Measured process variable Measuring Device

1. Temperature Resistance Thermometer (–50 to 500ºC)

Thermocouple
Radiation pyrometer
Optical pyrometer
Filled-System thermometer
oscillating quartz crystal
Bimetal thermometer
2. Pressure Manometers
Bourdon Tube elements
Bellow elements
Diaphragm elements
Strain gauge
Piezometer:
Differential manometer (U-
tube manometer)
(Works on the principle of
variation of electrical
resistance with
For low temperature, liquid air
temperature
(Seebeck effect )
Stefan Boltzmann’s law
(800-1600ºC)
temperature is measured by
monochromatic light.
Based on the elastic
deformation of materials
It is the simplest form of
manometer used for
measuring gauge pressure.

Piezoresistivity elements used to convert pressure

Piezoelectric elements signal to electrical signal.
Mcleod gauge for measuring vacuum.
3. Flow Hot wire anemometer Used to measure air
velocity.
Pitot tube Measure flow velocity at a
point.
Rotameter Variable area meter (for low
flow rates)
Target flow meter Viscous fluid flow.

Orifice plates, venture Measured pressure drop

meter, Nozzle meter across a flow constriction.
Dahl flow tube
Kennison flow nozzle
Ultrasound
Turbine flow meters For Natural gas
4. Liquid level Float-Actuated devices (Coupled with various types of
Displace devices indicators and signal
Liquid Head pressure devices converters).

Conductivity measurement Good for system with two

Dielectric measurement phases.

Sonic Resonance

5. Composition Chromatographic analyzers long times required for

analysis

Infrared analyzers Convenient for one or two

Ultraviolet analyzers (UV) chemicals.
Visible-Radiation analyzer
PH meter alkanity or acidity of solution.

Coulometer
Polarographic analyzers
Osicllometric analyzers
conductimetry
Potentiometry
Turbidimetry analyzers Not so convenient for process
Paramagnetic analyzers control.
Nephelometry analyzers
Spectrometers (Mass, Petroleum products in organic
gases and vapours.

x-ray, Dyes , clayparticle size in

ceramics.

electron, ion, Raman etc.) expensive for low cost control

loops.

Hydrometer To measure the relative Based on Principle of

density of liquids (Specific Buoyancy.
Gravity)

Hygrometer Used to measure amount of

water vapour in the
atmosphere (amount of
humidity), soil

(Linear Variable is a transducer used for

converting displacement to
Differential
voltage.
Transformer) LVDT