the figure.
Two syringe drives have been developed, a mechanical and
a hydraulic system. The electronics, recording, and switching this filter/ 1 o sec. The diameter of the opening in the filter
mechanisms for both systems are the same. has, in each block, been adjusted so that the control pressures
A. Syringe Jilter block. Figure I shows an exploded view of which develop in the recording system when normal saline is
the syringe block. The brass base (A) contains a heating ele- forced through the screen are 5 + I mm Hg. The last two
ment (B) and its thermostat (C). This maintains the syringe, blocks have been more extensively tested than the first. Both
its contents, and the Plexiglas filter block (D) at 38 C. The have proved satisfactory and require less blood than the first.
filter block contains the microfilter (E)3 seated on a j& in. Detailed measurement data for all three blocks are shown in
thick sheet of softer plastic (vinyl acetate) firmly attached to Table 2.
the filter base in the Plexiglas block, and a connection (F) B. Mechanical syringe drive. Figure 2 shows a side and plan
for measuring the pressure between the syringe and the filter. view of the mechanical syringe drive. An electric motor (Aj
The syringe is emptied at a constant rate. Therefore, the is connected through a gear train (B and C) to a spindle (D).
pressure gauge indicates the relative back pressure produced A ten thread per inch Acme nut in the spindle drives the ram
by the resistance to flow of blood through the filter. After (E) against the syringe. The rear portion of the ram is square
passing through the filter the fluid empties into a catch basin. to prevent rotation. On the forward drive end of the ram is
The filter block may be easily removed and disassembled for an adjustable cap with a neoprene pad. A pin through the
cleaning. rear of the ram engages the adjustable switches (F), limiting
Three syringe blocks have been developed and used. The the travel of the ram in both directions.
first has a microfilter with a diameter of 3.175 mm. Eight The combination of a 72 rev/min motor,4 a 56-tooth motor
milliliters of blood are forced through this filter/IO set (8). gear (B), and a 72-tooth spindle gear (C) drives a syringe5
The second block has a diameter of 2.4 mm. (In a previous of o.587-in. bore diameter at a rate of 0.4 ml/set. Substituting
publication this was reported to have a diameter of 0.089 a 44-tooth motor gear and a syringe6 of o.462-in. bore diameter
inches (I o) .) Four milliliters of blood are forced through this gives a flow rate of 0.2 ml/set.
filter/I o sec. (9). A third block, now in use (I 2, I 3) has a
filter diameter of I .8 mm and 2 ml of blood are forced through 4 Superior Electric Co., Bristol, Conn., model SS 250 72 rev/
min “instant starting and reversing” synchronous motor.
2 The apparatus as described here was fabricated by the Re- 5 A IO ml Becton, Dickinson and Co., multifit, metal-tipped
search Instrument Service, University of Oregon Medical School. syringe model I o mm/liter.
3 Filter screen manufactured by Buckbee Mears CO., Toni Bldg., 6 A 5 ml Becton, Dickinson and Co., multifit, metal-tipped
St. Paul I, Minn. This filter has multiple pores 20 P square. syringe model 5 mm/liter.

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342 SWANK, ROTH, AND JANSEN

TABLE 2. Detailed construction data of 3 deferent syringe D. Electronic controls and amplijier. The basic electronic
jilter blocks used in screenfiltration pressure afiparatus controls for the hydraulic- and motor-driven ram systems are
similar. The requirements are first, control of the ram; second,
Amount
Blood temperature control of the syringe block; third, a well-regu-
Vol. Flow Control Pressure
With Normal lated IO-V, d-c supply for the Statham strain gauge; and fourth,
Block %T2” Diam., Area, Through Screen,
NO. Test, ml mm ml/mm2 set Saline, m m Hg a d-c amplifier, with a zero-suppressing network to allow
I 8 3-v ;k”, 0.102 5&I positioning the base line of the recording device.
2 4 2.4 4.52 0.089 5QI The motor control circuit (Fig. 4) consists of two relays
3 2 I .8 ‘-54 0.078 5*’ which determine the direction of the ram movement, and
two limit switches which set the length of its travel. Closure
of the one-cycle push button energizes relay 2, allowing its
contacts (RY-2a) to close and hold the relay in the energized
position. This relay will remain energized until the rear
microswitch is opened, breaking the circuit to the relay.
With the closure of relay 2, power is applied to the motor
(contacts RY-~b). The motor is connected so that when relay
I is in the de-energized state, the motor moves the ram in
the forward position. The resistor and capacitor across the
motor leads supply the correct phase shift between the two
internal windings. When the ram reaches the forward limit
switch, relay I is energized locking itself through its own con-
tacts, RY-I a, and reversing the direction of rotation of the
motor by transferring the motor input via contacts RY-I b.
‘rhe ram now moves in the reverse direction until the rear
microswitch is open, removing power from the system with
de-energization of relay 2.
The temperature of the syringe heater block (38 it 0.25 C)
is controlled by the thermoswitch in series with the heater
FIG. 2. Details of construction of the mechanical syringe drive. The power supply for the strain gauge is shown in Fig. 5.
The zener diode was selected to give a maximum allowable
output voltage for the Statham strain gauge, i.e., IO v. These
The mechanical syringe dri.ve has a fixed speed. It requires diodes should be carefully selected to prevent supplying an
no warm up period before it is used, and it is quiet. The overvoltage to the gauge.
amount of blood which it forces through the screen can be The magnetic amplifier7 is connected as an operational
varied from 4 to I ml, but this is accomplished at the same amplifier with a basic gain of 1,500. The feedback resistance
uniform speed. is held constant and the gain settings (times one and times two)
C. Hydraulic syringe driue. The hydraulic drive system was are set by the input potentiometers. The output is designed
used td determine test speeds and stroke. It is no longer used to drive a IO-mv recorder.
routinely in this laboratory, having been replaced by the more The amplifier supply voltage is obtained from the line-
reproducible and easy to operate mechanical system. However, regulating transformer that supplies the strain gauge. Although
since it has great flexibility and can be adapted for different these amplifiers can tolerate I ocT, line variation a regulated
experimental conditions it is described here in detail (see voltage increases long-term stability.
Fig. 3).
The battery and resistor network set the reference base line.
The hydraulic system is driven by a gear-type pump. It has
Separate divider resistors are coupled into the circuit with
a maximum output of 17.3 g/hr at 300 psi. Although pressure
range changes to keep the zero adjustment sensitive. A coarse
in the system is set at IOO psi, the 300 psi pump is used to in-
sure an adequate flow to the hydraulic ram during its operating zero set is provided so that the operator can re-establish zero
cycle. if it should be necessary to change gauges.
During construction and testing it was found that the heat The output of the amplifier is not suited for use with an
of the pump motor changed the viscosity of the hydraulic oscilliscope as it is now designed. Inductance-capacitance
fluid and the speed of the ram. To counteract this, the oil filtering would smooth the output for oscilliscope photography.
was heated (under thermostatic control) slightly above the It should be noted that the amplifier, although relatively
level produced by the motor. This satisfactorily stabilized the insensitive to line voltage changes, is sensitive to changes in
ram speed. Also, the gear-type pump made considerable noise.
line frequency. Frequency changes of o. I ‘:‘b will cause output
This was minimized by mounting the pump on rubber shock
variations of 0.5-1 mv.
mounts in a separate ventilated sector of the cabinet.
A bidirectional valve is used to change the direction of flow The instrument can be packaged in several different con-
to the ram. The solenoids which switch the valve are energized figurations. The positioning of parts is not critical. The motor
from the control system via two microswitches. The micro- control circuits and heater parts can be placed with the drive
switches are adjustable so that the ram travel can be varied. system, and the amplifier system packaged separately. In one
In conjunction with solenoid valves, a variable relief valve model all parts were assembled as a small panel-mounted
is used to set and maintain a IOO psi. The flow of the ram is assembly in the recorder housing.
controlled by a micrometer-type metering valve to insure
speed of both the forward and backward thrust of the hy- 7 Acromag model 164, Acromag Inc., 225 I 5 Telegraph Road,
draulic ram. Springfield, Mich.

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SCREEN FILTRATION PRESSURE
343

PUMP
EASTERN
r + + I
INDUSTRIES INC,
i lonl, cici\

RELIEF VALVE MOTOR

FLUIDCONTROL INC MASTER 1/6HP
X1670-A2

'OIL RESERVOIR
LFENWALTHERMOSTAT
#l7300-0
L.CHROMALOXHEATER
SOLENOID #RI-l00
VALVE -
GABRIEL CO.
#100130

11 HOKE VALVE
1. I I /-RR270) /I---
O-200 FIG. 3. Plan of hydraulic syr-
PSIGAGE' inge drive.

) SCREEN

kYLINDER SYRINGE HEATER BLOCK (ALUMINUM)

ALKON PRODUCTS CORP. l,FENWAL THERMOSTAT
2 1/2'DIA,x I'STROKE #l7300-0
2,CHROMALOX HEATER
#C-202A

RY2A
fNO

150a4
I THERMOSWITCH FIG.
tor control
4. &XtrOniC

circuit.
plan Of mo-
5ow FENWAL
17300-O
rz-
PILOT
1 LIGHTS
HE5iTiR
SS 250

OPERATION OF APPARATUS of blood in the syringe, the tip is inserted in the back of the
plastic block, with the syringe lying in the groove of the heater
Five milliliter of blood are drawn into a s-ml B-D multifit
block, and the syringe is locked in place by a slight twist.
syringe. (The present description is for the block with screen The paper is started on the recorder, the base line of the ink-
filtration area of 2.54 mm2.) If the blood is taken directly from
writer is adjusted, and the switch activating the syringe drive
a blood vessel the puncture must be made so that there will be
turned on. The ram should be adjusted so that it takes ap-
no interference with the flow of the blood, and 2 ml of blood proximately 2 set for it to engage the plunger of the syringe,
drawn to flush out the needle. The 5-ml test sample is then after the switch contact is made. The finger of the left hand
drawn into a second syringe. The plunger of the syringe must
should be immediately placed on the stop switch, “panic
be withdrawn slowly so that negative pressure in the syringe
button,” and the ink writer of the recorder carefully observed
is at a minimum. This prevents bubbles of air or oxygen from so that the ram can be stopped immediately if the pressure
entering the blood from between the barrel of the syringe
rises too high. Normally the ram advances steadily for the
and it’s plunger, or the creation of oxygen bubbles, by cavita-
preset period of time. Blood is forced through the screen for
tion, from oxygen in solution in the blood. The syringe is then
IO sec. The ram then automatically reverses its direction and
pointed tip upward and the surface bubbles expressed from the
syringe. The tip is then pointed down and blood is expressed returns to its resting or beginning position. In the mechanical
from the tip to assure that air or oxygen bubbles are not present model, the ram remains in this position until reactivated again.
in blood in the tip of the syringe. With slightly more than 3 ml In the hydraulic model the ram reverses its direction at the

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344 SWANK, ROTH, AND JANSEN

r OUT
TO RECORDER

ZERO
Y Y BALANCE

LIGHT

FIG. 5. Amplifier circuit and power supply for the strain gauge.

end of each cycle and continues to move back and forth. This
prevents the oil in the hydraulic cylinder from cooling and Ht52.5
becoming
The syringe
more viscous,
is immediately
slowing the speed of the ram.
removed, and the block rinsed
k
with saline first from the front, then the rear of the block, and
finally by way of the lateral connection to the strain gauge.
A low vacuum is utilized to aspirate the saline through the
channels in the block. The screen is removed by unscrewing
the screen lock. Finally, a clean screen is inserted. The screen
is wet with saline and placed on the screen lock nut over the
blood channel hole. The surface tension of the saline solution
keeps the screen in position while the screen holder is screwed
into position. The screen is then washed with clean saline and
air dried.
Before and after a blood test the screen is tested. Normal 2 IO
saline is substituted for blood and the test repeated. Saline Q3 t
control pressure curves with a clean screen are flat topped t ml /sq. mmhec
I I I I I I I
and give a maximum pressure of 5 & I mm Hg. Normal - 0 ,018
.I I .055 .036 ,027
human and dog blood pressure curves rise rapidly at first,
then more slowly to reach pressures of 25-50 mm Hg at the FIG. 6. Relationship of the hematocrit and filtration speed to
end of IO sec. The pressure curves are referred to as screen screen filtration pressure.
filtration pressure curves, and the terminal pressure at the
end of IO set as the screen filtration pressure. distilled water which we use before flat-topped control curves
Usually the screens are used but once and then cleaned. for saline can be obtained.
They are cleaned in water containing a small amount of sonic The test time period was set at IO set for two chief reasons.
cleaning fluid by placing in the sonic cleaner for I hr. The First, this gave sufficient time to allow for the configuration of
screens are then rinsed free of cleaner and detached debris the screen filtration pressure curve to develop, and second,
by several changes of distilled water in the sonic cleaner for this period made it possible to complete the test, from be-
IO min each time. Finally, they are air dried and placed in a ginning withdrawal of blood to reversal of ram direction, in
dust-free jar ready for use. 30 sec. With whole blood containing no anticoagulant, tests
We have found that the distilled water used in all operations taking longer than 40 set often showed an increasing viscosity
is critical. If the water is not free of debris the screens become suggesting that clotting was occurring. Even when the anti-
partially occluded and give abnormally high control and test coagulant heparin is added to blood the test should be com-
readings. It has sometimes been necessary to redistill the pleted as quickly as possible.

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SCREEN FILTRATION PRESSURE 345

not complicated by artifacts due to bubbles when the test was

carefully performed. No more than 2 y0 of determinations need
to be discarded because of bubbles if the test is performed
carefully.

INTERPRETATION OF SCREEN FILTRATION PRESSURE CURVES

Representative screen filtration pressure curves are shown

in Fig. 7. In Fig. 7, A is a normal curve typical of those ob-
tained with blood containing heparin. Similar curves are ob-
tained from blood without anticoagulant. The pressure rises
rapidly at first then tends to level off by the end of the test.
B is a curve for heparinized blood to which has been added
I ng of serotonin/ml of blood. Similar high-pressure curves
may be obtained during hypotensive shock. The C curve was
from bank blood stored for 4 days. The pressure exceeded
225 mm Hg, the pressure limits of the apparatus as now
calibrated. After this blood had been passed through Pyrex
glass wool the curve D was obtained (8). Notice the marked
FIG. 7. Typical screen filtration pressure curves. decrease in pressure and the very flat top of the last half of
this curve indicating a rather complete absence of aggregated
and adhesive cells in this blood.
The series of curves in Fig. 7, E, F, and G, shows changes
which may occur during exsanguination of a heparinized dog
(9). E is a control pressure curve. F and G show typical pro-
gressive increases in the screen filtration pressure curves.
The heparinization was sufficient to prevent the blood from
clotting for several hours. H shows the type of curve which
results from presence of small air bubbles in the blood. When

t
Areo of Screen - mm2
I I I111111 I I I11llll I
I
.I .5 1.0 5.0 10.0
FIO. 8. Relation of screen filtration pressure to filtration area of
the screen.

The effect of different speeds of filtration through the micro-

filter of the machine was determined with the hydraulic
syringe drive mechanism. The midsized plastic block having a
screen diameter of 2.4 mm and titrated blood was used. The
speed of flow was varied from 0.22 ml/mm2 set to 0.018
ml/mm2 sec. The blood was first filtered through Pyrex
glass wool to remove aggregates of platelets and the hematocrit
was adjusted with plasma to give hematocrits of 37, 47, and
52.3. Figure 6 shows the influence of hematocrit and speed of
filtration on the screen filtration pressure. The arrow indicates
the speed of filtration adopted for the fixed speed of the mechan-
ical apparatus which has now been in use several years. Note
that at very low speeds the instrument has low sensitivity.
At very high speeds, bubbles of air often come to lodge against
the screen. The intermediate, moderate sensitive speed was FIG. g. Schematic illustration of the three basic types of screen
arbitrarily adopted since it gave adequate sensitivity and was filtration curves and their probable mechanisms.

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346 SWANK, ROTH, AND JANSEN

the test is performed with care no more than 2 7; of tests need then inflected upward as one would expect with Auid con-
be repeated for th .is cause. taining granular material. Thus a pressure increase greater
Figure
- 8 shows the relationsh ip of screen filtration pressure than 100% does not indicate a corresponding degree of ad-
to changing screen filtration area. This was done by inserting hesiveness or aggregation.
discs over the screen with centrally placed round holes each Figure 9 shows schematically a working model of the screen
progressively smaller. The volume of total filtration remained filtration method. Normal blood produces a low flat-topped
&n&ant, therefore the rate of flow through the screen increased curve. Aggregation increases the height of the curve but the
as the filtration area of the screen became smaller. The arrow curve still tends to flatten. Adhesiveness causes the blood
indicates the area of screen (2.54 mm2) at present in routine elements to adhere to the margins of the pores and to reduce
use (Table 2). The lower curve for normal saline solution their size. This gives a curve which tends to rise more rapidly.
shows an almost linear inverse relationship of pressure to As shown in Fig. 6 the hematocrit influences the screen
filtration area. The upper curve was for red blood cells re- filtration pressure. This influence is small compared to the
suspended in normal saline. The platelets and leukocytes were influence of aggregated material in the blood. To control for
removed by centrifugation and physical removal of the buffy hematocrit we always determine the hematocrit (also sedi-
coat. The blood was then resuspended in saline and the opera-
mentation rate) of blood but have as yet devised no definite
tion repeated a second time. The final hematocrit was 33.
correction factor for changes in the hematocrit. At present
This procedure was followed to remove as completely as
and aggregated material which might our data suggests that in the range of a red blood cell concen-
possible adhesive
progressively occlude the filter. Examination of screens after tration of 30-507~ each 0.759;;) increase in red blood cell
testing revealed very few occluded pores. The filtration curve concentration results in approximately I mm Hg increase in
of this red blood cell suspension was linear in the lower range the screen filtration pressure.

REFERENCES
I. BORN, G. V. R. Aggregation of platelets by adenosine di- 9* SWANK, R. L. Adhesiveness of platelets and leucocytes during
phosphate and its reversal. Nature 194 : 927-929, 1962. acute exsanguination. Am. J. Physiol. 202 : 26 1-264, I 962.

2. DES PREZ, R. M., H. J. HOROWITZ, AND E. W. HOOK. Effects IO. SWANK, R. L., AND C. F. CULLEN. Circulatory changes in the
of bacterial endotoxin on rabbit platelets. I. Platelet aggrega- hamster’s cheek pouch associated with alimentary lipemia
tion and release of platelet factors in vitro. J. Ex$. 1Med. Proc. sot. Exptl. BioZ. Med. 82 : 38 I -384, I 9530

I 14: 857-871, 1961. II. SWANK, R. L., AND A. ESCOBAR. Effects of dextran injections
3. FAHRAEUS, R. The suspension stability of the blood. Physiol. on blood viscosity in dogs. J. A@Z. Physiol. I o: 45-50, I 957.

Rev. g: 241-274, 1929. 12. SWANK, R. L., J. H. FELLMAN, AND W. W. HISSEN. Aggregation
4. KOLER, R. D., D. A. RIGAS, A. J. SEAMAN, B. PIROFSKY, AND of blood cells by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Circulation
R. L. SWANK. Cryoglobulinemia: Rationale of treatment of a Res. I 3: 3g2--400, x963.
case based on unusual properties of the cryoproteins. Am. J. SWANK, R. L., W. ISSELHARD, W. HISSEN, AND H. MERGTJET.
Med. 29: 857-864, 1960. Alteration of blood during acute hypotension. Effect of con-
5. PIROFSKY, B. Determination of blood viscosity in man by tinuous glass wool filtration. Circulation Res. In press.
method based on Poiseuille’s law. J. CZin. Invest. 32: 2g2- 13a . SWANK, R. L., AND J. G. ROTH. Apparatus for measuring -
298, 1953. relative viscosity. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25: 1020-1022, I9540
6. SWANK, R. L. Effect of high fat feedings on viscosity of the 14= THORSEN, G., AND H. HINT. Aggregation, sed imentation and
blood. Science I 20: 427-428, I 954. intravascular sludging of erythrocytes. Interrelation between
7. SWANK, R. L. Effect of fat on blood viscosity in dogs. Circula- suspension stability and colloids in suspension fluids. Acta
tion Res. 4: 579-585, 1956. Chir. Stand. Suppl. I 54: I -50, I 950.

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