Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5 (2022) 100186

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Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

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and-environmental-engineering

Biotechnological advancements and challenges in textile effluents

management for a sustainable bioeconomy: Indian case studies
Anita Srivastava a, *, Sheetal Bandhu b
a
Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
b
Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The textile industries role on imminent hazardous environmental impact has global attention. The remediation of
Textile waste effluent textile effluent is often challenging because of the presence of a wide variety of pollutants like dyes, acids, bases,
Biological processes metal salts, and microorganisms. The use of biological recycling methods are contemplated to mitigate the
Recycling
hazardous pollutants from textile effluent to reduce environmental pollution, threatening the sustainability of
Case studies
Legislations
living organisms. This review aims to furnish an insight into the recent advancements and challenges in
biotechnological processes focusing on economic and cutting-edge technologies in the treatment of textile ef­
fluents. Recent trends using integrated biotechnological approaches and bioprocess engineering represent stra­
tegic opportunities for economic textile effluent management. Studies on advanced in-silico and multiomics
(proteomics, genomics, metabolomics) approaches have been highlighted. This review also identifies the gaps
and issues in effluent treatment operations. Several case studies on waste effluent treatment and recycling
practices in India are also reported. Important legislation and laws for regulating and controlling textile waste
effluent are also described.

1. Introduction
Sustainable development is the vital element of the modern economy
as it switches from linear economy to circular bio-based economy.
Globally, exploration and application of the latest trends in biotech­
nology for waste treatment represent a sustainable environmental
ecology and circular bioeconomy [1]. India is contributing to a target of
$100 billion bioeconomy by 2025 with annual growth of 20% [2].
Among all crucial contributors in the Indian economy textile industry
possess a pivotal share and is the second largest employment generator
after agriculture. Indian textile industry is estimated to reach US$209
billion by the end of 2021 [3]. Industrial textile processing from fiber to
fabric comprises pretreatment (sizing, scouring, and desizing), dyeing,
printing, and finishing operations requiring toxic chemicals, stabilizers,
finishing agents during different stages [4,5]. These production pro­
cesses use ample amounts of water and a wide range of different syn­
thetic dyes (azo, directive, acidic, and basic) discharged as effluent,
adding to environmental hazards with large consumption of energy and
water [6,7]. Microbial communities and water bodies are tremendously
affected by the textile effluent due to the reduced availability of sunlight
and dissolved oxygen and its toxic, mutagenic, cytotoxic and
carcinogenic effect on public health [8]. In India, the majority of textile
industries are located in Tirupur and Karur in Tamil Nadu, Kanpur in
Uttar Pradesh, Ludhiana in Punjab, and Surat in Gujarat [9]. Technical
improvisation is the need of the hour for the pre-processing steps, to
reduce the use of chemicals and cost of treatment or disposal. This article
focuses on the advancements in the treatment of textile effluent using
biological, enzymatic, microbial, genetically modified microorganisms
nanotechnology, and membrane bioreactors (Fig. 1). Microbial assisted
bioremediation using advanced multiomics tools (genomics, tran­
scriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and in silico approaches
have also been discussed. Recent studies on Bioinformatics and Molec­
ular docking tool are also shown [10,11]. The in silico methods are being
applied in many fields for toxicity evaluation and biodegradation of
environmental pollutants. This review provides insight on the effluent
generation during different textile processing steps, highlighting various
advanced biological treatment technologies, their advantages, and
limitations for the better management of textile industries (Table 1).
Few case studies with the recent biotechnology-assisted treatment of
textile waste effluent in Indian textile industries are discussed. It also
presents the key issues and challenges in Indian policies and regulations
during textile processing for waste management.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: anitasri27@gmail.com (A. Srivastava).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100186
Received 30 September 2021; Received in revised form 18 January 2022; Accepted 30 January 2022
Available online 1 February 2022
2666-0164/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A. Srivastava and S. Bandhu
2. Technological status: biotechnological tools in effluent
treatment and recycling in India
According to the US EPA, an average of a minimum of 40 L of
freshwater is required for coloring 1 kg of cloth, which may vary ac­
cording to the dyeing process of textile material. The wastewater
released consists of different suspended mineral salts and oils, metals
and their complexes and dyes, some non-biodegradable products if un­
treated will pollute the rivers and sea after discharge. Annually, ~830
million m3 of groundwater is used, and ~640 million m3 of wastewater
is discharged [12,13]. There are significant opportunities in effluent
recycling and waste acquired bioeconomy, the country has the potential
to transform it into a sustainable business opportunity. Biological pro­
cesses such as bioremediation and its integration with advanced
computational tools provide a distinct edge to address the present
environmental challenges and are considered to be unostentatious and
phenomenally effective in eradicating various biohazardous from textile
effluents [14].
2.1. Bioremediation
Bioremediation-assisted textile effluent treatment has been devel­
oped for relatively cleaner processing. These methods are robust due to
their versatility and molecular diversity, the most effective alternatives
as compared to physical and chemical methods with economical oper­
ating costs and production of non-toxic and harmless products. The
treatment processes involve a wide array of microorganisms or their
enzymatic machinery [15–17]. Recently research has been developed
using microbial consortia for effective textile effluent management. In a
microbial consortium, an individual strain may attack dyes molecules at
different positions. Moreover, the degradation products, which
appeared due to the metabolic activity of one strain, may be utilized as
substrate by another [18]. The microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,
yeast, and algae have been widely used by various researchers in textile
wastewater treatment [Fig. 2]. These microorganisms explore different
biochemical pathways and biosorption processes to degrade, decolorize,
detoxify and mineralize a cavalcade of wastewater pollutants by using
their different metabolic pathways and biosorption processes [19]. The
ambient parameters can be changed to stimulate microbial development
and hence increase the microorganisms’ degrading efficiency for an
effective bioremediation procedure. Furthermore, the procedure is
eco-friendly, simple, labor-intensive, and sustainable. It also ensures the
eradication of toxins from the environment without being transmitted to
Fig. 1. Textile effluent treatment and recycling using integrated biotechnological approaches.
2
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5 (2022) 100186
another medium. Despite several advantages, the process has certain
limitations like being restricted to biodegradable compounds only, more
time consuming. Future research requires the development of advanced
bioremediation technologies for non biodegradable dyes and complex
pollutants treatment.
Microbial fuel cells technology employing different microorganisms
may be proven as a promising technology that converts chemical energy
from the degradation of pollutants into electrical current, using some
electrodes for the effective treatment of textile wastewater. This tech­
nology is being globally studied as a multidisciplinary discipline that
integrates microbiology, electrochemistry, material science, and other
fields to address environmental and fuel-related issues. The bio­
electrochemical mechanism of electroactive bacteria is being researched
as an effective strategy in wastewater treatment, bioelectricity produc­
tion, and resource recovery using this technology. This method has
several limitations, including low electricity production, high cost, un­
steady kinetics and, environmental toxicity [20]. Another effective
approach offering a potential treatment is using genetically modified
organisms. Researchers have developed different transgenic strains for
effluent treatment.
2.2. In silico and multiomics approaches
In addition, an emerging alternative computational method, in silico
approaches is being applied for the bioremediation of complex pollut­
ants from the textile effluent. This bioremediation approach relies on
diverse areas of science including bioinformatics, computational
biology, molecular modeling, genomics, proteomics, molecular dy­
namics simulation, and algorithm for the prediction of pathways [21].
Recent studies also show the application of multiomics in designing the
strategy for microorganism assisted remediation to rehabilitate the
pollutant contaminated environment and water [10,22]. The in silico
method, docking process astute to study the biodegradation of pollut­
ants by microorganisms, in addition, provides an insight to understand
the biochemical and molecular reactions taking place inside the
microorganism during the bioremediation process. Metabolic models
and genome-sequencing integrate all features of an organism by
combining genome explanation and biochemical understanding to
create a mathematical model [23]. Bioinformatics and molecular
docking are widely used tools for predicting susceptibility of dye
degradation using oxidoreductive enzymes. Dye and enzyme reaction
analysis provides the specificity of substrates and predicts the mecha­
nism of degradation [24]. Membrane technologies may also be a robust
A. Srivastava and S. Bandhu Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5 (2022) 100186

method for effluent management. Several emerging membranes such as
ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis are
widely used in the purification and desalination of dyes in wastewater
[25]. These membranes are sturdy in the removal of color, suspended
solids, and organic salts from textile wastewater. The membrane’s
filtration function separates particles from liquid, making the process
more efficient. Gunes and Gonder evaluated the efficiency of the hybrid
system (electrocoagulation-nanofiltration-reverse osmosis) for biologi­
cally treated textile effluent. The membrane performance and fouling
behaviors of the hybrid treatment processes were evaluated [26].
Membrane bioreactors have various advantages, including high effluent
quality, flexibility, low sludge production, enzyme washout prevention,
and low environmental impact. Different kinds of bioreactors like airlift
bioreactors, fluidized bed bioreactors, fixed bed or packed bed bio­
reactors are also used as attractive approaches for wastewater treat­
ment. These bioreactors are highly advantageous because of their simple
design, low cost, continuous operations, uniform mixing, and better
temperature control [27].
3. Textile effluent treatment in India: case studies
Globally, a tremendous amount of research is being carried on the
remediation of textile effluent for reuse. A group of researchers inves­
tigated the impact of treated textile wastewater for irrigation, the co­
conut fiber was used as a natural biomaterial for mineralization of
methyl orange containing wastewater in an integrated biofilm biore­
actor, Pseudomonas putida showed a strong ability to decolorize methyl
orange under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature and pH, under
static state. The treated water showed better results as compared to
textile water used for irrigation in terms of nutritional profile [28].
Another study suggests the utilization of chickpea outer husk exuber­
antly plentiful agro-industrial processing remnant in India for the
extraction of textile grade dye to transmit color to cotton, wool fabric,
silk without any auxiliaries. Good dye uptake was seen in the chickpea
husk extract-treated cotton, silk, and wool fabrics. The highest color
depth (K/S) of 60.4 and a total color value of 3.4 was produced at 90 ◦ C
for wool fabrics. The treated fabrics showed redder and yellower regions
of color irrespective of the variable temperatures with ultraviolet pro­
tection and resistance property against Escherichia coli and Staphylo­
coccus aureus [29].
Nirena and Jigishab (2011) investigated the treatment of red dye,
containing synthetic textile wastewater using an aerobically run
continuous flow mode submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), with
different hydraulic retention times and an increase in transmembrane
pressure from 0.29 to 0.58 bar during each run. The removal rate for
BOD, COD, and color was 93.69% 92.33%, and 91.36%, respectively. A
stable flux and fouling were prevented by covering the membrane with a
wire mesh cage and routine cleaning was performed. The findings
revealed that SMBR is efficacious for treating synthetic textile waste­
water [30]. Kadam et al. (2018) reported the effective use of a floating
photo bed system based on the plant consortium of Chrysopogon ziza­
nioides and Typha angustifolia for the removal of Scarlet RR Dye and
treatment of textile effluent by using the plant consortia linked to mi­
crobial fuel cells resulting in a reduction of color, biological oxygen
demand, chemical oxygen demand total suspended solids and total
dissolved solids [31].
Two non-adapted bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC 1739 and
Lysinibacillus sphaericus MTCC 9523 were investigated for a textile dye
decolorization (azo dye Drimaren Red CL-5B). An advanced Biosolve IT
software was adopted to calculate docking score, identification of active
site residues, and molecular interactions between dye and bacterial
laccase and azoreductase. It was suggested that both bacterial strains
had the potential for decolorization and biodegradation of azo dye
containing textile wastewater. Thus, an advanced approach was vali­
dated, for an in silico preliminary screening and bacterial dye degra­
dation, for an economical, eco-friendly, and time-efficient
bioremediation for reprocessing of treated water [32]. The researchers
devised a synergistic plant-microbe system, to evaluate the complete
degeneration of a methyl red azo dye, operated in an anaerobic-aerobic
sequential mode. The breakdown products of methyl red (N, N-dime­
thyl-p-phenylenediamine, and 2-aminobenzoic acid) were analyzed. The
intensified dye degradation was observed by the vetiver-microbe

Table 1
Trending integrated biotechnological approaches and their outcomes in textile effluent treatment.
Emerging trends Advantages Challenges Future scope References

Bioremediation
In silico approaches
(bioinformatics, molecular
docking), multiomics
(genomics, proteomics,
metabolomics)
Microbial fuel cell technology
Enzymes and whole cell
biocatalysts
Metagenomics and gene editing
Membrane bioreactors
Potential to degrade various synthetic dyes
and heavy metals, low energy consumption
as compared to incineration and landfilling,
cost-effective, and easily accepted by
regulatory authorities
A modelling tool, provides an understanding
of biochemical and molecular pathways
during the bioremediation process
Production of bioenergy, electricity, reduced
CO2 emission, mineralization of pollutants
Degradation of complex dyes and utilization
of byproducts
Offer a unique untapped opportunity for the
bioremediation, identification of the
potential gene, encoding for enzymes
functions in reducing the toxicity of wastes
generated. Identifies and targets several
specific sites within the genome using
CRISPR, ZFN etc.
Highly efficient by using combined microbial
and membrane filtration processes plays a
major role in the degradation of color
compounds and mineralization of textile
wastewater
Limited knowledge about
metabolic and degradation
pathways
Availability of limited
resources, limited database
restricted to few compounds
High operation cost, less
efficient, low production rates
Limitations in terms of
substrate and acceptor
tolerances, stability, low
catalytic turnover, and end
product inhibition
Limited knowledge of factors
controlling growth, pathways,
and microbial metabolism.
Safety concerns, ethical
acceptance
Fouling of membrane, high
operation cost
Potential to be more effective with [7,8,40,
interdisciplinary approaches 43]
The integration of advanced biological, [11,24,41,
toxicological and microbial database may be 42]
integrated as a single tool to enhance the
computational techniques for improved
results
Advanced research may lead to low-cost [31]
power generation and renewable energy
production
Technological advancements in synthetic [24,37,40]
biology and metabolic engineering, efficient
immobilized biocatalysts in this area
The combined approach of DNA, RNA, and [45]
protein for analyses of a microbial
community may develop an understanding of
a relationship with the environment and their
functions. Identifying novel pathways and
role of protein engineering for better tool
development in bioremediation
Technological developments in mitigation of [33,38]
fouling of the membrane

3
A. Srivastava and S. Bandhu
Fig. 2. Overview of generation of textile effluent and treatment using bioremediation technologies.
system. The plant-microbe system was most efficient for the removal of
aromatic amine which affected the phytotoxicity during seed germina­
tion and teratogenicity in zebrafish development in applied treated
water [33]. Another study was performed on Pseudomanas aeruginosa
SVM16 mediated decolorization of azo anthraquinone dyes, utilizing the
dyes as substrates and supplemented with jack fruit seed powder as
effective co-substrate for bio-decolorization [34]. Mishra et al. (2020)
also reported an advanced approach, the use of microbial fuel cells
(MFCs) for hybrid (mixed azo orange 16 (RO16) and red 21 (RR21)
dyes) wastewater treatment along with energy recovery using Pseudo­
monas aeruginosa 23N1 using dye as substrate and resulting in
bio-energy by using the organic compounds formed as products. The
bio-energy formed may vary depending upon the concentration of
inorganic or organic compounds, physicochemical composition
including wastewater [35].
The researchers reported the degradation of a sulfonated azo dye
(Acid Fast Yellow MR) by a newly identified Aeromonas hydrophila SK16
bacterial strain from textile effluent polluted soil. The oxidoreductase
was involved for the dye decolorization revealed by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy showing the preference of amine and sulfur di­
oxide bonds in the dye breakdown [36]. Another study on decoloriza­
tion of the dye was reported by Prabhakar et al., in 2019, using an
isolated bacterial Nesterenkonia sp., the study was executed in simulated
and real textile wastewaters using starch as a carbon supplement. The
microbe efficiently biodegraded the dye as well bioremediated the toxic
metal Cr (VI), moderated the pH from wastewater during treatment
[37]. The author devised an anaerobic biological reactor merged with an
activated carbon filter and ultra-filtration unit termed as AN-ACF-UF
process, containing a microbial consortium for the decolorization of
textile effluent at an on-site industry. The process involved the treatment
of industrial effluent containing dye and pre-treatment range (PTR) in a
specific ratio using the patented method. The system was efficient in
recovering salt with a high concentration of sodium with a zero liquid
discharge system [38]. Raj et al. (2021) suggested the two-step process
for remediation of textile effluent for water reuse using Escherichia fer­
gusonii, followed by activated charcoal treatment. The bacterium
potentially reduced the color, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved
solids, bicarbonates, sulphates, and chlorides in a significant amount
[39]. Chhabra et al. (2015) demonstrated Cythus bulleri immobilized
laccase mediated azo dye acid red 27 decolorization using batch
(90–95%) and continuous packed bed column (nearly 90%). The
4
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5 (2022) 100186
procedure resulted in 90% efficient laccase immobilization with more
than 70% stability after 5 months at 4 ◦ C. The results led to effective
immobilization and dye decolorization [40]. Researchers also reported
the use of in silico studies using Pseudomonas stutzeri TS44 arsenite ox­
idase, a bacterial enzyme, to understand bioremediation for the elimi­
nation of toxic arsenic, leading to an economical and eco-friendly
approach. Following sequence analysis, models were generated using a
variety of homology modeling methods. Molecular docking was studied
for the binding interaction of arsenite oxidase with arsenite [41].
Another group of researchers worked on six different dyes as potential
targets for degradation by laccase and azoreductase using Aeromonas
hydrophila with Lysinibacillus sphaericus respectively, implementing in
silico docking tool (BioSolveIT-FlexX). Azoreductase used a ping-pong
mechanism to break azo bonds, whereas laccase used a non-specific
free radical method to decolorize dyes [24]. Chakdar et al. (2021)
highlighted the potential of cyanobacteria for heavy metal bioremedi­
ation and outlooked a critical insight on their genomic and proteomic
regulation of multiple tolerance mechanisms [42] These approaches
may add new dimensions for implementing computational tool, in silico
approaches for improving bioremediation method for eradication of
pollutants from textile effluents.
4. Challenges in textile effluent treatment
Textile industry effluent management is demanding careful consid­
eration due to its serious environmental consequences. The biochemical
properties of textile waste effluent like higher chemical oxygen demand,
heat, pH, color, non-degradable dyes, and metal ions are imposing dif­
ficulties in treatment. Textile industries are confronting serious chal­
lenges due to the lack of advanced processing and effluent treatment
technologies at pilot and industrial scales. Various traditional physico­
chemical or biological as well as emerging advanced methods are
available but, currently, there are no proven efficient treatment methods
that could overcome drawbacks like high energy consumption, oper­
ating cost, long treatment time, and production of hazardous
byproducts.
Bioremediation is widely applied in the textile industry yet, the
resulting products of azo dyes are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Total dye
degradation is still lacking due to the unavailability of robust technology
for effluent treatment [43]. Microbial fuel cell technology have also
emerged as a promising bioremediation solution; however, efforts are
A. Srivastava and S. Bandhu
needed to overcome their limitations, such as limited electricity pro­
duction and high cost. Genomics and proteomics dependent bioinfor­
matics holds great assurance as a tool to address enduring queries
regarding the molecular mechanisms about biodegradation pathways
and has shown its novel potential in bioremediation processes. However,
the scarcity of the resources required for the bioremediation processes
makes it less effective. Despite certain advantages, the membrane-based
treatment technologies used for separation also deserve special research.
The membrane bioreactor performance has improved dramatically in
recent years as a result of many improvements, but membrane fouling is
a serious issue to be addressed for enhancing the efficiency, efficacy, and
cost-effectiveness of the process. Membrane development with good
rejection rates, antifouling properties, and high throughput should be
focussed. Airlift bioreactors, fluidized bed bioreactors, and fixed bed or
packed bed bioreactors have also certain limitations of mass transfer,
erosion, and large reactor volume which are to be overcome. Moreover,
the technologies developed so far are still processed at lab-scale and
significant efforts are required to scale up for full-fledged industrial
operations. The technologies should be applied at pilot or industrial
scale. Textile effluent treatment plants are considered as an attainable
solution for effective effluent treatment. Since treatment plants have
lack of technical knowledge and are least updated with technological
advancements. A collaboration with academia should be encouraged to
select an adequate process for a clean and green and sustainable
environment.
5. Legislations and regulations for textile effluent management
in India
The Indian government took initiatives and started various schemes
for Research and Development for the textile industry under the 12th
five plan (2014–2015 to 2018–2019) with a financial budget of Rs. 149
crore. The Ministry of Textileshas been vigorously supporting Textile
Research Associations, covering the entire spectrum of the sector tar­
geting green technologies and circular economy.
Various committees have been constituted in India since 1974 (water
act) to impose judicial conciliation to curb water pollution. However,
there are no specific environmental laws for the textile sector alone.
There are industry-specific standards, to be followed by the textile in­
dustries while operating an industrial unit. The regulatory authorities
for textile waste management are monitored by the Ministry of Envi­
ronment and Forests (MoEF), the State Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). In 2014, national law
and policy began to move towards the circular economy. At the end of
2015, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) issued a Draft Notification for Amendment Rules on Stan­
dards for Effluent from the Textile Industry [44]. As a result, the
installation of wastewater treatment plants and the improvement of
resources became obligatory for the pollution drivers. Despite environ­
mental legislation, pollution control is limited due to substandard
monitoring, enforcement of policies and regulations by the management
bodies, slow response of courts in enforcing actions, the financial
constraint of the Boards, and low penalties for non-compliance.
6. Prospects and recommendations
Innovative waste prevention strategy should be focussed to prevail
over these challenges. Various emerging technologies like phytor­
emediation and constructed wetlands could be adapted as eco-friendly
tools for bioremediation. Membrane technology and membrane bio­
reactors could be substantially useful for achieving good quality of
treated water for recycling and irrigation purposes. The combination of
enzymes with nanotechnology makes the process robust, making
nanoparticles more adaptable for the bioremediation process.
Microorganisms-assisted nanotechnology process may also evolve as
useful in bioremediation for sustainable development. Multiomics
5
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5 (2022) 100186
techniques are capable of revolutionizing the biological treatment of
contaminated environments by allowing highly sensitive characteriza­
tion and functioning of the yet-uncultured microorganisms. To gain an
understanding of intricate in situ bioremediation processes, monitoring
techniques, enzyme probes, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and
metabolomics provide unique insights into the important microbial re­
actions [10]. The implementation of the in silico approach reduces time
and basic laboratory experiments and is important in the prediction of
degradation pathways. Bioinformatic tools and software aid in a time
and cost-effective screening of the targets for bioremediation compared
to other methods. The biological processes researched for this area seem
to be quite effective and meet compliance with current legislation.
Emerging technologies described by various researchers for the degra­
dation and detoxification of effluent are promising and have the po­
tential for economic and environmental sustainability. It is suggested to
evaluate on a pilot scale, economical assessment of different technolo­
gies as well as cost analysis of the real application for further studies.
Current trends in effluent treatment consider the investigation of the
mixed textile effluent from the plants without giving a prior consider­
ation to the treatment of the effluent produced at different units of the
industry. Since the effluent consists of a variety of chemical components
and auxiliaries, the separation of different streams according to biode­
gradability should be performed. On-site wastewater treatment and
water recycling are highly recommended.
7. Conclusions
Textile wastewater recycling has significant potential for a sustain­
able bioeconomy. A staggering amount of interdisciplinary advanced
research is required to address the challenges, especially focusing on
membrane engineering, genetic engineering, multiomics, in silico ap­
proaches, and synthetic biology to customize the microbial metabolism
for bioremediation as an effective tool in textile effluent management.
Furthermore, strong measures are required to prevent the release of
pollutants into the aquatic environment, development of water man­
agement policies and strategies should be stringently implemented.
Noteworthy, steps should be taken up by the government, scientific
fraternity, and industries to work on the potential opportunities in this
area. Business opportunities in textile effluent treatment can also be
created in collaboration with the government, providing financial aids
under the ‘Swachh Bharat’ program in India. Start-up companies have
tremendous scope and opportunities in waste recycling and manage­
ment. An independent authority is demanded proper regulation of
textile wastewater, which may lead to innovation in recycling processes.
Waste management companies should be promoted financially from the
tax derived from the polluters.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors devote this paper as the contribution in research for
biotechnological textile effluent recycling for sustainable bioeconomy
and this paper is not a part of any work, financially aided from any
funding bodies.
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