Source – Wiki

The Low Countries were great centres of heraldry in medieval times. One of the famous armorials is the Gelre
Armorial or Wapenboek, written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in the Netherlands were not controlled by an official
heraldic system like the two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely by noble families. Any person could develop and use
a coat of arms if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else's arms, and historically, this right was enshrined
in Roman Dutch law.  As a result, many merchant families had coats of arms even though they were not members of the nobility.
[98]

These are sometimes referred to as burgher arms, and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands
was a republic (1581–1806).  This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile Dutch colonies.  Dutch heraldry is
[citation needed] [99]

characterised by its simple and rather sober style, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than the elaborate styles which
developed in other heraldic traditions. [100]

Gallo-British heraldry[edit]
Main articles: American heraldry, Canadian heraldry, Cornish heraldry, English heraldry, French heraldry, Irish heraldry, Scottish
heraldry, and Welsh heraldry

The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-
British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It
is common to see heraldic furs used.  In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms.  French
[93] [101]

heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon.  English and Scots heraldries make greater use of
[102]

supporters than other European countries. [94]

Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.

Latin heraldry[edit]
Main articles: Brazilian heraldry, Ecclesiastical heraldry, Portuguese heraldry, and Spanish heraldry

The heraldry of southern France, Andorra, Spain, and Italy is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely shaped shields.
Portuguese heraldry, however, does use crests.  Portuguese and Spanish heraldry, which together form a larger Iberian tradition of
[93]

heraldry, occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practice usually avoided in British heraldry. Latin heraldry is known
for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is
dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.
[103]

Trees are frequent charges in Latin arms. Charged bordures, including bordures inscribed with words, are seen often in Spain.

Eastern European heraldry[edit]

Coat of Arms of the Turiec county in Slovakia.

Main articles: Belarusian heraldry, Croatian heraldry, Hungarian heraldry, Albanian heraldry, Polish heraldry, Romanian

heraldry, Russian heraldry, and Serbian heraldry

Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed

in Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Eastern coats of
arms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial, clan system – often, entire villages or military groups were granted the same
coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the
same Jastrzębiec coat of arms. Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only one charge.
Many heraldic shields derive from ancient house marks. At least fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a
severed Turk's head, referring to their wars against the Ottoman Empire. [104][105]

Quasi-heraldic emblems[edit]
True heraldry, as now generally understood, has its roots in medieval Europe. However, there have been other historical cultures
which have used symbols and emblems to represent families or individuals, and in some cases these symbols have been adopted
into Western heraldry. For example, the coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire incorporated the royal tughra as part of its crest, along
with such traditional Western heraldic elements as the escutcheon and the compartment.

Greek symbols[edit]
Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior, clan or a state. [citation needed]
 The
first record of a shield blazon is illustrated in Aeschylus' tragedy Seven Against Thebes.

Mon[edit]
Main article: Mon (emblem)

Mon (紋), also monshō (紋章), mondokoro (紋所), and kamon (家紋), are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an

individual or family. While mon is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, kamon and mondokoro refer specifically
to emblems used to identify a family.  An authoritative mon reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories
[further explanation needed]

of mon based on structural resemblance (a single mon may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual mon (it is
however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure mon that are not in this compilation). [106][107]

The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify
individuals and families. Mon are often referred to as crests in Western literature, another European heraldic device similar to
the mon in function.
Japanese helmets (kabuto) also incorporated elements similar to crests, called datemono, which helped identify the wearer while
they were concealed by armour. These devices sometimes incorporated mon, and some figures, like Date Masamune, were well-
known for their helmet designs.

Socialist emblems[edit]
Main article: Socialist state emblems

State Emblem of the Soviet Union (1956-1991 version)

Communist states often followed a unique style characterized by communist symbolism. Although commonly called coats of arms,
most such devices are not actually coats of arms in the traditional heraldic sense and should therefore, in a strict sense, not be
called arms at all.  Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of European heraldry in order to
[108]

distance themselves from the monarchies that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the
monarchs.
The Soviet Union was the first state to use this type of emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more
widespread after World War II, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist states have adopted
the style, for various reasons—usually because communists had helped them to gain independence—but also when no apparent
connection to a Communist nation exists, such as the emblem of Italy.  After the fall of the Soviet Union and the other communist
[108][109]

states in Eastern Europe in 1989–1991, this style of heraldry was often abandoned for the old heraldic practices, with many (but not
all) of the new governments reinstating the traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

Tamgas[edit]
Main article: Tamga
A tamga or tamgha "stamp, seal" (Mongolian: тамга, Turkic: tamga) is an abstract seal or stamp used by Eurasian
nomadic peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family. They
were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages
(including Alans, Mongols, Sarmatians, Scythians and Turkic peoples). Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes also adopted
by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,  such as the East Slavs,
[110]

whose ancient royal symbols are sometimes referred to as "tamgas" and have similar appearance. [111]

Unlike European coats of arms, tamgas were not always inherited, and could stand for families or clans (for example, when denoting
territory, livestock, or religious items) as well as for specific individuals (such as when used for weapons, or for royal seals). One
could also adopt the tamga of one's master or ruler, therefore signifying said master's patronage. Outside of denoting ownership,
tamgas also possessed religious significance, and were used as talismans to protect one from curses (it was believed that, as
symbols of family, tamgas embodied the power of one's heritage). Tamgas depicted geometric shapes, images of animals, items,
or glyphs. As they were usually inscribed using heavy and unwieldy instruments, such as knives or brands, and on different surfaces
(meaning that their appearance could vary somewhat), tamgas were always simple and stylised, and needed to be laconic and
easily recognisable. [112]

Tughras[edit]
Main article: Tughra

Further information: Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire

Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in
the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from Ottoman Empire the coat of arms
to be included in their collection. As the coat of arms had not been previously used in Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this
request and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on April 17, 1882. It included two flags: the flag of the Ottoman
Dynasty, which had a crescent and a star on red base, and the flag of the Islamic Caliph, which had three crescents on a green
base.

Modern heraldry[edit]

Arms created in 1977, featuring a hydrocarbon molecule

Military coat of arms, depicting a red locomotive.

 Heraldry flourishes in the modern world; institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms as their pictorial
identification. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English Kings of Arms, Scotland's Lord Lyon King of Arms, and the Chief
Herald of Ireland continue making grants of arms.  There are heraldic authorities in Canada,  South Africa, Spain, and Sweden
[113] [114]

that grant or register coats of arms. In South Africa, the right to armorial bearings is also determined by Roman Dutch law, due to its
origins as a 17th-century colony of the Netherlands. [115]

Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate in the Society for
Creative Anachronism, medieval revivals, micronations and other related projects. Modern armigers use heraldry to express
ancestral and personal heritage as well as professional, academic, civic, and national pride. Little is left of class identification in
modern heraldry, where the emphasis is more than ever on expression of identity. [116]

Heraldry continues to build on its rich tradition in academia, government, guilds and professional associations, religious institutions,
and the military. Nations and their subdivisions – provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. – continue to build on the traditions of civic
heraldry. The Roman Catholic Church, Anglican churches, and other religious institutions maintain the traditions of ecclesiastical
heraldry for clergy, religious orders, and schools.
Many of these institutions have begun to employ blazons representing modern objects. For example, some heraldic symbols issued
by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry incorporate symbols such as guns, airplanes, or locomotives. Some scientific
institutions incorporate symbols of modern science such as the atom or particular scientific instruments. The arms of the United
Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority uses traditional heraldic symbols to depict the harnessing of atomic power.  Locations with [117]

strong associations to particular industries may incorporate associated symbols. The coat of arms of Stenungsund Municipality in
Sweden incorporates a hydrocarbon molecule, alluding to the historical significance of the petrochemical industry in the region.
Heraldry in countries with heraldic authorities continues to be regulated generally by laws granting rights to arms and recognizing
possession of arms as well as protecting against their misuse. Countries without heraldic authorities usually treat coats of arms as
creative property in the manner of logos, offering protection under copyright laws. This is the case in Nigeria, where most of the
components of its heraldic system are otherwise unregulated.

See also[edit]

 Heraldry portal

 Heraldic societies, an extended list including non-official heraldic authorities and societies
 Mon, for the Japanese emblems likened to heraldry
 Socialist heraldry
 Vexillology, the study of flag design
 Totem pole, a somewhat similar concept in North America

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ This was undertaken by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and half-brother of William I, whose conquest of England is commemorated by the tapestry.
2. ^ Only four lions are visible in this depiction, in which the shield is shown in profile, but judging from their position, there must have been six; the tomb
of Geoffrey's grandson, William Longspée, shows him bearing an apparently identical shield, but on this all six lions are at least partly visible.
3. ^ Note that the term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.
4. ^ There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the arms of Nunavut,[48] and the
former Republic of Bophuthatswana;[49] in the United States, the arms of North Dakota use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead,[50] while
the arms of Connecticut require a rococo shield; [51] the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers'
and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.
5. ^ Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.
6. ^ Technically, the word tincture applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three,
it is regularly used in this extended sense.
7. ^ For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion
rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015:
"Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."
8. ^ "There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent
(white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular
shades they think are appropriate."[38]

References[edit]
Citations[edit]

1. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. 1; Friar (1987), p. 183

2. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, C. & G. Merriam Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960).
3. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 1, 57–59
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 1–18
5. ^ John Brooke-Little, An Heraldic Alphabet, Macdonald, London (1973), p. 2.
6. ^ Boutell (1890), p. 5
7. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. v
8. ^ Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk & Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, Thomas Nelson (1953).
9. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 19–26
10. ^ Numbers, i. 2, 18, 52; ii. 2, 34; quoted by William Sloane Sloane-Evans, in A Grammar of British Heraldry, John Russell Smith, London (1854), p. ix
(quoted by Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 6.
11. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 6–10
12. ^ Notitia Dignitatum, Bodleian Library
13. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. 6
14. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 11–16
15. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), pp. 29–31
16. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 14–16
17. ^ Jump up to:a b Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 26
18. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 31
19. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), p. 1
20. ^ Wagner (1946), p. 8
21. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 62
22. ^ C. A. Stothard, Monumental Effigies of Great Britain (1817) pl. 2, illus. in Wagner (1946), pl. I
23. ^ Pastoureau (1997), p. 18
24. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 32
25. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 173–174
26. ^ Pastoureau (1997), p. 59
27. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 37
28. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 17–18
29. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 17–18, 383
30. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 27–29
31. ^ De Insigniis et Armis
32. ^ George Squibb, "The Law of Arms in England", in The Coat of Arms vol. II, no. 15 (Spring 1953), p. 244.
33. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 21–22
34. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 35–36
35. ^ Julian Franklyn, Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry, MacGibbon & Kee, London (1960), p. 386.
36. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. 38
37. ^ Jump up to:a b Pastoureau (1997), pp. 39–41
38. ^ Jump up to:a b c College of Arms official website, accessed 3 March 2016.
39. ^ Gwynn-Jones (1998), pp. 18–20
40. ^ Neubecker (1976), pp. 253–258
41. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 87–88
42. ^ Gwynn-Jones (1998), pp. 110–112
43. ^ Gwynn-Jones (1998), pp. 113–121
44. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 57–59
45. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 57, 60–61
46. ^ Boutell (1890), p. 6
47. ^ William Whitmore, The Elements of Heraldry, Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9.
48. ^ Government of Nunavut. n.d. About the Flag and Coat of Arms. Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada. Accessed October 19, 2006.
Available at GOV.nu.ca Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
49. ^ Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available
at NGW.nl
50. ^ "US Heraldic Registry". US Heraldic Registry. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
51. ^ "American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut". Americanheraldry.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
52. ^ Boutell (1890), pp. 6–7
53. ^ Jump up to:a b Woodward & Burnett (1892), pp. 54–58
54. ^ Neubecker (1976), pp. 72–77
55. ^ Boutell (1890), p. 9
56. ^ Slater (2003), p. 56
57. ^ Slater (2003), p. 231
58. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 89, 96–98
59. ^ Jump up to:a b c Boutell (1890), p. 8
60. ^ Jump up to:a b c Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 59–60
61. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 104–105
62. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), p. 70
63. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 70–74
64. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 61–62; Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 74
65. ^ Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 63
66. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 77–79
67. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 79–83
68. ^ Innes of Learney (1978), p. 28
69. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 84–85
70. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 80–85
71. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 83–85
72. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 75, 87–88
73. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 85–87
 74. ^ Bruno Heim, Or and Argent, Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994).
75. ^ Fox-Davies (1909), pp. 101
76. ^ Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. Basic Heraldry. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.
77. ^ von Volborth (1981), p. 18
78. ^ Friar (1987), p. 259
79. ^ Friar (1987), p. 330
80. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), p. 60
81. ^ Boutell (1890), p. 311
82. ^ Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 20. OCLC 1119559413.
83. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), p. 14
84. ^ Edmundas Rimša. Heraldry Past to Present. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.
85. ^ Gwynn-Jones (1998), p. 124
86. ^ Neubecker (1976), pp. 186
87. ^ Julian Franklyn. Shield and Crest. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358.
88. ^ "Baronage.co.uk". Baronage.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
89. ^ Davies, T. R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?". The Coat of Arms NS II (97): 16.
90. ^ von Warnstedt (1970), p. 128
91. ^ Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway. Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981).
92. ^ Jussi Iltanen (2013). Suomen kuntavaakunat. Kommunvapnen i Finland (in Finnish). Helsinki: Karttakeskus. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-952-266-092-
3.
93. ^ Jump up to:a b c von Warnstedt (1970), p. 129
94. ^ Jump up to:a b Woodcock & Robinson (1988), p. 15
95. ^ Neubecker (1976), p. 158
96. ^ Pinches (1994), p. 82
97. ^ von Volborth (1981), p. 88
98. ^ de Boo, J. A. (1977). Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek (in Dutch). The Hague: Centraal Bureau voor
Genealogie. OCLC 63382927.
99. ^ McMillan, Joseph. "Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States". American Heraldry
Society.
100. ^ Cornelius Pama Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956).
101. ^ Carl-Alexander von Volborth. Heraldry of the World. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192.
102. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), p. 21
103. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), pp. 24–30
104. ^ von Warnstedt (1970), pp. 129–30
105. ^ Woodcock & Robinson (1988), pp. 28–32
106. ^ 日本の家紋大全. 梧桐書院. 2004. ISBN 434003102X.
107. ^ Some 6939 mon are listed here Archived 2016-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.
108. ^ Jump up to:a b von Volborth (1981), p. 11
109. ^ von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1972). Alverdens heraldik i farver (in Danish). Editor and translator from English to Danish: Sven Tito Achen.
Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 158. ISBN 87-567-1685-0.
110. ^ Ottfried Neubecker. Heraldik. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79.
111. ^ Noonan, Thomas Schaub (2006). Pre-modern Russia and Its World: Essays in Honor of Thomas S. Noonan. ISBN 9783447054256.
Retrieved 2016-06-13.
112. ^ ТАМГА (к функции знака). В.С. Ольховский (Историко-археологический альманах, No 7, Армавир, 2001, стр. 75-86)
113. ^ See the College of Arms newsletter for quarterly samplings of English grants and the Chief Herald of Ireland's webpage Archived 2006-10-04 at
the Wayback Machine for recent Irish grants.
114. ^ See the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada.
115. ^ Cornelius Pama. Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1972)
116. ^ Slater (2003), p. 238
117. ^ Child, Heather (1976-01-01). Heraldic Design: A Handbook for Students. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 9780806300719.

Sources[edit]
Books and Articles

 Boutell, Charles (1890). Aveling, S. T. (ed.). Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry. London: Frederick Warne. OCLC 6102523 – via
Internet Archive.
 Burke, Bernard (1967). The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the
Present Time. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.
 Dennys, Rodney (1975). The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter.

 Elvins, Mark Turnham (1988). Cardinals and Heraldry. London: Buckland Publications.

 Fairbairn, James (1986). Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland. New York: Bonanza Books.

 Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack – via Internet Archive.

 Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. LCCN 09023803 – via Internet Archive.

 Franklyn, Julian (1968). Heraldry. Cranbury, NJ: A.S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 9780498066832.

 Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). A Dictionary of Heraldry. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 9780517566657.

 Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1998). The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, and Designs. London: Parkgate Books. ISBN 9780760710821.

 Hart, Vaughan. 'London’s Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument’, in RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics, vol.73/74,
Autumn 2020, pp. 325-39
 Humphery-Smith, Cecil (1973). General Armory Two. London: Tabard Press. ISBN 9780806305837.

 Innes of Learney, Thomas (1978). Innes of Edingight, Malcolm (ed.). Scots Heraldry (3rd ed.). London: Johnston & Bacon. ISBN 9780717942282.

 Le Févre, Jean (1971). Pinches, Rosemary; Wood, Anthony (eds.). A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century
Europe. London: Heraldry Today. ISBN 9780900455131.
 Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1981). Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. New York: Clarkson Potter.

 Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, George (1680). Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations. Edinburgh:
Heir of Andrew Anderson.
 Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons.

 Neubecker, Ottfried (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill.

 Nisbet, Alexander (1984). A system of Heraldry. Edinburgh: T & A Constable.

 Parker, James (1970). A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.

 Pastoureau, Michel (1997). Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition. "Abrams Discoveries" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

 Paul, James Balfour (1903). An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons – via
Internet Archive.
 Pinches, J. H. (1994). European Nobility and Heraldry. Heraldry Today. ISBN 0-900455-45-4.

 Reid of Robertland, David; Wilson, Vivien (1977). An Ordinary of Arms. Vol. Second. Edinburgh: Lyon Office.

 Rietstap, Johannes B. (1967). Armorial General. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.

 Siebmacher, Johann. J. (1890–1901). Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage. Nürnberg: Von Bauer & Raspe.

 Slater, Stephen (2003). The Complete Book of Heraldry. New York: Hermes House. ISBN 9781844772247.

 von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981). Heraldry – Customs, Rules and Styles. Ware, Hertfordshire: Omega Books. ISBN 0-907853-47-1.

 Wagner, Anthony (1946). Heraldry in England. Penguin. OCLC 878505764.

 Wagner, Anthony R (1967). Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

 von Warnstedt, Christopher (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe". The Coat of Arms. XI (84).

 Woodcock, Thomas; Robinson, John Martin (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. New York: Oxford University Press.

 Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) [1884]. Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries. Edinburgh: W.
& A. B. Johnson. ISBN 0-7153-4464-1. LCCN 02020303 – via Internet Archive.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons

has media related

to Heraldry.

Look up heraldry in

Wiktionary, the free

dictionary.

 EuropeanHeraldry.org catalogues a large number of European noble titles and heraldry.

 Heraldry of Greatlitvan Nobility
 Heraldry of the World (civic heraldry), an overview of thousands of coats of arms of towns and countries
 Barron, Oswald (1911). "Heraldry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 311–330.
 International heraldry Introduction and examples
 Heraldisk Selskab The Scandinavian Heraldry Society (one of the oldest and largest societies dedicated to heraldic research)
 Heraldry for Kids Introducing Heraldry for Kids with free heraldry activity sheets
 Heraldica The history of heraldry, knighthood and chivalry, glossary of the blazon, themes, coats of arms, etc.
 Heraldic Arts Founded in 1987, the Society of Heraldic Arts was the first organisation of its kind in the world.

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