Effective Writing Principles

Good writing is to communicate ideas clearly and effectively and good writing is elegant and
stylish. Clear writing begins with clear thinking.
To make good writing there are only two things to note: words and Writing Scientific
Manuscripts
A. Words:
1. Reduce dead words and heavy phrases
Get rid of jargon and repetition, Portraits and delete unneeded words that might slow your
readers. Very, really, quite, basically, these words rarely add anything useful.
2. Cut, cut, cut; learn to understand part of your words
After investing a lot of effort to put words on a page, we often find it difficult to get the
hang of them. Try an additional wordless phrase and see how the words are better - share the
same idea with more power
3. Follow: subject + verb + object (SVO)
In a passive voice phrase, the subject is acted upon; the subject is inaction and the main
verb must be a transitive verb (ie, retrieve the object).
Passive verbs = verb forms "to" + past participle of the main verb
Most writing rules are guidelines, not laws, and can be broken when they need them and
active voice is direct, powerful, natural, and informative.
4. Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns
The sentence uses one major verb to convey its main action; without a verb, the sentence
will collapse. The verb is a machine that pushes sentences. Verbs are boring, lifeless slows
down sentences. Action verbs reflect the actions they choose to portray, and help bring the
reader into the story.
5. Eliminate the negative; use positive construction instead
Example:
• He does not think that learning to write is the use of a reasonable time he thinks learning to
write is a waste of time.
6. Use Parallel Construction
 The couple ideas of the two joining "and", "or", or "but" should be written in parallel and
the list of ideas (and the list of ideas) must be written in parallel.
B. Writing Scientific Manuscripts
1. Abstract
Abstract is the culmination of a main story that stands alone gives the spotlight on
every sheet of paper, The limited length is usually only 100-300 words. The abstract
contains backgrounds, questions asked, experiments performed, results found, answers to
questions asked, Implications, speculation, or recommendations. Abstracts can be
structured (with subheadings) or free form.
2. Introduction
The introduction explains what is known, what is unknown, questions your problem,
your experimental approach, why your experimental approach is new and different and
important. Write in plain English, not technical conversations and take the reader step by
step from what is known unknown. End with your specific question. Emphasize what's
new and important about your work. Do not mention the answers to research questions and
exclude results or their implications.
3. Discussion
Discussion is the part that gives you the most freedom, giving you the best opportunity
to display great writing and what is most challenging to write about. The purpose of the
discussion is to answer the questions posed in the Introduction, support your conclusions
with details (you, others), defend your conclusions (recognize limits) and highlight the
wider implications of the work.
Elements of a typical discussion section are key findings (answers to questions asked
in the Intro.), Key secondary findings, context, strengths and limitations, what's next, "so
what?": Involves, speculates, recommends, clinical implications of science basic findings,
and strong conclusions.
4. Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods Overview provides a clear picture of what has been done,
provides sufficient information to replicate research (such as a recipe!), Complete, but
minimizes complexity, you can use more free jargon and passives in M & M Section
 Methods of reporting in past tense ("we measure"), but use present tense to illustrate how
data is presented on paper ("data is summarized as a means).

5. Results
Results are the results of reports relating to the main questions asked, summarizing the
data (big picture); reporting trends, citing numbers or tables that present supporting data.
Use subheadings, including negative results and controls, give a clear picture of the
magnitude of responses or differences by reporting percentage changes or percentage
differences rather than by quoting the exact data, Reserve the terms "significant" for
statistically significant, and do not discuss the reasons for statistical analysis . Use the past
tense, except to talk about how data is presented in the paper. Use active voice because you
can talk about your experiment subject, "we" can be used sparingly while maintaining
active voice.
6. Tables and Figures
The first editors to note in the title, abstract, and Table and Figures. Like abstracts,
numbers and tables must stand alone and tell a complete story. The title is Identify a
particular topic or point from the table. Use the same key terms in the title, column
heading, and paper text and keep it short. Footnotes use superscript symbols to identify
footnotes, according to journal guides, using footnotes to explain statistically significant
differences, and use footnotes to explain experimental details or abbreviations. This format
uses three horizontal lines: one above the column heading, one below the column heading,
and one under the data, use the short horizontal line to the subtitle of the group under the
heading, and follow the RE journal guidelines.
7. Number
Three varieties of Figures are Primary proof, graphs, drawings and diagrams. Figure
Legends Allows stand-alone numbers containing short titles, experiment details, symbol
definitions or line / bar patterns, statistical information.
8. Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments are a source of funding, non-author contributors (eg materials
offered, suggestions or consultations that are not significant enough for authorship).
9. Reference
 References using a computerized bibliography program, follow the journal guidelines
(can request alphabets or sequences in text), follow standard abbreviations (can be found
online) and some journals limit the number of references allowed.