10.conductioni in Media - Part 3 Solid

Topic 10:
CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN MEDIA:

SOLID AS INSULATING MEDIA (PART 3)
Lecturers:
1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Hermagasantos Zein, M.Sc.
2. Siti Saudah, S.t., M.T.
Contact:
▪ Ofice:
➢ Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban, Bandung Barat, Indonesia
▪ Email:
➢ hermaga_s@yahoo.co.id, Hp. 081321108991
➢ siti.saudah@polban.ac.id, Hp.081222548693
CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN
SOLID AS INSULATING MEDIA
Content
1. Purpose of Studying Breakdown in solid Media
2. Introduction to Solid Media
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media
4. Homework.
Hermagasantos Zein & Siti Saudah, Jurusan Teknik Konversi Energi, Polban
1. Purpose of Studying Breakdown in solid Media
▪ Understanding solid media as insilator

▪ Understanding breakdown in solid media
▪ Knowing failure in solid media
2. Introduction to Solid Media
▪ Solid dielectric materials are used in all kinds of electric circuits ad

divices to insulate one current carrying part fram another when they
operate at different voltage.
▪ Solid dielectrics have higher breakdown srength compared to liquids
and gases.
▪ Breakdown in solid dielectrics are of extreme importance in isullation
studies.
▪ The breakdown mechanism of solid is a complex phenomena, depand
on the time of voltage application. Shown in the ficture
2. Introduction to Solid Media …
Breakdown strength
Intrinsic, electro-
mechanical
streamer
thermal
Erosion and electro

chemical
Log Time
The breakdown mechanism of solid
The various breakdown mechanism can be classified as

1) Intrisic or ionic breakdown
2) Electromechanical breakdown
3) Electronic Breakdown
4) Avalanche / steamer breakdown
5) THERMAL BREAKDOWN
6) Failure due to treeing and tracking
7) Breakdown due to internal discharges
3. Types of Breakdown in Solid Media …
1) Intrisic or ionic breakdown
▪ Difinition: The intrisic electric strength is when voltage applied
only short durations of the order of 10-8s, the dielectric strength of
a solid dieletric increases rapidly to an upper limit.
▪ The hghest dieletric strength depands only on the structure of the
material and the temperature.
▪ The maximum electric strength is 15MV/cm for polyvinyl-alcohol
at -1960C. And it is rangs from 5 MV/cm to 10 MV/cm.
▪ Intrisic breakdown depands upon the presence of free electrons
which are capable of migration through the lattice of the
dielectric. Usually, a small number of conduction electrons are
present in solid dielectrics, structural imperfections and small
amounts of impurities.
▪ Trapped electrons are released, and these electrons participate
in the conduction procss. Base on this principle, two types of
intrinsic breakdown mechanisms: electronic and
avalanche/sreamer breakdown.
2) Electromechanical brakdown
Failure by elektro static force
2
V
 0 r 2 = Y ln (d 0 / d )
2d
Y is Young modulus
2Y
V =d2 2
Y ln (d 0 / d )
 0 r
▪ Commonly mechanic stability will occur when

d/d0=0,6 or d0/d=1,67.
▪ So maximum breakdown electric strength is
V
E max = = 0,6 Y / 
d0
3) Electronic breakdown
▪ Free electrons are also assumed to be large, and electrons
collisions occur
▪ When an electric field is applied, electrons gain energy from
electric field and cross the forbidden energy gap fram the
valency to the conduction band.
▪ When this process is repeated, more and more electrons
become available in the conduction band, eventually leading to
breakdown.
4) Avalanche / steamer breakdown
• This is similar to breakdown in gases due to cumulative
ionization.
• Conduction electrons gain sufficient energy above a certain
critical electric field and cause liberation of electrons from the
lattice atoms by collisions.
• An electron starts from the cathode will drift towards the anode
and during this motion gains energy from field and loses it during
collisions.
• In practice, breakdown does not occur by the formation of a
single avalanche itself, but occurs as a result of many
avalanches formed within the electric and extending step by step
through the entire of the material.
5) THERMAL BREAKDOWN
▪ Breakdown voltage) of solid dielectric rise with the material
thinness
▪ Heat generating in the DC electric field strength is
2
I R
Wdc = = E  W/Cm
2 3
Volume
While for AC field :
Vef2 f r tg
Wac = W/cm3
1,8 x1012
where,
f is frequency
δ is loss of material dielectric edge.
Vef2 is rms square
While is total heat absorbed is
T
WT = CV + div (K grad T) W/cm 3
t
where,
CV = specific heat
T = temperatur
K = thermal conduction
t = dissipation time
▪ For E2 occur breakdown both TA and TB.
▪ On the area TA-Tb, heat generated is smaller than loss heat
so that does not occur breakdown.
Heat
Head generated
E1 E2
Heat lost
Temp.
T0 TA TB
Maximum thermal breakdown stress
in MV/cm
Material
In DC Field In AC Field
Thermal breakdown stress in
Muscovite mica 24 7,18

Rock salt 38 1,4
the solid dielectric
High grade porcelin - 2,8
H.V. Steatite - 9,8

Quart-perpendicular to 1200 -
axis
Quart-paraller to axis 66 -
Capacitor paper - 3,4-4,4

Polythene - 3,5
Polystryene - 5,0
6) Failure due to treeing and tracking

▪ Isolation failure occur when the solid dielectric
long live electric strength.
▪ There are two phenomena:
1) Formed the conduction track through surface
isolator.
2) There is linkage current through conduction track
that has been formed and then affect spark.
▪ Spreading spark path while tracking process, create

branches of tree called with treeing.
▪ The follow figure is arrangement for studying the
treeing phenomena.
1
d1
V1
d2 film
V2
▪ From the figure V1 is the air gap voltage and V2 is

voltage across the film dielectric.
▪ Air gap voltage can calculate as below.
d1
V1 = V
d1 +  1 d 2 /  2
7) Breakdown due to internal discharges
• Solid material as is possible present voids

cavities/empty space, both indoor and between
interface surface of electrodes.
C1 d1 C1 V1
C3
d C3
V
C2
C2
▪ If ε1 and ε2 repeatedly show partitivities of void

and material, voltage across void is
C2 d1
V1 = V= V
C 1 +C 2 d1 +  1 d 2 /  2
▪ For thinness of void is smallest compare to thinness of

material, the before equation can be sampled to be
d1 2
V1 = V
d 2 1
▪ If void is empty space, the above equation will be
d1 r
V1 = V
d2
Example
Isolator with thin 100 cm applied 500 kV if the material has void
0,02 cm as empty. What event to the material if relative
permittivity of material is 5.
Answer:
Thin of void is smallest compare to material,
d1 r 0,02 0,5

V1 = V= 5 x500 = 0,5 kV atau E1 = = 25 kV/cm
d2 100 0,02
4. Homework
1. Explain electric conduction phenomenon in solid. And
compare to conduction in liquid and gas.
2. What influence of void in the solid material?
3. Proof the formulation:
I 2R
Wdc = = E 2 W/Cm 3
Volume
4. Solid isolator with thin 10 cm apply 50 kV if the material

has void 2 cm as empty space. What event in material if
relative permittivity is 5, and critical field of material 10
kV/cm.
5. Determine value of modulus Young on a material with
thin1,5 cm and the breakdown 32 kV, assumption material
permittivity 4.25.
OK, our class is over
Thank You

10.conductioni in Media - Part 3 Solid

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Topic 10:

CONDUCTION AND BREAKDOWN IN MEDIA:

▪ Understanding solid media as insilator

▪ Solid dielectric materials are used in all kinds of electric circuits ad

Erosion and electro

The various breakdown mechanism can be classified as

▪ Commonly mechanic stability will occur when

While for AC field :

While is total heat absorbed is

Muscovite mica 24 7,18

High grade porcelin - 2,8

H.V. Steatite - 9,8

Capacitor paper - 3,4-4,4

6) Failure due to treeing and tracking

▪ Spreading spark path while tracking process, create

▪ From the figure V1 is the air gap voltage and V2 is

• Solid material as is possible present voids

▪ If ε1 and ε2 repeatedly show partitivities of void

▪ For thinness of void is smallest compare to thinness of

▪ If void is empty space, the above equation will be

d1 r 0,02 0,5

4. Solid isolator with thin 10 cm apply 50 kV if the material

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