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The IELTS Teacher Mastering IELTS Writing: Model Answers
The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK

between 1972 and 2000 by four different modes of transport.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

tures, and make comparisons where relevant.
The graph demonstrates how many tonnes of goods were transported in the
UK by four separate forms of transport from 1972 to 2000.
Overall, it is clear that the highest tonnage of goods was distributed by road
during the period. Conversely, pipeline was the conveyance method which
carried the lowest weight throughout.
Focusing on water and rail as means of transport, these distributed 39 million

and 40 million tonnes of goods respectively in 1972. By 1976, their figures
were identical at 40 million tonnes, after which water conveyance increased
considerably as rail transportation fell. Rail distribution eventually recovered
following some fluctuation to 41 million tonnes transported in 2000. Mean-
while, transport via water levelled out around 59 million tonnes before dipping
in 1996 and then rising to 62 million in 2000.
The IELTS Teacher 2020
As for haulage via road and pipeline, the former rose from 72 million tonnes
in 1972 to about 98 million in 2000, while the latter began at 2 million tonnes
before growing by 20 million over the next twenty years, remaining at approx-
imately 22 million until the century’s end.

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different
kinds of meat in a European country between 1978 and 2003.

Fish and meat consumption

300 Beef Lamb
Chicken Fish
Grams per person per week
225
150
75
0
1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003
Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 7
The graph illustrates the amounts of fish and different types of meat which
were consumed in a country in Europe from 1978 to 2003.
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that while the consumption rates of
beef, lamb and fish fell over the period, the figure for chicken rose significant-
ly within that time.
Focusing on the red meats, beef began the period as the most heavily con-
sumed product studied, with 220 grams eaten per person per week. There
was some fluctuation thereafter until 1993, after which the number dropped
steadily to around 120 grams in 2003. Lamb similarly underwent a decline
over the period, falling from 150 to about 70 grams over the quarter century.
Chicken and fish, on the other hand, did not experience these significant
downward trends. Although fish consumption did fall during the period, the
drop was very slight from 60 to approximately 45 grams. The amount of
chicken consumed, in contrast, soared from just under 150 grams in 1978 to
just below 250 grams in 2003.

The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of tele-
phone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1994 to 2001.

Local - fixed line National and international - fixed line Mobiles (all calls)
100
75
50
25
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
The chart illustrates how many minutes were spent on three different types of
telephone calls between the years of 1994 and 2001.
In general, it can be seen that, throughout the period, call time was highest
for local fixed lines, whereas it was lowest for mobile phones. Moreover, the
degree of difference between the three categories shrank over the second
half of the period.
Focusing firstly on fixed line calls, the popularity of national and international
calls rose steadily during the period, increasing from 38 billion minutes spent
on them in 1994 to 60 billion in 2001. Minutes spent on local calls also grew
initially, rising from a starting figure of 71 billion to a peak of 91 billion in 1998;
however, this trend reversed direction thereafter and by 2001 the figure had
slipped back to 70 billion.
Regarding mobile phones, the number of minutes spent on this form of

telecommunication was roughly 2 billion in 1994. Having experienced only
gradual growth to reach 12 billion in 1998, mobile call minutes then rocketed
to finish at around 44 billion in 2001.

The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and
consumption of electricity in 2013.

Production (billion kWh) Consumption (billion kWh)
China 5,398
5,322
United States 4,099
3,866
Russia 1,057
1,038
Japan 936
857
871
India
699
Canada 619
500
561
France
463
531
Brazil
456
527
Germany
583
485
Korea. Rep.
500
0 1500 3000 4500 6000
Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 13 Test 3
The chart reveals the ten countries which produced and consumed the most
electricity in 2013 and provides figures for these amounts in kWh.
Overall, what stands out from the chart is that China and the United States
were by far the largest and second largest producers and users of electricity
respectively. Furthermore, Germany and the Republic of Korea were the only
countries studied where consumption was higher than production.
Focusing on electricity production, China generated 5398 billion kWh, the

highest quantity, while the US placed second with 4099 billion. These figures
were significantly greater than those of the remaining countries, with Russia
in third place, recording 1057 billion kWh, and the Republic of Korea in tenth,
generating 485.1 billion.
Turning to consumption, the US used 3866 billion kWh, making it the country
with the biggest surplus of electricity. The second largest surplus was in India,
where consumption was 698.8 billion kWh, 172 billion lower than production.
China, which used 5322 billion kWh, had the greatest consumption rate,
whereas the Republic of Korea had the lowest with 499.5 billion.

The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and
women in different age groups who did regular physical activity in 2009.

Percentage of Australian men and women doing regular physical activity:

2009
60
53 53 53 53
48 49 47 47
43 45
45 42
Percentage (%)
40
30
15
0
15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over
Age Group Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 12
Male Female
The chart presents the proportion of Australian males and females who regu-
larly engaged in physical activity in 2009 according to six age categories.
Overall, the chart makes it clear that, proportionally, more women did frequent
physical activity than men, except among those aged between 15 and 24.
Looking at Australian men, the youngest age group, 15 to 24, was the only
male group in which over half of its members, 52.8%, engaged in regular
physical activity. This figure falls for the following two age brackets, reaching
a chart low of 39.5% among 35 to 44 year olds. This number then rises slight-
ly with subsequent age groups until the chart shows that 46.7% of those aged
65 and over completed regular physical activity.
As for Australian females, only 47.7% of 15 to 24 year olds were physically

active on a regular basis. However, the figure increases to 53.3% for those
aged 45 to 54, which means middle-aged women were the most physically
active Australians in 2009. The least physically active female age group, in
contrast, was the 65+ category, which recorded a figure of 47.1%.
The table below gives information about the underground railway net-
works in six cities.

The table reveals the opening years, route lengths and annual passenger
counts of six cities’ subway systems.
Overall, it is clear from the table that the older underground railway services
have longer routes and more yearly passengers than the newer ones.
Concentrating on the older networks, the oldest of all is in London, having

been opened in 1863. It also has the highest route length, with 775 million
passengers annually using its 394km of track. The second oldest and longest
is in Paris; its opening was in 1900 and it runs for 199km. Tokyo possesses
the third oldest system, but, as it carries 1191 million passengers per year, it
has the largest annual passenger count.
Turning to the newer systems, the shortest and least used is Kyoto’s. Inaugu-
rated in 1981, it has 11km of route and transports 45 million people per year.
In Washington DC, 144 million people use the city’s 126km long subway,
which has been operational since 1976. The newest system, opened in 2001,
is in Los Angeles, serving 50 million yearly passengers along its 28km track
length.
The first chart below shows how energy is used in an average British
household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions
which result from this energy use.

British Household Energy British Household

Use Greenhouse Gas Emissions
7% 14% 15%
3%
15%
42%
4%
28%
32%
30%
8%
2%
Heating Cooling Heating Cooling
Water heating Lighting Water heating Lighting
Other appliances Refrigeration Other appliances Refrigeration
The first chart illustrates data regarding the division of energy in an average
home in Britain. The second chart demonstrates the proportional amounts of
greenhouse gas emissions which are produced by this energy use.
Overall, the charts show that the greatest proportion of energy in a British
household is used byheating, although it is water heating which is the largest
contributor of greenhouse gas emissions.
In terms of how energy is divided, cooling demands the lowest energy share
of a British home at just 2%. Lighting and refrigeration are the next least en-
ergy-hungry categories, taking up 4% and 7% of energy respectively. Water
heating requires 30%, while just over two fifths of an average household’s

energy is used by heating. The remainder is accounted for by other appli-

ances.
Turning to the ordinary British household’s greenhouse gas emissions, cool-

ing again reports the lowest figure, contributing 3%. Lighting is responsible for
8%, and refrigeration and heating make almost identical contributions with
14% and 15% respectively. Almost a third of greenhouse gas emissions are
caused by water heating, whereas other appliances make up the remaining
28%.

The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land be-
comes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected
three regions of the world during the 1980s.

The chart illustrates the amount of land which has been degraded globally by
different means. The table highlights the quantity of land degraded in three
regions as a result of these means in the 1980s.
Overall, what is clear from the data is that the largest contributor to land
degradation worldwide is over-grazing. Moreover, Europe’s land experienced
the greatest proportional degradation during the decade studied.

Focusing on the causes, over-grazing accounts for 35%, which is 5% more

than deforestation and 7% more than over-cultivation. The remaining 7% of
degraded land is due to other unidentified causes.
Turning to land degradation by region, the least affected area was North
America, with only 5% of its land degraded, chiefly as a result of over-cultiva-
tion, which contributed to 3.3%. In contrast, nearly a quarter of European land
was degraded, with deforestation making up almost a tenth of the total. Final-
ly, Oceania’s land degradation stood at 13%, a figure almost entirely com-
posed of over-grazing, whereas over-cultivation played no part

The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a
particular UK school in 1982, 1992 and 2002.

The pie charts demonstrate how the expenditure of a school in the UK

changed across 1982, 1992 and 2002.
Overall, it is clear that, in each of the years, the category which received
more funding than any other was teachers’ salaries, whereas the smallest
amount of money went toward insurance.

From 1982 to 1992, while spending on teachers’ salaries grew by 10% to ac-
count for half of all spending, the financing of other workers’ salaries fell from
28% to 22%. 30% of the budget in 1982 was divided equally between re-
sources and furniture and equipment, but the former’s share increased by 5%
in 1992, whereas the latter’s dropped by 10%. The increase of insurance
spending was negligible, rising from 2% to 3%.
Between 1992 and 2002, only insurance and furniture and equipment saw
their budget share increase, by 5% and 18% respectively. Whereas the allo-
cation of spending roughly halved for resources, the salaries for other work-
ers dropped to 15% and for teachers to 45%.

The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and
over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main featu-

res, and make comparisons where relevant.
Source: Cambridge IELTS 5
The graph demonstrates the percentage of those aged 65 and above in the
populations of three countries from 1940 with projections to 2040.
Overall, the graph indicates that while in 1940 the USA and Japan had the
highest and lowest proportions of elderly citizens (65+) respectively, these
positions are expected to switch by 2040.
Considering the past, the proportion of the elderly in the USA was around 9%
in 1940, 2% more than in Sweden and 4% more than in Japan. The elderly
populations of the USA and Sweden grew along similar trajectories until
about 1992, after which Sweden’s jumped to 20%, whereas the USA’s flat-

tened out around 14%. In contrast, Japan’s rate fell to 3% in 1960, and only
after 1985 did it rise to today’s 7%.
Looking forward, after dipping briefly, Sweden’s elderly contingent will report-
edly rise to account for a quarter of its population in 2040, and the USA’s is
forecast to climb to 23%. Meanwhile, in Japan, this contingent is predicted to
skyrocket to make up 27% of the population in 2040.

The chart below compares how frequently people in the USA ate in fast
food restaurants in 2005 and 2015 and provides projections for 2025.

The chart reveals the frequency with which those in the USA dined at fast
food outlets in 2005 and 2015 and presents forecasts for 2025.
In general, the chart indicates that a once-weekly visit to fast food restaurants
was the most common choice of people in the USA in 2005 and 2015, but by
2025 this will reportedly have become once or twice a month.
In 2005 and 2015, fewer than 5% of people ate at fast food restaurants on a
daily basis, making this the least typical frequency. In contrast, the already
high popularity of weekly visits to these restaurants grew by 2% over the
decade to become the preference of a third of people in 2015.
In 2025, the figures are projected to be identical to the previous decade for
dining at fast food outlets daily, a few times a year, and never, which were the
choices of 3%, 15% and 4% of people respectively. Conversely, the propor-

tion of those visiting weekly is expected to fall to 28%, whereas the percent-
age of monthly diners is forecast to rise to 33%.

The table below gives information on the ages of the populations of

Yemen and Italy in 2000 and gives projections for 2050.

The charts compare the percentages of three different age groups in the Ital-
ian and Yemeni populations in 2000 and provide estimations for 2050.
Overall, the charts indicate that the most populous age category in each of
the years and countries studied was the 15 to 59 year olds, except for Yemen
in 2000 when it was second to children under fifteen.
Looking at Yemen, in 2000, the youngest contingent made up just over half of
the population, but this figure is predicted to drop by 13.1% in 2050. In con-
trast, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over will reportedly rise by

2.1% to 5.7% and that of 15 to 59 year olds by 11 percentage points to

57.3%.
Regarding Italy, its elderly accounted for almost a quarter of the population in
2000, and this is forecast to grow to 42.3% fifty years hence. Conversely, pro-
jections suggest that the middle age group will shrink from just over three
fifths to 46.2% of the populations, and the proportion of those in the youngest
bracket is estimated to decrease from 14.3% to 11.5%.

The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce

electricity.

The illustration demonstrates the process by which geothermal energy is har-

nessed to generate electricity.
Overall, the process consists of six key steps, half of which occur under-
ground and the other half of which take place overground.
Beginning with the first half, after cold water is pumped down 4.5km beneath
the earth’s surface, it reaches an injection well. The injection well transmits
the water through the geothermal zone, which is composed of hot rocks, be-
fore it arrives at a production well. The newly heated water is then pumped
back up via this well to the surface.

Overground, a condenser is set up to collect the hot water and then send its
steam through a narrow opening toward a turbine. The steam powers the ro-
tation of the turbine, which in turn powers a generator to which it is connect-
ed. This generator finally produces electricity, which can subsequently be
transmitted to electrical towers in order to reach the electrical grid.

The diagrams show the stages and equipment used in the cement-mak-
ing process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building
purposes.

The illustrations reveal the process by which cement is produced, and how
this cement is utilised in the concrete production process.
Overall, what stands out from the diagrams is that whereas producing cement
requires only two ingredients, concrete is composed of four. Furthermore,
while cement production consists of numerous steps, the production of con-
crete needs just two stages.
If we look at cement production, initially, limestone and clay are crushed to-
gether to form a powder. Having been put through a mixer, the powder is then
passed through a rotating heater. After being heated, it is then ground, after
which it can be packed into bags as cement.
Moving to the manufacture of concrete, this is made up of four elements. Half

of concrete is composed of gravel, a quarter consists of sand, and water con-
stitutes a tenth. The remainder is accounted for by the earlier produced ce-

ment. These materials are subsequently combined using a horizontally rotat-

ing concrete mixer to create concrete.

The diagram below shows the life cycle of a species of large fish called
the salmon.

The illustration demonstrates how a salmon develops over the course of its
lifetime.
Overall, the salmon passes through three different stages of life, taking be-
tween nine and ten years to reach its final adult form.
In the beginning, the salmon starts its life cycle as one salmon egg among
others. These eggs are deposited beneath some small stones within a patch

of reeds in a slow moving upper river. Once an egg hatches about half a year
after being laid, it produces a fry, roughly three to eight centimetres long.
The next step is for the fry to swim to the faster flowing lower river. After re-
maining in this river for approximately four years, the fry transitions into a 12-
15cm long smolt and heads for the open sea.
The smolt spends around five years in the open sea. Subsequent to the pass-
ing of this half decade, this fish enters its final form as an adult salmon, mea-
suring 70 to 76cm, before returning to the upper river to lay its eggs in the
reeds and restart the cycle.

The two maps show an island before and after the construction of some
tourist facilities.

The diagram highlights the changes which took place on an island through
the installation of tourist infrastructure.
Overall, the island, which measures 1.5km across, was transformed from an
uninhabited and featureless location into a holiday resort with many facilities.
In terms of building developments, one significant change was the construc-

tion of two zones of accommodation, which flank a new reception to the east
and west. In the western zone, there are a few trees, which had also been
present prior to the development. In addition, a restaurant was built to the
north of the reception.

Regarding transport, a pier was introduced off the south coast, and a vehicle
track was laid to link the main attractions. Specifically, this track connects the
pier, the reception, and the restaurant, as well as a newly built western foot-
path. This footpath not only links the western accommodation but also leads
to the beach, which now offers a swimming area. Although the eastern huts
are also connected by a footpath, this is not linked with the vehicle track.

The plans below show the layout of a university’s sports centre now,
and how it will look after redevelopment.

The diagrams illustrate the current setup of a university’s sports complex and
the way it will appear following a planned expansion.
Overall, the sports centre is set to become an entirely indoor facility since ex-
tensions are due to be built to the east and west, which will supplant the cen-
tre’s outdoor courts.
At present, the sports facility houses an entrance area with a reception, to the
east and west of which are doorways which lead into the seating area and
changing rooms respectively. These flank a 25m pool, and north of this is a
gym. Outdoor courts lie to the east and west of the building.

After the redevelopment, the entrance area will accommodate a sports shop
in its southwestern corner and a cafe in its southeastern corner, and these
will back onto new changing rooms. While the western outdoor court will have
been replaced by a leisure pool, the eastern court will have been turned into
a sports hall west of two new dance studios. Finally, the gym will have been
extended eastward toward these dance studios.

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is

planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the super-
market.

The map shows a town of 65,000 people called Garlsdon. Indicated on the
map are two potential locations for a new supermarket in the town.
In general, it can be seen that the first site, S1, is in a more rural area on the
outskirts of town, while the second location, S2, occupies a more urban and
central position in the town.
Focusing on S1, if the supermarket were placed here, it would be positioned

in the north-west of the countryside between the railway line and the main
road to Hindon, a town 12km away with a population of 10,000.
If built on the S2 site, however, the supermarket would be just south of the
railway track within the pedestrianised town centre, which itself is encircled by
a residential area. To the west and east of the supermarket would be the
roads to Bransdon and Cransdon respectively. Whereas the former is 16km
southwest and holds 15,000 people, the latter is 25km southeast and is home
to 29,000 inhabitants.

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The IELTS Teacher Mastering IELTS Writing: Model Answers

The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Focusing on water and rail as means of transport, these distributed 39 million

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Fish and meat consumption

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Regarding mobile phones, the number of minutes spent on this form of

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 13 Test 3

Focusing on electricity production, China generated 5398 billion kWh, the

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Percentage of Australian men and women doing regular physical activity:

As for Australian females, only 47.7% of 15 to 24 year olds were physically

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 5

Concentrating on the older networks, the oldest of all is in London, having

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

British Household Energy British Household

The IELTS Teacher 2020

energy is used by heating. The remainder is accounted for by other appli-

Turning to the ordinary British household’s greenhouse gas emissions, cool-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Focusing on the causes, over-grazing accounts for 35%, which is 5% more

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

The pie charts demonstrate how the expenditure of a school in the UK

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main featu-

Source: Cambridge IELTS 5

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main featu-

choices of 3%, 15% and 4% of people respectively. Conversely, the propor-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The table below gives information on the ages of the populations of

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main featu-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

2.1% to 5.7% and that of 15 to 59 year olds by 11 percentage points to

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Source: Cambridge IELTS 12

The illustration demonstrates the process by which geothermal energy is har-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

Source: Cambridge IELTS 8

Moving to the manufacture of concrete, this is made up of four elements. Half

The IELTS Teacher 2020

ment. These materials are subsequently combined using a horizontally rotat-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea-

The IELTS Teacher 2020

The IELTS Teacher 2020