The computer needs Input, Process and output to

work. Users encode input data to the computer to

get processed information or output. The input,
process and output have corresponding devices to
do the work. Users are usually familiar with the
input and output associated with the computer. The
process part which is done by the microprocessor
or CPU is the unseen part of the computer system.
INPUT
- is the data and command entered into the
computer.

Example:
 Typing letter and number using the keyboard.
 Taking video
 Recording voice/audio
Process
- The computer works on these data and
commands entered into the computer.
- The CPU or microprocessor is where the
process takes place.
- The STEPS is called the process.
Output
The result display on the monitor or heard on
the speaker after the data is called output. Output is
the result of the data processing.
The processed data is called information.
EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT INSTANTLY REACT TO
THE INPUT AS FOLLOWS.
1. When you purchase an item at a supermarket and pay at
the cashier, scanning the bar code will provide input that
will allow instant retrieval of outputs which are the price
and items name.
2. When you go to the bank ATM, typing the customer’s bank
account number as input will provide the customer with
the account balance as output.
3. A student pilot experiences cockpit environment, allowing
the student to simulate take off, cruising and landing an
airplane on the computer.
4. When you use the special pen in your cellphone to write
notes, the handwritten characters are displayed as typed and
are stored in the cellphone.
5. When you book a flight with a travel agency, the details of
your intended flight will be typed in the computer for queries
on flight schedules and the system will receive an on screen
output indicating the availability of the flight.
Input and output may sometimes be separated by time or
distance or both as in the following samples:

1. A worker input data by punching in on a time clock as

he reports for work. The time clock is connected to a
computer. The outputs are his weekly paychecks and
reports for management that summarize hours
worked.
Input and output may sometimes be separated by time or
distance or both as in the following samples:

2. A businessman issues and writes a check. The data on

the checks is used as input to the bank computer, which
eventually processes the data to prepare a bank
statement once a month.
The computer needs the following parts to function
properly:
- CPU – processor chip, buses, ports (plug),
controllers, BIOS ROM (placed by manufacturer,
cannot be accessed or modified, tells the
computer how to start itself).
- RAM – short term or temporary memory storage,
called main memory.
- Input devices – allow the user to input data into
the computer like keyboard and mouse.
- Output devices – allow the user to see the results
like monitor, printer and modem
- Secondary storage – permanent storage like CD-
ROM, hard disk drive and floppy disk.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

- the CPU or microprocessor is the brain of the

computer, may it be a desktop or laptop computer.
- it is contained small chip called the
microprocessor.
- It performs arithmetic operation and control,
where data would go based on certain set of conditions.
Common uses of microprocessors are the following:

1. Embedded Micro Controllers

- these are found inside many household
electronic appliances, cars, calculators and others.
- these microprocessors are used where
there is a simple processing requirements.
- they are flexible, programmable and
complex compared to the processors .
Embedded Micro
Controllers
Common Desktop or Laptop
- these microprocessors can perform a wide array of tasks.
They are normally integrated into a larger system which include
motherboards, memories and hard disk. They are capable to be
used with variety of programs.
Powerful Processors
These are microprocessors are the most powerful processors for
high –end servers. They are used for powerful computer
applications requiring computations and manipulation of very
high volume data and information.
PARTS OF THE CPU
Control Unit
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Registers
Memory or RAM
Cache
Input or Output
System Clock
Bus
Control Unit
- contains electrical signals that direct
other parts of the system to do their work.
- It reads and interprets program
instruction and converts it to machine language
that the CPU can understand.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
- It contains electronic circuitry that
executes the arithmetic and logical operations
like calculations and comparison.

Arithmetic operations (+. -. /, x)

Logic Operations (Booleans operations such
as XOR, AND, OR and NOT)
Registers

- Inside the CPU are small high-speed data

storage called register.
- These are temporary storage areas that
holds data and instructions temporarily.
- it works under the control unit to accept, hold
and transfer instructions or data and perform
arithmetic/logic comparisons at high speed.
Registers
- is where the data that are to be processed at
high speed are placed and the results also pass
through here, before they are sent to memories
outside the CPU.
Memory or RAM

- RAM is the primary internal storage

that holds data and instructions for processing.
- It allows fast access but stores them
when the computer is turned on and loses data
when computer is turned off.
Cache
- It stores memory data and speed up
operation by making recently accessed data
immediately available to the processor.
- it is memory located inside the
microprocessor chip, but it is not considered as a
register.
- it is used to read data coming from
external memory.
 Cache speed is a lot faster than the processor
speed.

Input / Output
- are the connection of the microprocessor
to the outside world.
- they allow the processor to communicate
with the RAM, hard disk and other components
inside the computer system.
Input /Output

The motherboard, which contains the

microprocessor, usually provides the access to
the other input/output peripherals.
System Clock

-The CPU system clock is generated by a

quartz crystal.
- It provides the fix sequence in time that
cannot changed.
BUS
Buses are the three sets of wires used to
connect the CPU or microprocessor to CPU cache
memory and input/output devices. It is usually the
L2 cache.

The three internal buses in a PC are:

- Control Bus - Data bus
- Address bus
1. Input 12. Memory /RAM
2. Microprocessor /CPU 13. Control Bus
3. CPU 14. Data bus
4. Output 15. Address Bus
5. CPU 16. system clock
6. Control Unit 17. Cache
7. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 18. Input
8. Multiplication 19. Process
9. Subtraction 20. Output
10. Addition
11. Division
READ IN ADVANCE.

HOW CPU WORKS?

HOW RAM WORKS?
HOW HDD (HARD DISK DRIVE) WORKS?
HOW CPU WORKS?
 - The CPU executes a step –by-step instruction in
its memory called program.
- The microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC)
made of million of transistors and capacitors.
- The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) does the
arithmetic and logical operations of the computer.
- The Control Unit functions just like a traffic
enforcer that directs the sequence of traffic operation that
the CPU follows.
 STEP 2 – Decode
STEP 3- EXECUTE Level 1
Instruction Cycle Control Unit Cache
ALU

Execution Cycle
Level 2
Cache
STEP 1 – FETCH STEP 4 – STORE

Main memory (Level 1 cache memory)

MACHINE CYCLE
STEP 1 Fetch is the process of getting instructions or data
from program memory (cache or RAM)
STEP 2 Decode is the process of translating these
instruction or data that the CPU can understand and
execute.
STEP 3 Execute is the process of carrying out the
command. The commands are executed or
performed either Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) or
floating point.
MACHINE CYCLE

STEP 4 Store or Writeback is the process of writing the

result to the memory. This memory is in the
CPU itself and they are called register.
System Clock – is located in the motherboard, sends signals
to all components.
- each click of the clock represents a clock cycle.
- A clock running 100Mhz represents 100 million
clock cycles per seconds.

Cache Memory – is a relatively small amount of high speed

memory and located near the CPU.
- It is designed to supply the CPU with the most
frequently requested data.
Cache Memory – It takes a fraction of the time, compared to
normal memory, to access cache memory.
- It tracks instruction putting the most frequent
used instruction at the top of the list.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
-It is located in the motherboard

Parts of a RAM are as follows:

How RAM Works
-RAM is an essential component of a computer
system.
- This memory is connected to the CPU, located in a
motherboard.
- It is a temporary storage for programs and data
fetched from a CD or hard disk, it is designed to
handle data.
The Characteristics of a RAM
1. It can be accessed randomly thereby making fasters
loading and retrieval of programs and data.
2. It is a temporary storage for programs and data,
therefore its contents change frequently.
3. Information in the RAM stay in the memory as long
there is electrical power supplied to it, otherwise all
information are lost.
Functions of RAM:
1. When you open your computer, the operating system
loads into the RAM.
2. When you open application programs such as
Microsoft Word and ADOBE Photoshop, as well as your
e-mail and social media program like FB, all of them
will be loaded into the RAM;
3. When you close a program, an application, or an
internet function, The RAM is cleared to be used again
by the next program will use.
4. RAM is assists when you work on an application, forn