Paragraf Ceviri

History is one of the few school subjects commonly mandated in education systems throughout the
world. Furthermore, the use of history textbooks to support student learning is an almost universally
accepted practice. However, the widespread international presence of the humble history textbook
should not disguise its ideological and cultural potency. Indeed, essential to understanding the power
and importance of history textbooks is to appreciate that in any given culture they typically exist as
the keepers of ideas, values and knowledge. No matter how neutral history textbooks may appear,
they are ideologically important, because they often seek to inject the youth with a shared set of
values, national ethos and an incontrovertible sense of political orthodoxy. Textbooks stand as
cultural artefacts that embody a range of issues associated with ideology, politics and values which
in themselves function at a variety of different levels of power, status and influence. Embedded in
history textbooks are narratives and stories that nation states choose to tell about themselves and
their relations with other nations. Typically, they represent a core of cultural knowledge which future
generations are expected both to assimilate and support.
1. According to the passage, history textbooks ----.

A) are now being rewritten with a more international and universal outlook to rectify past
misunderstandings between nations
B) are not appropriate for teaching history because they are always ideologically biased
C) should be written in a neutral and unbiased way so that future generations can have a
healthy understanding of history
D) not only have educational, but also ideological functions, serving to transmit a nation
state’s values
E) consist of baseless stories and narratives rather than historical facts that are more
important for a nation state’s survival
2. It is stated in the passage that ----.
A) some countries have been more successful in producing more neutral and less
ideological history textbooks than others
B) in many nations, debates over the content and format of history textbooks continue to
generate considerable political conflict
C) nations attempt to provide future generations with particular values that will ensure the
continuation of existing structures
D) history textbooks have become more politicized after the emergence of nation states to
preserve national identity
E) many educational systems throughout the world include history in their curriculum to
enhance political literacy
3. According to the passage, regardless of how impartially they are written,

history textbooks ----.
A) need to teach both the past and the future
B) serve a purpose other than intended
C) are the best options for cultural transmission
D) affect ideologically the youth more than adults
E) can never be completely objective and neutral
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author ----.

A) is in favour of using history textbooks to inform people about international relations
B) sets out to emphasize the use of history textbooks to instil national values in the young
generation
C) is of the opinion that textbooks on history are easy to write
D) believes in the necessity of locally produced history textbooks to bring about world
peace
E) is trying to persuade the reader of the importance of understanding history
Farmers in many countries utilize antibiotics in two key ways: at full strength to treat animals that
are sick and in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses.
Although even the proper use of antibiotics can inadvertently lead to the spread of drug resistant
bacteria, the habit of using a low dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just enough
antibiotic to kill some but not all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those that happen to
bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes with
other microbial resisters. As bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in
animals eventually find their way into people as well. You could not design a better system for
guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance. To cease the spread, Denmark enforced tighter
rules on the use of antibiotics in the raising of poultry and other farm animals. The lesson is that
improving animal husbandry – making sure that pens, stalls and cages are properly cleaned and
giving animals more room or time to mature – offsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic
use.
1. It is understood from the passage that ----.

A) farmers mainly prefer using antibiotics as a preventive measure for diseases
B) antibiotics are merely useful in treating the contagious diseases of farm animals
C) continuous and heavy doses of antibiotics are crucial for poultry
D) antibiotics are so far the only effective method to fatten up meat-producing animals
E) poultry prices are affected by the spread of contagious diseases
2. It is implied in the passage that ----.

A) widespread use of antibiotics is intended to eliminate the chances of a possible
pandemic
B) using a low dose antibiotic compared to a heavy dose is highly recommended for
farmers
C) human beings should test the efficacy of using antibiotics on other animals before using
them on poultry
D) increased antibiotic resistance in human beings is due to the consumption of animal
products with antibiotic content
E) antibiotic resistance in poultry animals has led scientists to find alternative solutions to
fight off these bacteria
3. According to the passage, ----.

A) the spread of bacterial infections in poultry may not be avoided by improving physical
conditions
B) the weight of the poultry mainly depends upon the environment they are brought up in
C) strict regulations in Denmark are employed to minimize the effects of antibiotic use on
both poultry and people
D) the maturation period of poultry in Denmark is determined by the size of the animal
E) the productivity of poultry can best be analyzed through the amount of the antibiotic
used on the animal
4. It is stated in the passage that antibiotics ----.

A) are crucial as they change the genetic mutations of poultry
B) form the basis for microbial resistance of genes in animals
C) are effective in restricting resistant strains of bacteria in poultry
D) are employed to prevent a possible disease spread from farm animals to human beings
E) may produce drug resistant bacteria, irrespective of how carefully they are used
The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes,
behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to
us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves,
drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our
strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They
earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire
others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critical choices where
they must balance one set of values against competing values. They achieve heroic stature
in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as
more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the
world. They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This
permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary
abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their
heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like
them, since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts.
1. It is suggested in the passage that the trials that heroes undergo ----.
A) are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most
painful
B) make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time
C) can be described in a variety of ways, although they are mainly related to their needs
D) have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status
E) enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them
2. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics ----.

A) can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures
B) represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures
C) illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other
D) essentially show why heroes’ moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall
E) are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly
3. One understands from the passage that myths ----.

A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact describe heroes that, from a moral point of
view, are absolutely perfect
B) appeal to very few people because they are mere fictions that contain nothing but only
adventures
C) are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our
shortcomings
D) are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify
themselves with mythical heroes
E) represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specific
society or culture
4. It is pointed out in the passage that a hero’s fame ----.

A) derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people
B) does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses
C) is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities
D) encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him
E) depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible
Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what
archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the
ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site
of Homer's “Ilium” in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited,
due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived
include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons.
In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a
language called “Linear B,” which they can read. It now becomes clear that the
Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of
the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who
loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil
rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other
communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth.
1. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy ----.

A) is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists
B) can be fully understood from archaeological excavations
C) depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder
D) was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons
E) has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists
2. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ---

A) has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists
B) was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered
C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone
D) made up only a very small portion of Greece
E) was not limited to Greece only
3. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----.

A) was culturally and economically very complicated and, therefore, little known
B) reached its climax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece
C) can best be studied through Homer‟s descriptions of it
D) was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations
E) did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities
4. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans ----.

A) seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry
B) were noted for their warlike character
C) attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as “Ilium”
D) surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests
E) were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons
By six months of age, the infant's capacity to digest and absorb a variety of
dietary components as well as to metabolize and excrete the resulting products is near
the capacity of the adult. Consideration of the long-term effects of inadequate or
excessive intakes during infancy now assumes greater importance. These
considerations about delivery of adequate amounts of nutrients are the basis for many
of the feeding practices advocated during the second six months of life. Although it is
clear that all nutrient needs during this period can be met with reasonable amounts of
currently available infant formulas, addition of other foods after four to six months of
age is recommended. In contrast, the volume of milk produced by many women may
not be adequate to meet all nutrient needs of the breast-fed infant beyond about six
months of age, especially iron. Thus, for breast-fed infants, complementary foods are
an important source of nutrients. Complementary foods (i.e., the additional foods,
including formulas, given to the breast-fed infant) or replacement foods (i.e.,
food other than formula given to formulafed infants) should be ntroduced step by step
to both breast-fed and formula-fed infants, beginning between four and six months of
age.
1. We see from the passage that breast feeding an infant older than six
months of age ----.
A) carries the possible risk of leaving the child short of needed nutrients
B) must be replaced altogether by other nutrients
C) is much better than trying to replace it with formula
D) meets all the prescribed nutritional requirements of the child
E) has a long-term effect on inadequate or excessive intake of food
2. It is pointed out in the passage that infant formulas given in a child’s first
year ----.
A) bring the digestive efficiency of the infant almost up to the level of an adult
B) should never be combined with replacement foods
C) must not be a cause of concern to mothers who are still breast feeding
D) will interfere with the effectiveness of complementary foods
E) are a reliable way to provide needed nutrition after the first six months of life
3. According to the passage, six months is the age ----.

A) from which all future meals until adulthood are decided on
B) when the greater importance of infancy becomes clear
C) in which any kind of replacement food is discontinued
D) when the addition of other foods to the baby‟s diet is recommended
E) when breast feeding should be stopped
4. The passage states that complementary foods ----.

A) are chosen according to how well they match the formula being given
B) should be mixed with formulas before being fed to infants
C) must completely replace the mother‟s breast milk in the diet
D) should only be given when a mother‟s milk lacks the necessary iron
E) are best added to an infant‟s diet gradually
The brain's capacity for finding new information-processing pathways is thought to
explain the success of artificial cochleas, which have been implanted in the ears of
approximately 100,000 hearing-impaired people around the world. They typically
have an array of electrodes, each of which channels electrical signals toward the
auditory nerve. The electrodes can stimulate not just a single neuron in the brain but
many, simultaneously. When cochlear implants first appeared in the 1980s, many
neuroscientists expected them to work poorly, given their primitive design. But the
devices work well enough for some deaf people to converse over the telephone,
particularly after an adjustment period during which channel settings are fine-tuned to
provide the best reception. Patients‟ brains somehow figure out how to make the
most out of the strange signals. The surprising effectiveness of artificial cochleas –
together with other evidence of the brain‟s adaptability – has fuelled optimism about the
prospects for brain/machine substitution. A case in point is an ongoing project at the
University of Southern California that seeks to create implantable brain chips that
can restore or enhance memory.
1. The passage makes clear that cochlear implants ----.
A) have helped many people with hearing difficulty to hear better
B) were enthusiastically approved by neuroscientists when they were
introduced
C) can only be used with a specially fine-tuned telephone
D) will in the future be inserted into the brains of patients
E) weaken the brain's ability to remember electrical signals
2. According to the passage, artificial cochleas have enabled certain deaf

people to ----.
A) understand the purpose of strange signals
B) conduct telephone conversations
C) look forward to future brain/machine cooperation
D) stimulate the neurons in their brains
E) hear just as well as normal people
3. We see from the passage that implantable brain chips ----.

A) are now in use at the University of Southern California
B) have already managed to improve people's memories
C) have already been developed to improve the quality of hearing
D) represent the latest generation of telecommunications technology
E) may be developed in the future to strengthen memory
4. It is suggested in the passage that the human brain ----.

A) needs to be adjusted before deaf people can hear with the implants
B) has a history of entering into relationships with some machines
C) consists exclusively of neurons dedicated to the sense of hearing
D) is capable of creating new ways of processing information
E) always needs to be supported by artificial cochleas
Nowadays, we all like to think we have got past the racist nonsense of previous centuries,
when even the most eminent scientists, white ones, of course, declared white people to be
the pinnacle of human progress and other races to be inferior. We now accept that no race
is superior to another. There is no question that most societies have made enormous
progress in eliminating such overt racial prejudice. But an unsettling study published by
researchers in the United States suggests that there is still a long way to go. Even today,
the study finds, Americans of various races still unconsciously dehumanize their black
fellow citizens by subtly associating them with apes. In an experiment in which students
were subliminally flashed a photo of either an African-American or a European-American
face, and then shown a blurry picture of an ape, those shown the black face were quicker
to recognize the ape. More troubling still, this association is not just confined to
psychologists' tests: it also appears to bias people's judgements about whether specific
instances of police violence are justified.
1. As can be clearly seen in the passage, racial prejudice —.

A) still prevails in this century
B) is the subject of previous centuries
C) can be eradicated with education
D) is most observable in white scientists' attitudes
E) is triggered by experiments
2. As it is pointed out in the passage, —.

A) over the centuries, racism has been declining, especially in the US
B) more and more studies show that the white race is superior
C) the association of a black face with apes is evidence enough to show the
existence of racism
D) some races are inferior according to African-Americans
E) psychologists do not believe there is racial prejudice in the US
3. According to the passage, —.

A) most societies have solved the problem of racism except the US
B) more and more studies reveal the situation on racial attitudes is not what we
would like to see
C) researchers have made enormous progress In eliminating racism
D) various studies show that some people justify police violence
E) Americans have considerably changed their views regarding other races
4. As it is pointed out in the passage, the experiment —.

A) produced results contradicting white scientists' beliefs
B) tested whether police violence is justified on certain grounds
C) concluded that psychologists were wrong to carry out the test
D) involved showing a picture of a human face and of an ape
E) proved that racism is not as widespread as has been thought
It is generally believed that DNA was discovered by the Cambridge scientists Francis
Crick and James Watson, who won a Nobel Prize in 1962 lor revealing its purpose.
In fact, everyone is wrong: DNA was actually discovered in 1869. and its purpose
revealed years before Crick and Watson. In fact, the real credit should have gone to
Oswald Avery and his team at Rockefeller University. New York. who. in 1944. used
bacteria to show that DNA passed genetic information from one organism to another.
The trouble was that all the experts, including even those who advised the Nobel
committee, then claimed that DNA was too simple to do this and could not possibly carry
all the information needed to build a living organism. This was almost impossible.
Thus, Avery was repeatedly denied the prize. However, by the early 1960s the Nobel
committee agreed, and accepted Avery and his team had been right all along and
deserved the Nobel Prize. But, by then it was too late as Avery had died in 1955. This is
one of the sad stories in science.
1. It can be understood from the passage that the writer —.
A) criticizes the experts who prevented the success of Avery and his team
B) thinks that it was that Avery turned down the Nobel Prize
C) has sympathy for Oswald Avery who actually deserved to receive the Nobel
Prize
D) suggests that Avery and his team were not as methodical as Crick and Watson
in their research into DNA
E) fails to appreciate the scientific impact of Avery's studies
2. According to the passage, Oswald Avery was denied the Nobel Prize,
because —.
A) he was less than comprehensive in his research
B) the prize had already been given to other scientists
C) Crick and Watson criticized Avery and his team
D) Avery was involved in a personal conflict with the Nobel committee
E) experts claimed that DNA could not possess so much information
3. According to the passage, when the Nobel committee finally changed its
mind, —.
A) DNA was no longer an important concern in scientific circles
B) the Nobel Prize was given to Avery and his team
C) Rockefeller University had already decided its scientists were right
D) Avery had unfortunately already passed away
E) Crick and Watson became very upset about it
4. According to the passage, Avery and his team used bacteria In order to —
A) show that disease prevention should be a priority
B) show that genetic information could be carried from one living being to
another
C) show that DNA was big enough to carry all the genetic information
D) suggest that Crick and Watson were wrong in their research
E) build a living organism which carried a lot of information
The US Supreme Court is not a radical institution, nor is it likely to become one as a result
of any particular presidential election. The risks for the judiciary in presidential elections
are a lot lower than many people imagine. This is not because there are no significant
ideological or methodological differences among judges. Differences do exist, and they
display party affiliation to some extent. And they matter – not just on public issues such
as abortion rights and racial discrimination but also in those procedures that actually guide
the way lower courts handle a large variety of legal cases. That said, the courts have pretty
strong institutional defences against radicalism of any kind. For one thing, the judiciary’s
power is spread among more than 800 federal judges, no one of whose views matter all
that much in the broad scheme of things. Even on the Supreme Court the idiosyncrasies
or ideological extremism of any one judge can have only a limited effect. Without four
likeminded judges, his or her views are just noise.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that though there are differences of

opinion within the judiciary, ----.
A) they play only a very small role in their deliberations
B) they are far fewer than they used to be
C) these in no way concern party politics
D) it is almost impossible to avoid radicalism
E) this only becomes apparent at election times
2. According to the passage, the Supreme Court of the US ----.

A) is feared by the lower courts
B) is a breeding ground for radicalism
C) is cut off from the lower courts of justice
D) avoids, as far as possible, public issues like abortion
E) can only be slightly affected by a presidential election
3. According to the passage, all rulings of the Supreme Court ----.

A) are reconsidered after an election
B) can be influenced by the federal judges
C) must have had the support of at least five judges
D) aim at preventing ideological extremism
E) are, to a very large extent, influenced by party affiliation
4. It is clear from the passage that the US judiciary system ----.

A) reflects the opinions of the president
B) is well-protected against any kind of extremism
C) consists of the Supreme Court and the various lower courts and all act
independently of each other
D) takes its character, not from the Supreme Court, but from the federal courts
E) faces pressure from many quarters
American schools need more time if they are to teach efficiently. The school year is fixed
at or below 180 days in all but a handful of states – down from more than 190 in the late
nineteenth century, when Saturday-morning sessions were common. The instructional day
is only about six hours, of which much is taken up with nonacademic matters. In 1994, a
national commission calculated that in four years of high school a typical American student
puts in less than half as much time on academic subjects as do students in Japan, France
and Germany. Extending the school day or the school year can get expensive and
complicated, and reducing nonacademic electives and physical education brings complaints
from parents and students alike. But there is one quite cheap and uncomplicated way to
increase study time: add more homework. You may not be surprised to learn that
homework raises student achievement, at least in the higher grades. For young children
homework appears not to be particularly helpful. Even among older students it is hard to
be sure of the extent to which more homework may lead to higher achievement.
1. We understand from the passage that school programmes in America ----.

A) are of little concern to the parents, and so they tend to ignore them
B) are at present being reviewed by a national commission
C) do not put much emphasis on academic learning
D) are run on similar lines to those in the rest of the world
E) have been extensively revised since 1994
2. It is pointed out in the passage that in some countries, like Japan, France
and Germany, ----.
A) the school curricula allow roughly equal time for academic and nonacademic
subjects
B) the school year is far too long and this makes it unproductive
C) students are given less homework than their American counterparts
D) achievement correlates well with the length of the school day
E) the amount of time students spend on academic learning far exceeds that
spent by American students
3. According to the passage, any extension of the instructional day in

American schools ----.
A) is not to be recommended on account of the expenses involved
B) would arouse much discontent among parents and students
C) needs to be reviewed by a national commission
D) should aim to bring them up to the level of Japanese schools
E) would have to have the approval of all the states
4. It is clear from the passage that the writer ----.

A) is urging schools to assign more homework to students of all grades
B) is doubtful about the benefits of homework for lower-grade students
C) believes that the school day should be extended
D) is opposed to reducing the school year from 190 to 180 days
E) is convinced of the need for more electives, including physical education
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İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-12

The reasons for language death range from natural disasters to different
forms of cultural assimilation. Small communities in isolated areas can
easily be wiped out by earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis and other natural
disasters. On 17th July 1998, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of
Papua New Guinea killed more than 2,200 people and displaced a further
10,000 people. Many villages were destroyed; and some 30% of the
villagers were killed. The people in these villages had been identified as
being sufficiently different from each other in their speech to justify the
recognition of four separate languages, but the numbers were very small.
Moreover, as the survivors moved away to care centres and other locations,
these communities and thus their languages could not survive the trauma
of displacement.
ydsenglish.tv
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İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-12 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

The reasons for language death range from natural disasters to different forms of cultural assimilation.
Small communities in isolated areas can easily be wiped out by earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis and
other natural disasters. On 17th July 1998, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Papua New
Guinea killed more than 2,2Q0 people and displaced a further 10,000 people. Many villages were
destroyed; and some 30% of the villagers were killed. The people in these villages had been identified as
being sufficiently different from each other in their speech to justify the recognition of four separate
languages, but the numbers were very small. Moreover, as the survivors moved away to care centres and
other locations, these communities and thus their languages could not survive the trauma of
displacement.
1. According to the passage, the disappearance of a language _____.

A) can be brought about by the effects of natural disasters
B) rarely results from cultural assimilation
C) results in the disappearance of local communities
D) is a cultural process that cannot be prevented
E) seems to be unavoidable but regrettable
2. We learn from the passage that four of the local languages used in Papua
New Guinea were lost _____.
A) because the death toll was unimaginably high
B) and these were the ones most widely spoken
C) owing to the displacament of the people who spoke these languages
D) owing to various forms of cultural assimilation
E) in spite of efforts to preserve them
3. It is pointed out in the passage that the villagers living in a certain area of
Papua New Guinea _____.
A) chose to leave the area after an earthquake
B) formed a close community in spite of language differences
C) shared a common, very primitive language
D) did not speak a common language
E) were the least affected by the 1998 earthquake
4. It is clear from the passage that the 1998 earthquake in Papua New
Guinea_____.
A) took the native population by surprise, and caused untold destruction
B) was one of the worst natural disasters ever to have occurred in the region
C) killed half of the country"s village population
D) was followed by a major tsunami which wiped out many villages
E) did not only kill the people themselves, but also their languages
ydsenglish.tv
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Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor
that begins in the mind‟s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought
and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as
the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank
canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until
the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no
appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design.
Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire,
refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the
principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process,
scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the
theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.
ydsenglish.tv
29

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in
the mind‟s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not
so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper
and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer
screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no
appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical
or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but
creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a
thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers.
Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.
1. The writer’s main aim in this passage is to _____ .

A) show how many different types of creativity there are
B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer‟s work
C) compare and contrast the way poets and painters work
D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter‟s creativity
E) establish the fact that it is the engineers‟ scientific knowledge that makes him
creative
2. We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ____ .
A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form
B) are only relevant in details concerning safety
C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design
D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details
E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects
3. The point is made in the passage that aesthetic principles _____ .

A) have no place in an engineer‟s design
B) are central to the very best works of art
C) and creativity are two very different things
D) cannot be taught or learnt
E) can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic
core of his poem,_____ .
A) the creative process is complete
B) he tends to lose interest in it
C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper
D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it
E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them
ydsenglish.tv
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Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents,
every decade considers itself superior to the one that came
before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have
made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who
lived in the 1990s. We‟ve done it first by establishing a reigning
cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student
unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the
1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They
will be known as the age when the real problems in the world
were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were
celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones
on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes
sport utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders enjoyed
so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer
mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn‟t be on enough business-
magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role
of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as “The
Road Ahead.'
ydsenglish.tv
31

Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers
itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000
decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the
1990s. We‟ve done it first by establishing a reigning cliché for that period. Just as the
1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies,
the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the
age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom
types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear,
stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never before had
business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer
mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn‟t be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like
him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as
“The Road Ahead.'
1. According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by _____ .
A) capitalism, blindness and possessions
B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate
C) indifference, immorality and selfishness
D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality
E) disagreements, competition and prejudice
2. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade _____ .
A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies
B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade
C) is far more moral than the preceding one
D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they
wrote
E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades
3. The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the passage means _____ .

A) to be admired
B) golden age
C) with moral principles
D) with surface shine
E) in bad taste
4. We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, _____ .
A) there was a great deal of student unrest
B) capitalism again fell into disrepute
C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets
D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents
E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized
ydsenglish.tv
32

The natives of the Lewis Island know wind -sometimes too well. Every winter
the Atlantic gales come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland‟s Outer
Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking land; in the
island‟s marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays
indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild
temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there‟s rarely a calm day.
“The weather here is changeable”, says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local
government. “But the wind is constant”. The brutal climate could finally be
Lewis‟s salvation. The place has been growing poorer and more desolate for
generations, as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the
energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals
AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some 300 outsize
wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500
million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe‟s largest wind
farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain‟s total electrical
needs - and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of
Lewis.
ydsenglish.tv
33

The natives of the Lewis Island know wind -sometimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales come
blasting across the northern tip of Scotland‟s Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking
land; in the island‟s marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays indoors but the sheep.
Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there‟s rarely a
calm day. “The weather here is changeable”, says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local government. “But the
wind is constant”. The brutal climate could finally be Lewis‟s salvation. The place has been growing poorer
and more desolate for generations, as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy
industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking
about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500
million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe‟s largest wind farm, capable of churning out
roughly 1 per cent of Britain‟s total electrical needs - and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for
the people of Lewis.
1. We understand from the passage that, in summer, the island of Lewis _____ .
A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained unspoiled
B) enjoys a warm, wind-free climate
C) is one of the most attractive of the islands that make up the Outer Hebrides
D) has little to offer its inhabitants by way of a living other than fishing
E) can offer its inhabitants even less in the way of a livelihood than it can in the winter
2. It’s clear from the passage that for a long time now the young people of
Lewis _____ .
A) have been looking forward to the establishment of a wind farm on their island
B) have been leaving the island intent on finding a better way of life elsewhere
C) have realized that the island‟s most valuable asset is its climate
D) have been reluctant to leave the island on a permanent basis
E) feel no sympathy for the old traditions and ways of life of the island
3. According to the passage, Lewis Island _____ .

A) has the climate and conditions favourable to agriculture
B) suffers more than any other island in Scotland‟s Outer Hebrides from Atlantic gales
C) will undergo many important changes unless a wind farm is established there
D) may one day be home to Europe‟s largest wind farm
E) has an aging population that regards the wind-farm scheme with distrust
4. If the energy industry carries out the project described in the passage and
sets up 300 wind turbines on Lewis, _____ .
A) maintenance costs due to the gale force winds could cause financial failure
B) the young people will want to leave their much loved island
C) there will be a shortage of land for the sheep to graze on
D) other windswept coastlines throughout Europe will probably follow suit
E) these will provide Britain with roughly of 1 percent of her total electrical needs
ydsenglish.tv
34

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never
before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long
been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an
increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they
will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare
their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new
kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They
also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of
change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the
brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the
application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood
tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will
live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the
application of information technology may well represent the most profound
change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We
are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos.
ydsenglish.tv
35

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce
and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in
an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a
set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will
need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need
to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and
technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease
through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you
with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer.
The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change
in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first
second of the history of the cosmos.
1. According to the passage, universities are under an obligation to ensure that

their students _____ .
A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students
B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades
C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study
D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking
E) all have a good grounding in science and technology
2. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is _____ .

A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues
B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake
C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration
D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing
E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the
past
3. It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science _____ .
A) will not help to further global awareness
B) is largely confined within the universities
C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few
D) cannot go on advancing at this rate
E) is opening up startling new possibilities
4. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid
developments in science and technology _____ .
A) will be accompanied by new problems
B) cannot go on much longer
C) will bring more harm than good
D) are largely concentrated in the field of medicine
E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most countries
ydsenglish.tv
36

The assumption that a person‟s attitudes determine his or her
behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western thinking, and in many
instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that
the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A
classic study conducted during the 1930s was the first to question
the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young
Chinese couple. At that time, there was quite strong prejudice
against Asians, and there were no laws against racial
discrimination. The three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels,
motels and restaurants, and were served at all the restaurants and
all but one of the hotels and motels without problem. Later, a
letter was sent to all of the establishments visited, asking them
whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of
the 128 replies received, 92 per cent said they would not. In other
words, these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more
prejudiced than their behaviour.
ydsenglish.tv
37

The assumption that a person‟s attitudes determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western
thinking, and in many instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that the relationship
between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted during the 1930s was the first to
question the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young Chinese couple. At that time,
there was quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there were no laws against racial discrimination. The
three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants, and were served at all the
restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem. Later, a letter was sent to all of the
establishments visited, asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the
128 replies received, 92 per cent said they would not. In other words, these proprietors expressed
attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour.
1. One understands from the passage that the link between attitudes and
behaviour _____.
A) had already been established before the 1930s
B) has always been a major topic of psychological research
C) has aroused a great deal of controversy in the US
D) is an area which has been neglected and, indeed, deserves fresh study
E) is not so definite as has been generally assumed
2. As one concludes from the passage, racial discrimination _____.
A) is the way whereby the relationship between attitudes and behaviour can best be
assessed
B) has always been a major issue in the US and cannot be eradicated
C) was a problem of the 1930s in the US, but has now disappeared altogether
D) in the US and the rest of the world can be fought most effectively through
legislation
E) was not practised by a great majority of the proprietors visited by the professor and
his Chinese companions
3. It is pointed out in the passage that, during their travels, the professor and
the Chinese couple _____.
A) were often harassed by the proprietors
B) were doing research to find out whether a person‟s behaviour affects his or her
attitudes
C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on one occasion
D) were not upset at all by the proprietors‟ racist attitudes
E) were extremely surprised by the proprietors‟ prejudice against them
4. The point has been made in the passage that the American people _____.
A) have always been remarkably hospitable to Asians visiting America
B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians
C) have waged war against racial discrimination since the 1930s
D) and the Asians have always discriminated against each other
E) always do their best to provide comfort for their guests, no matter what their racial
background
ydsenglish.tv
38
The brain‟s capacity for finding new information-processing pathways is

thought to explain the success of artificial cochleas, which have been
implanted in the ears of approximately 100,000 hearing-impaired
people around the world. They typically have an array of electrodes,
each of which channels electrical signals toward the auditory nerve. The
electrodes can stimulate not just a single neuron in the brain but many,
simultaneously. When cochlear implants first appeared in the 1980s,
many neuroscientists expected them to work poorly, given their
primitive design. But the devices work well enough for some deaf
people to converse over the telephone, particularly after an adjustment
period during which channel settings are fine-tuned to provide the best
reception. Patients‟ brains somehow figure out how to make the most
out of the strange signals. The surprising effectiveness of artificial
cochleas – together with other evidence of the brain‟s adaptability –
has fuelled optimism about the prospects for brain/machine
substitution. A case in point is an ongoing project at the University of
Southern California that seeks to create implantable brain chips that
can restore or enhance memory.
ydsenglish.tv
39

The brain‟s capacity for finding new information-processing pathways is thought to explain the success of
artificial cochleas, which have been implanted in the ears of approximately 100,000 hearing-impaired
people around the world. They typically have an array of electrodes, each of which channels electrical
signals toward the auditory nerve. The electrodes can stimulate not just a single neuron in the brain but
many, simultaneously. When cochlear implants first appeared in the 1980s, many neuroscientists
expected them to work poorly, given their primitive design. But the devices work well enough for some
deaf people to converse over the telephone, particularly after an adjustment period during which channel
settings are fine-tuned to provide the best reception. Patients‟ brains somehow figure out how to make
the most out of the strange signals. The surprising effectiveness of artificial cochleas – together with other
evidence of the brain‟s adaptability – has fuelled optimism about the prospects for brain/machine
substitution. A case in point is an ongoing project at the University of Southern California that seeks to
create implantable brain chips that can restore or enhance memory.
1. The passage makes clear that cochlear implants ----.

A) have helped many people with hearing difficulty to hear better
B) were enthusiastically approved by neuroscientists when they were introduced
C) can only be used with a specially fine-tuned telephone
D) will in the future be inserted into the brains of patients
E) weaken the brain‟s ability to remember electrical signals
2. According to the passage, artificial cochleas have enabled certain deaf people
to ----.
A) understand the purpose of strange signals
B) conduct telephone conversations
C) look forward to future brain/machine cooperation
D) stimulate the neurons in their brains
E) hear just as well as normal people
3. We see from the passage that implantable brain chips ----.
A) are now in use at the University of Southern California

B) have already managed to improve people‟s memories
C) have already been developed to improve the quality of hearing
D) represent the latest generation of telecommunications technology
E) may be developed in the future to strengthen memory
4. It is suggested in the passage that the human brain ----.
A) needs to be adjusted before deaf people can hear with the implants
B) has a history of entering into relationships with some machines
C) consists exclusively of neurons dedicated to the sense of hearing
D) is capable of creating new ways of processing information
E) always needs to be supported by artificial cochleas
ydsenglish.tv
40
By six months of age, the infant‟s capacity to digest and absorb a variety of
dietary components as well as to metabolize and excrete the resulting
products is near the capacity of the adult. Consideration of the long-term
effects of inadequate or excessive intakes during infancy now assumes
greater importance. These considerations about delivery of adequate amounts
of nutrients are the basis for many of the feeding practices advocated during
the second six months of life. Although it is clear that all nutrient needs
during this period can be met with reasonable amounts of currently available
infant formulas, addition of other foods after four to six months of age is
recommended. In contrast, the volume of milk produced by many women
may not be adequate to meet all nutrient needs of the breast-fed infant
beyond about six months of age, especially iron. Thus, for breast-fed infants,
complementary foods are an important source of nutrients. Complementary
foods (i.e., the additional foods, including formulas, given to the breast-fed
infant) or replacement foods (i.e., food other than formula given to formula-
fed infants) should be introduced step by step to both breast-fed and
formula-fed infants, beginning between four and six months of age.
ydsenglish.tv
41

By six months of age, the infant‟s capacity to digest and absorb a variety of dietary components as well as to
metabolize and excrete the resulting products is near the capacity of the adult. Consideration of the long-term
effects of inadequate or excessive intakes during infancy now assumes greater importance. These
considerations about delivery of adequate amounts of nutrients are the basis for many of the feeding practices
advocated during the second six months of life. Although it is clear that all nutrient needs during this period
can be met with reasonable amounts of currently available infant formulas, addition of other foods after four
to six months of age is recommended. In contrast, the volume of milk produced by many women may not be
adequate to meet all nutrient needs of the breast-fed infant beyond about six months of age, especially iron.
Thus, for breast-fed infants, complementary foods are an important source of nutrients. Complementary foods
(i.e., the additional foods, including formulas, given to the breast-fed infant) or replacement foods (i.e., food
other than formula given to formula-fed infants) should be introduced step by step to both breast-fed and
formula-fed infants, beginning between four and six months of age.
1. We see from the passage that breast feeding an infant older than six months
of age ----.
A) carries the possible risk of leaving the child short of needed nutrients
B) must be replaced altogether by other nutrients
C) is much better than trying to replace it with formula
D) meets all the prescribed nutritional requirements of the child
E) has a long-term effect on inadequate or excessive intake of food
2. It is pointed out in the passage that infant formulas given in a child’s first
year ----.
A) bring the digestive efficiency of the infant almost up to the level of an adult
B) should never be combined with replacement foods
C) must not be a cause of concern to mothers who are still breast feeding
D) will interfere with the effectiveness of complementary foods
E) are a reliable way to provide needed nutrition after the first six months of life
3. According to the passage, six months is the age ----.

A) from which all future meals until adulthood are decided on
B) when the greater importance of infancy becomes clear
C) in which any kind of replacement food is discontinued
D) when the addition of other foods to the baby‟s diet is recommended
E) when breast feeding should be stopped
4. The passage states that complementary foods ----.

A) are chosen according to how well they match the formula being given
B) should be mixed with formulas before being fed to infants
C) must completely replace the mother‟s breast milk in the diet
D) should only be given when a mother‟s milk lacks the necessary iron
E) are best added to an infant‟s diet gradually
ydsenglish.tv
42
The Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were annihilated on 24

August AD79 when mounth Vesuvius erupted explosively, sending fast-
moving waves of superheated gas down the sides of the volcano at
hurricane speeds. These „pyroclastic flows‟ contain gas, ash and rock and
can travel up to 450 mph(700 km/h). The first wave hit the nearby
Herculaneum with temperatures as high as 500 degrees Celsius. The
searing heat was enough to boil the brains and instantly vaporize the flesh
of its victims so that only blackened skeletons remained. But how the
people of Pompeii died has remained a mystery for many centuries.
Volcanologist, however, have now discovered they were killed by a later
wave of pyroclastic flow. Pompeii‟s wave was significantly cooler than the
one that swept through Herculaneum, so although the victims bodies
remained intact, the heat „cooked‟ their flesh instantly. They were
preserved by the falling volcanic ash and some of these can still be seen in
Pompeii today.
ydsenglish.tv
43

The Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were annihilated on 24 August AD79 when mounth Vesuvius
erupted explosively, sending fast-moving waves of superheated gas down the sides of the volcano at
hurricane speeds. These „pyroclastic flows‟ contain gas, ash and rock and can travel up to 450 mph(700
km/h). The first wave hit the nearby Herculaneum with temperatures as high as 500 degrees Celsius. The
searing heat was enough to boil the brains and instantly vaporize the flesh of its victims so that only
blackened skeletons remained. But how the people of Pompeii died has remained a mystery for many
centuries. Volcanologist, however, have now discovered they were killed by a later wave of pyroclastic flow.
Pompeii‟s wave was significantly cooler than the one that swept through Herculaneum, so although the
victims bodies remained intact, the heat „cooked‟ their flesh instantly. They were preserved by the falling
volcanic ash and some of these can still be seen in Pompeii today.
1. As stated in the passage, the volcanic eruption nearby Herculaneum and

Pompeii_______.
A. was a usual one seen some times in that region.

B. had been expected by the natives of the land.
C. affected Pompeii first and then Herculaneum.
D. had an immense speed causing the cities to destroy.
E. was not different from a hurricane regarding its results.
2. It is obvious from the passage that the first wave_______.
A. was such a heated one that it caused the people‟s flesh to evaporate.
B. was the weaker one so it didn‟t affect the land much.
C. was very hot when compared with the other eruptions of the volcano.
D. was not forecast by the natives before it hit.
E. preserved the bodies of the Herculaneum people.
3. It is clear in the passage that when compared with the Herculaneum

victims_______.
A. pompeii victims were more in number

B. the bodies of Pompeii people remained in better condition.
C. pompeii victims‟ bodies were much more powerful.
D. pompeii people‟s flesh were affected much more seriously.
E. the people of Pompeii were full aware of the approaching disaster.
4. It may be inferred from the passage that_______.

A. how the people of Pompeii perished has still remained a mystery.
B. for the time being volcanologists have all details regarding the annihiltion of
Pompeii and Herculaneum
C. after the incident no one remained alived in Pompeii.
D. before 24 August AD79 Pompeii and Herculaneum had no witnessed a volcanic
eruption.
E. volcanic eruptions may generate fatal waves of gas.
ydsenglish.tv
44
Solar panels turn the sunlight into energy when the sun shines directly
on them, but as soon as the sunlight decreases, so does efficiency. A
new antireflective film coating could help panels collect sunshine at 96
per cent efficiency from nearly any angle. The newly-developed film
consists of seven layers of nanoscopic silicon and titanium-oxide rods
arranged in increasing densities, with the topmost nearly as porous as
air. This funnel-like structure captures light from almost every direction
and focuses it onto the photovoltaic panel while also inhibiting reflection.
The film, which is about one hundredth as thick as a human hair, could
easily be applied to any solar panel and would help collect 20 per cent
more light while eliminating the need for the expensive hardware usually
used to rotate solar panels as the sun moves. Before the new film can be
marketed, the nanoscientists who developed the film must find a way to
protect the outermost layers from wind and heat, a process that might
take another year.
ydsenglish.tv
45

Solar panels turn the sunlight into energy when the sun shines directly on them, but as soon as the
sunlight decreases, so does efficiency. A new antireflective film coating could help panels collect sunshine
at 96 per cent efficiency from nearly any angle. The newly-developed film consists of seven layers of
nanoscopic silicon and titanium-oxide rods arranged in increasing densities, with the topmost nearly as
porous as air. This funnel-like structure captures light from almost every direction and focuses it onto the
photovoltaic panel while also inhibiting reflection. The film, which is about one hundredth as thick as a
human hair, could easily be applied to any solar panel and would help collect 20 per cent more light while
eliminating the need for the expensive hardware usually used to rotate solar panels as the sun moves.
Before the new film can be marketed, the nanoscientists who developed the film must find a way to
protect the outermost layers from wind and heat, a process that might take another year.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

A) antireflective films cause a decline in light absorption
B) most panels in current use employ some inexpensive software which decreases efficiency
C) even though the sunlight becomes weak, solar panels maintain their efficiency
D) current solar panels are designed in such a way as to turn almost any form of light into
energy
E) reflection of light has an adverse effect on the efficiency of solar panels
2. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the new panels have been on the market for a year
B) the antireflective film makes it unnecessary to rotate solar panels
C) the existing software has to be improved to make the new panels work
D) it took scientists a year to develop the new coating
E) the newly-developed software helps to rotate the panels and so capture more
sunlight
3. One can understand from the passage that the newly-developed film ----.
A) can only be applied to specially-designed solar panels
B) is about a hundred times as thick as human hair
C) helps panels to reflect a greater amount of sunlight
D) works best with funnel-shaped photovoltaic panels
E) has a layered structure, arranged in an ascending order of density
4. According to the passage, the panels currently in use ----.

A) can be made to work much more efficiently with the help of the newly-developed
film
B) can capture enough light owing to their structure, which is as porous as air
C) lose much of their efficiency as a result of continuous exposure to wind and heat
D) are positioned at a certain angle with the help of some expensive software
E) have been specially designed so that they reflect light
ydsenglish.tv
46

When Time magazine declared its 2006 person of the year to be “You” ,
the magazine was pointing to an undeniable reality: anyone with an
Internet connection can be a reporter, political commentator, cultural
critic, or media producer. Around the same time, the media scholar H.
Jenkins and his colleagues published a paper appreciating the
“participatory cultures” of creation and sharing, mentorship, and civic
engagement that were emerging online, especially among young people.
Although Time did not explicitly frame participation in the new media as a
youth phenomenon, most of the fifteen “citizens of digital democracy” who
were featured in its December 13 article were under the age of thirty-five.
Jenkins and his colleagues strongly suggest that young people are
especially well-poised to take full advantage of Web 2. 0. On the other
hand, ever since digital technologies were made available, scholars,
educators, policymakers, and parents have been debating their
implications for young people‟s literacy, attention spans, social tolerance,
and tendency for aggression. Considerable strides are now being made in
scholarship in many of these areas.
ydsenglish.tv
47

When Time magazine declared its 2006 person of the year to be “You” , the magazine was pointing to
an undeniable reality: anyone with an Internet connection can be a reporter, political commentator,
cultural critic, or media producer. Around the same time, the media scholar H. Jenkins and his
colleagues published a paper appreciating the “participatory cultures” of creation and sharing,
mentorship, and civic engagement that were emerging online, especially among young people.
Although Time did not explicitly frame participation in the new media as a youth phenomenon, most of
the fifteen “citizens of digital democracy” who were featured in its December 13 article were under the
age of thirty-five. Jenkins and his colleagues strongly suggest that young people are especially well-
poised to take full advantage of Web 2. 0. On the other hand, ever since digital technologies were
made available, scholars, educators, policymakers, and parents have been debating their implications
for young people‟s literacy, attention spans, social tolerance, and tendency for aggression.
Considerable strides are now being made in scholarship in many of these areas.

A) media scholars criticize the young for their online activities
B) 2006 was announced to be the year of the youth
C) Internet use among the elderly population is limited
D) many young people are using the digital media in impressive ways
E) Time magazine incorporates digital media into its journalism
6. The expression “digital democracy” used in the passage means ----.
A) taking full advantage of all the web technologies
B) widespread use of Internet technology in our age
C) the selection of fifteen young people by Time magazine
D) equal rights given to teenagers to express their opinions online
E) online media engagement opportunities made available for everyone
7. According to the passage, the scholars who carried out an investigation into new
media participation think that the present phenomenon ----.
A) is a waste of time as there is no particular merit at all
B) is the result of people‟s competent use of digital technologies
C) should be regarded with suspicion
D) calls for parental guidance when young people are concerned
E) has created an aggressive young generation
8. It is explained in the passage that ----.
A) there is rapid progress in the fields investigating various effects of digital technologies on
young people
B) digital media participation does irreparable harm to young people
C) parents are particularly concerned about their children‟s social tolerance and attention
spans
D) Time magazine offers valid solutions to the problems experienced by youth
E) the digital practices of today‟s young people as reporters, political commentators, cultural
critics, or media producers exceed in quality those of earlier periods
ydsenglish.tv
48
Although the United States and the Soviet Union became allies during
World War II, there seemed to be little doubt that their opposing
ideologies would ultimately produce a cold war. The cold war was a
global phenomenon and was clearly conditioned by the political,
economic, and social aspirations of the two superpowers. Between 1945
and 1989 Europe became a testing ground for the cold war itself. The
Soviets were convinced that Eastern European buffer states had to be
created to protect the Soviet Union from future invasions. As for the
United States, the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO were all
intended to keep Russian ideology within its own borders. When the cold
war came to an end following the collapse of the Berlin Wall in
November 1989, the Soviet ideology was considered a spent force in
Eastern Europe.
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49

Although the United States and the Soviet Union became allies during World War II, there seemed to be
little doubt that their opposing ideologies would ultimately produce a cold war. The cold war was a global
phenomenon and was clearly conditioned by the political, economic, and social aspirations of the two
superpowers. Between 1945 and 1989 Europe became a testing ground for the cold war itself. The
Soviets were convinced that Eastern European buffer states had to be created to protect the Soviet
Union from future invasions. As for the United States, the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO
were all intended to keep Russian ideology within its own borders. When the cold war came to an end
following the collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, the Soviet ideology was considered a spent
force in Eastern Europe.
1. According to the passage, the cold war ----.

A) caused the collapse of the economy in the Eastern European states
B) was the main reason which brought an end to World War II
C) ended because the United States and the Soviet Union both felt threatened by global
changes
D) helped the Eastern European states to become more powerful and secure
E) was not confined to the political relations only between the United States and the Soviet
Union
2. It is indicated in the passage that ----.
A) a potential for a disagreement between the two super powers was apparent even during
World War II
B) NATO made it possible for the Eastern European countries to establish economic relations
with the United States
C) the Russian ideology became widespread all around Europe
D) the Truman Doctrine was developed to protect the Eastern European states from the Soviet
threat
E) the cold war continued for about two decades and then ended
3. We can understand from the passage that ----.
A) it was World War II which gave rise to the cold war between the United States and Soviet
Union
B) the main function of the Berlin Wall was to protect Europe from the Soviet invasion
C) both of the superpowers had strong desires to control the world
D) when World War II came to an end, the United States intended to give up her economic
interests in Europe
E) the Soviet strategies shaped the everyday life of all the peoples in Europe
4. The passage indicates that ----.
A) the strategies used by the Soviets in Eastern Europe proved to be successful in the end
B) a crucial time for the cold war was the year when the Berlin Wall collapsed
C) the most important motive behind the cold war was to create a free world
D) the cold war eliminated the risk of potential invasions in Europe
E) superpowers should represent themselves as the guardians of peace
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50
The father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) was barely known
in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848,
when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm
his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists‟ emphasis on
peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he
grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a
family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the
revolutionary era. His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to
Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law
briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and
particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a
group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply
conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel‟s
concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him
to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and, from 1842 to
1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The paper‟s
criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision
course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx
into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London.
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51

The father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century.
His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to
confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists‟ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of
industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a
region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His
family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer.
Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to
the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the
narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel‟s concepts
for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became
a journalist and, from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The paper‟s
criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian
government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually
London.
1. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, ----.
A) it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay
B) he discovered that Germany‟s university system was largely inspired by Hegel‟s ideas
C) the Young Hegelians began to demand radical reforms in the German university system
D) he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the government‟s repression of radicalism
E) he noticed that there was a great deal of antisemitism among the Young Hegelians
2. One understands from the passage that, because Marx’s paper opposed the policies
of the Prussian government, ----.
A) he was completely deprived of his legal rights
B) it faced much political repression before it was finally closed down
C) he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin
D) he was punished by exile out of Germany
E) it was no longer allowed to publish political debates
3. According to the passage, Marx’s novel idea of history ----.
A) was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up
B) ruled out the former socialist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society
peacefully
C) was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843
D) was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolutions
E) did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism
4. It is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism, Marx was ----.
A) so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them
B) primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists
C) never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848
D) so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them
E) originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics
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52
Commercial logging, mostly for export abroad, accounts for 21% of

tropical deforestation. Most tropical countries allow commercial logging to
proceed at a much faster rate than is sustainable. For example, in parts
of Malaysia, current logging practices remove the forest almost twice as
fast as the sustainable rate. If this continues, Malaysia will soon
experience shortages of timber and will have to start importing logs.
When that happens, Malaysia will have lost future revenues, both from
logging and from harvesting other forest products, from its newly
vanished forests. Moreover, in addition to commercial logging, cattle
ranching also causes deforestation. In fact, approximately 12% of tropical
rainforest destruction is done to provide open rangeland for cattle. After
the forests are cleared, cattle can be raised on the land for six to ten
years, after which time shrubby plants take over the range. Much of the
beef raised on these ranches, which are often owned by foreign
companies, is exported to fast-food restaurants.
ydsenglish.tv
53

Commercial logging, mostly for export abroad, accounts for 21% of tropical deforestation. Most tropical
countries allow commercial logging to proceed at a much faster rate than is sustainable. For example, in
parts of Malaysia, current logging practices remove the forest almost twice as fast as the sustainable rate.
If this continues, Malaysia will soon experience shortages of timber and will have to start importing logs.
When that happens, Malaysia will have lost future revenues, both from logging and from harvesting other
forest products, from its newly vanished forests. Moreover, in addition to commercial logging, cattle
ranching also causes deforestation. In fact, approximately 12% of tropical rainforest destruction is done to
provide open rangeland for cattle. After the forests are cleared, cattle can be raised on the land for six to
ten years, after which time shrubby plants take over the range. Much of the beef raised on these ranches,
which are often owned by foreign companies, is exported to fast-food restaurants.
5. It is made clear in the passage that tropical deforestation ----.

A) is mainly caused by commercial logging and cattle ranching
B) should be carried out at a sustainable rate in countries like Malaysia
C) has not yet become an environmental concern in developed countries
D) is unavoidable since many countries including Malaysia encourage it
E) is now so well controlled that it has ceased to be a problem
6. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that Malaysia’s logging

practices ----.
A) have given the country a leading position in forest products
B) enable the country to earn enormous revenues
C) are carried out at a remarkably sustainable rate
D) provide a much higher income than cattle ranching
E) will be very damaging to its economy in the long run
7. It is pointed out in the passage that a cattle rangeland carved out of a

tropical forest ----.
A) is certainly more suitable for ranching than other kinds of ranges
B) is actually far more profitable and environmentally harmless than commercial

logging
C) is more feasible in tropical countries than anywhere else in the world
D) can be viable up to ten years and, then, is overgrown with shrubby plants
E) brings in more income than other kinds of rangeland outside tropical forests
8. A point made in the passage is that tropical cattle ranches ----.

A) in Malaysia are mostly owned by international companies
B) provide most of the beef needed by fast-food restaurants
C) are growing much faster than the sustainable rate for forests
D) are a major source of income for many countries in the West
E) produce so much beef that much of it is exported to other countries
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54
The Agta Negritos of the Philippines, a present-day tribal people, are an
example of a culture whose women and men share all subsistence
activities. Most interestingly, the Agta Negritos women hunt large game
with bows, arrows, and hunting dogs. The women are prevented from
hunting only during late pregnancy and the first few months after giving
birth. Teenagers and women with older children are the most frequent
hunters. The women space their children to allow for maximum mobility.
They keep their birth rate down through the use of herbal contraceptives.
By studying these ethnographic examples and by questioning the
assumptions that have been made about female and male roles in
prehistory, anthropologists have concluded that Western society‟s
traditionally low view of women‟s status is by no means universal.
ydsenglish.tv
55

The Agta Negritos of the Philippines, a present-day tribal people, are an example of a culture
whose women and men share all subsistence activities. Most interestingly, the Agta Negritos
women hunt large game with bows, arrows, and hunting dogs. The women are prevented from
hunting only during late pregnancy and the first few months after giving birth. Teenagers and
women with older children are the most frequent hunters. The women space their children to
allow for maximum mobility. They keep their birth rate down through the use of herbal
contraceptives. By studying these ethnographic examples and by questioning the assumptions
that have been made about female and male roles in prehistory, anthropologists have concluded
that Western society‟s traditionally low view of women‟s status is by no means universal.
1. We can infer from the passage that among the Agta people, ----.
A) gender roles are unlike those in the West
B) women cannot compete in hunting with men
C) women‟s status is superior to men‟s
D) women do not hunt after giving birth
E) male and female roles are completely separated
2. The passage indicates that ----.

A) in the Agta tribes there is nothing more important than having children
B) the Agta teenagers are brought up with Western values
C) the Agta tribes keep to the prehistoric male and female roles
D) the Agta people are aware of birth control
E) the Agta women have learned how to use modern hunting tools

A) when a woman has advanced pregnancy, she has to give up her hunting activities
B) the mothers are in control of the activities of their children
C) women who give birth are expected to devote themselves to their children
D) children can go hunting with their mothers even when they are babies
E) anthropologists are very concerned about the Agta men‟s treatment of their
women
4. According to the passage, ----.

A) there is a great similarity between the Western and Agta perceptions of women‟s
social status
B) the hunting skill is the basic criterion that distinguishes men from women
C) hunting tools can be interpreted as symbols of male power
D) ethnographers‟ assumptions on prehistoric gender roles are correct
E) the Western gender concept conflicts with the Agta people‟s view about male and
female roles
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56
A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to

insufficient calcium or phosphate in the bones. Vitamin D is actually an
umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only
Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all
mammals when light energy is absorbed by a precursor molecule called
7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of summer,
two minutes‟ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four
times a week, could supply enough Vitamin D3. This rose to 15 minutes
in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also lead to skin
cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most
underdeveloped countries in the world. This is not because of malnutrition
or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly think. In
fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3
production by a factor of six, and people in these countries are usually
heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing sunscreen with
a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3
production.
ydsenglish.tv
57

A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to insufficient calcium or phosphate in the
bones. Vitamin D is actually an umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only
Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all mammals when light energy is
absorbed by a precursor molecule called 7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of
summer, two minutes‟ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four times a week, could supply
enough Vitamin D3. This rose to 15 minutes in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also
lead to skin cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most underdeveloped countries in
the world. This is not because of malnutrition or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly
think. In fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3 production by a factor of six,
and people in these countries are usually heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing
sunscreen with a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3 production.
5. According to the passage, the high rate of Vitamin D3 deficiency in
underdeveloped countries with plenty of sunshine ----.
A) may be prevented through the use of high-factor sun protection
B) is mainly due to malnutrition
C) is due to the fact that people are dark coloured and dress heavily
D) can easily be blocked with dietary supplements
E) results in the formation of steroid molecules
6. It can be understood from the passage that Vitamin D ----.

A) is found in sunscreens with protection factor greater than eight
B) is synthesized at a higher rate in people with darker skin colour
C) has to be supplemented in the diet for the health of the bones
D) might cause cancer when consumed in excessive amounts
E) provides protection from both skeletal diseases and skin cancer
7. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) Vitamin D is absorbed only by 7-dehydrocholesterol
B) not all forms of Vitamin D require sunlight to synthesize
C) some mammals cannot synthesize Vitamin D
D) steroid molecules need Vitamin D3 to function properly
E) Vitamin D3 production is increased by a factor of six in the summer
8. One can understand from the passage that ----.

A) exposure to the sun in summer for even two minutes can cause skin cancer
B) one should wear sunscreen in very sunny areas to facilitate Vitamin D synthesis
C) the human body can synthesize Vitamin D3 all year round, including winter
D) steroid molecules function better when combined with dietary supplements
E) lack of dietary supplements is a major cause of skeletal diseases
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58
Cats are famous for their aversion to water. However, the fishing cat, a
wild Asiatic species, has no such tendency. In fact, these felines, about
twice the size of typical house cats, prefer to be in proximity to water,
making their homes in the near rivers and marshes. As their name
indicates, the cats fish for their meals, sitting by the water and tapping
their paws to create ripples on the surface that resemble insect
movements to lure their prey. Their webbed front paws help the fishing
cats to remain dry while scooping fish, frogs, and snails out of shallow
water. However, they also dive right in to grab large fish and birds in
their jaws. Once in the water, the cats can swim on the surface or even
glide underwater. Their flat tails, significantly shorter than those of house
cats, serve as rudders, helping them to adjust direction below the water
surface. Unfortunately, habitat loss and overfishing have decreased the
number of these cats by about 50 per cent over the past three
generations. Recently, the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) changed the status of these cats to “endangered” from the
less-severe “vulnerable” .
ydsenglish.tv
59

Cats are famous for their aversion to water. However, the fishing cat, a wild Asiatic species, has no such
tendency. In fact, these felines, about twice the size of typical house cats, prefer to be in proximity to
water, making their homes in the near rivers and marshes. As their name indicates, the cats fish for their
meals, sitting by the water and tapping their paws to create ripples on the surface that resemble insect
movements to lure their prey. Their webbed front paws help the fishing cats to remain dry while scooping
fish, frogs, and snails out of shallow water. However, they also dive right in to grab large fish and birds in
their jaws. Once in the water, the cats can swim on the surface or even glide underwater. Their flat tails,
significantly shorter than those of house cats, serve as rudders, helping them to adjust direction below
the water surface. Unfortunately, habitat loss and overfishing have decreased the number of these cats by
about 50 per cent over the past three generations. Recently, the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) changed the status of these cats to “endangered” from the less-severe “vulnerable” .
1. It is clear from the passage that the fishing cats’ front paws ----.
A) help them to adjust direction underneath the surface while chasing their prey
B) enable them to reach their prey in shallow water without getting completely wet
C) serve as a defence mechanism against attacks by enemies like large fish and birds
D) are relatively shorter compared to those of typical house cats
E) make it possible and easy for them to find food even in dry and barren areas
2. It is clear from the passage that fishing cats ----.

A) have a weak sense of direction compared to house cats
B) have tails longer than those of house cats
C) tend to avoid large fish and birds
D) have caused many fish species to become endangered
E) have fully adapted themselves to a life in and by the water
3. According to the passage, the fishing cats ----.

A) have been increasing in number at a rate of about 50 per cent a year
B) reproduce at a gradually rising rate
C) are regarded as a threat to the aquatic species they feed on
D) used to be twice as many numerous only a few decades ago
E) are no longer classified as “endangered” thanks to the efforts of the IUCN
4. It is pointed out in the passage that, when a fishing cat hunts underwater, --
--.
A) it prefers marshes to rivers and other waters
B) it knows exactly where big fish are
C) its movements attract large numbers of fish
D) the ripples made by its movements are hardly distinguishable
E) it uses its tail to find the right direction
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60
Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based

primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover.
Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number
of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site
of Homer‟s “Ilium” in Turkey. The material available to
archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather,
fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects
such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of
weapons. In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of
clay tablets, inscribed with a language called “Linear B,” which they
can read. It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in
full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the
Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an
aggressive people who loved fighting, hunting, and athletic
contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry.
Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of
other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth.
ydsenglish.tv
61

Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have
been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important
Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homer‟s “Ilium” in Turkey. The material available to
archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have
survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons. In addition,
archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called “Linear B,” which
they can read. It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity
and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who
loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry.
Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they
acquired extraordinary wealth.
5. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy ----.
A) is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists
B) can be fully understood from archaeological excavations
C) depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder
D) was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons
E) has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists
6. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ----.

A) has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists
B) was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered
C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone
D) made up only a very small portion of Greece
E) was not limited to Greece only
7. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----.

A) was culturally and economically very complicated and, therefore, little known
B) reached its climax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece
C) can best be studied through Homer‟s descriptions of it
D) was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations
E) did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities
8. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans ----.

A) seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry
B) were noted for their warlike character
C) attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as “Ilium”
D) surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests
E) were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons
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62
9. İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-30

10.
11. Earth and Venus, being roughly the same size and distance from the sun,
are often regarded as twin planets. So it is natural to wonder how the
crust of Venus compares with that of our own world. Although centuries of
telescopic observations from Earth could give no insight, beginning in 1990
the Magellan space probe‟s orbiting radar penetrated the thick clouds that
enshroud Venus and revealed its surface with stunning clarity. From the
detailed images of landforms, planetary scientists can surmise the type of
rock that covers Venus. It seems that our sister planet is completely
covered by rocks of basaltic composition, which are very much like the
dark, fine-grained rocks that line the ocean basins of Earth. Magellan‟s
mapping, however, failed to find extensive areas comparable to Earth‟s
continental crust.
ydsenglish.tv
63

Earth and Venus, being roughly the same size and distance from the sun, are often regarded as twin
planets. So it is natural to wonder how the crust of Venus compares with that of our own world. Although
centuries of telescopic observations from Earth could give no insight, beginning in 1990 the Magellan space
probe‟s orbiting radar penetrated the thick clouds that enshroud Venus and revealed its surface with
stunning clarity. From the detailed images of landforms, planetary scientists can surmise the type of rock
that covers Venus. It seems that our sister planet is completely covered by rocks of basaltic composition,
which are very much like the dark, fine-grained rocks that line the ocean basins of Earth. Magellan‟s
mapping, however, failed to find extensive areas comparable to Earth‟s continental crust.
1. It is stressed in the passage that, in view of its largeness as well as remoteness from
the sun, Venus ----.
A) is far different from Earth
B) is very much like our own planet
C) is incomparable with any other planet
D) still seems to be incomprehensible
E) has always been a favourite for telescopic observations
2. According to the passage, Magellan’s exploration of Venus ----.

A) was largely prevented by the planet‟s thick clouds and turned into a total failure
B) benefited a great deal from the data obtained through centuries of telescopic observations
C) has revealed a kind of rock composition which resembles the rocks in Earth‟s ocean basins
D) have enabled planetary scientists to explain why the planet is enshrouded in thick clouds
E) not only showed clearly the size of the planet but also how its thick clouds were formed
3. The passage draws attention to the fact that, despite centuries of telescopic
observations, ----.
A) planetary scientists have failed to understand the geological composition of Venus‟ rocks
B) there has been no information available about the surface of Venus
C) extensive areas of Venus have yet to be observed
D) the clouds that surround Venus have only once been penetrated
E) planetary scientists were not aware of the fact that Venus and Earth were twin planets
4. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.

A) the Magellan space probe‟s findings about Venus
B) the major question of why the surface of Venus is covered by rocks
C) Venus‟ cloud formations, which is an issue still debated by scientists
D) planetary scientists‟ ongoing research into Earth‟s continental crust
E) a scientific analysis of the pictures sent by the Magellan space probe
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64
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans

understandably rallied around the flag. Having just suffered the deadliest
attack ever on the US soil, a great majority of the people believed another
attack was imminent. But Americans also had enormous faith the “Global
War on Terror” would help keep them safe. Just one month after 9/11, for
instance, 94 per cent of Americans fully approved of how the fight against
terrorism was being handled. The United States then quickly went to war
in Afghanistan, closing down a terrorist camp and capturing or killing a
number of high-level al Qaeda operatives in the process. However, since
2001, terrorists have found their targets on almost every continent, with
bombings in Bali, London, Madrid, Istanbul, and elsewhere. Now
Americans appear less convinced that their country is winning the war on
terror. In the face of persisting threats, including a growing number of
terrorist attacks around the world, numerous reports show that Americans
are losing faith in their government‟s ability to wage the war successfully
and to protect them from the terrorists‟ next major attack.
ydsenglish.tv
65

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans understandably rallied around the flag.
Having just suffered the deadliest attack ever on the US soil, a great majority of the people believed another
attack was imminent. But Americans also had enormous faith the “Global War on Terror” would help keep
them safe. Just one month after 9/11, for instance, 94 per cent of Americans fully approved of how the fight
against terrorism was being handled. The United States then quickly went to war in Afghanistan, closing
down a terrorist camp and capturing or killing a number of high-level al Qaeda operatives in the process.
However, since 2001, terrorists have found their targets on almost every continent, with bombings in Bali,
London, Madrid, Istanbul, and elsewhere. Now Americans appear less convinced that their country is winning
the war on terror. In the face of persisting threats, including a growing number of terrorist attacks around
the world, numerous reports show that Americans are losing faith in their government‟s ability to wage the
war successfully and to protect them from the terrorists‟ next major attack.
1. As pointed out in the passage, since terrorist attacks and threats have not ceased in
the world, ----.
A) the American government is convinced that some major cities in the country can be the
targets of terrorist attacks
B) the United States has stepped up its operations in Afghanistan in order to capture the al
Qaeda operatives
C) Americans are very concerned about the security and success of their forces in Afghanistan
D) the American people hardly believe that the government will be able to win the war on
terror
E) it is admitted by all the governments that the so-called “Global War on Terror” will last
indefinitely
2. According to the passage, the 9/11 terrorist attacks ----.
A) could have been prevented if the al Qaeda operatives had been captured in time
B) made the American people united as a nation and feel more patriotic
C) were part of a series of terrorist acts planned in advance by the al Qaeda leaders
D) demonstrated the fact that the United States was more vulnerable to terrorism than any
other country in the world
E) convinced the al Qaeda operatives that the United States would be an easy target in the future
3. It is stressed in the passage that, for the al Qaeda leaders, ----.
A) any part of the world could be a target for their attacks
B) the war in Afghanistan is causing much damage to their operatives
C) their future attacks must focus on the American homeland
D) more threats from them will turn the American people against their government
E) their attacks on a number of cities, including Istanbul, were not effective at all
4. As can be clearly understood from the passage, in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks,
almost all the Americans ----.
A) thought that America‟s invasion of Afghanistan would be futile
B) were disappointed with their government‟s policies
C) believed that their country was still the safest place in the world
D) supported the way the war on terror was being carried out
E) believed that the government would soon bring the war on terror to an end
ydsenglish.tv
66

A new vaccine that may offer lifetime protection against the flu has shown
promise in human trials. It works on the deadly type A strain, responsible for
pandemics. Current flu vaccines work by giving immunity against two
proteins, called haemagglutinin and neurominidase, found on the surface of
flu viruses. However, as these proteins continually mutate, vaccines have to
be reformulated every year to keep on working. The new vaccine, known as
ACAM-FLU-A, gets around this problem by homing in on a protein called M2,
found on all type A strains, that does not mutate so readily. The vaccine
could be quickly produced in response to a flu outbreak. The doses can be
mass produced and used at any time, because there is no need to identify
the most prevalent strains. In theory, a single injection could offer lifetime
protection. Whether this will work in practice is a matter for future trials.
ydsenglish.tv
67

A new vaccine that may offer lifetime protection against the flu has shown promise in human trials. It works
on the deadly type A strain, responsible for pandemics. Current flu vaccines work by giving immunity against
two proteins, called haemagglutinin and neurominidase, found on the surface of flu viruses. However, as
these proteins continually mutate, vaccines have to be reformulated every year to keep on working. The new
vaccine, known as ACAM-FLU-A, gets around this problem by homing in on a protein called M2, found on all
type A strains, that does not mutate so readily. The vaccine could be quickly produced in response to a flu
outbreak. The doses can be mass produced and used at any time, because there is no need to identify the
most prevalent strains. In theory, a single injection could offer lifetime protection. Whether this will work in
practice is a matter for future trials.
5. One can understand from the passage that the new vaccine ----.
A) has not yet been tested on humans
B) focuses on a protein that is common to A strains
C) helps to identify the most prevalent strains
D) does not mutate as readily as predicted
E) cannot be produced in large quantities
6. According to the passage, the two proteins haemagglutinin and

neurominidase ----.
A) are the most prevalent strains of the disease
B) home in on a protein called M2 that is present in all type A flu strains
C) cannot mutate as rapidly as other proteins do
D) are the active ingredients in the newly-developed vaccine
E) require the development of new vaccines as they incessantly mutate
7. It can be understood from the passage that the protein M2 ----.

A) mutates only when haemagglutinin and neurominidase mutate
B) is common to all types and strains of flu
C) does not mutate at the same rate as do other proteins found on flu viruses
D) could be produced quickly in response to a flu epidemic
E) can, in theory, be destroyed through forced mutation
8. One can understand from the passage that flu vaccines currently on the
market ----.
A) do not provide lifetime immunity to the type A strain of flu
B) have proven rather promising in human trials
C) eliminate the need to identify the most prevalent strains of flu
D) give immunity against the M2 protein
E) are subject to future trials on other strains
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10.
11. During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its
southern oil fields. Iran counterattacked. The result was a murderous eight-
year conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of
young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with
Iran‟s defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term,
their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at
home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots
radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western
terrorism. Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime
ultimately have come from within, from a new generation of young students
and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and
democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the shah.
ydsenglish.tv
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During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its southern oil fields. Iran
counterattacked. The result was a murderous eight-year conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and
human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with Iran‟s defeat,
but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term, their long defence of Iranian nationalism left
the mullahs more entrenched at home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots
radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism. Over the years, the
strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within, from a new generation of young
students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not
changed much since the days of the shah.
12. According to the passage, the Iranian regime ----.
A) has always been aware of the need to grant to the people their democratic rights
B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power
C) has introduced radical economic policies to increase its oil revenues
D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the people in the country
E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country, who are inspired by nationalism
13. It is clear from the passage that Iraq’s invasion of Iran ----.
A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue of the southern oil fields
B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose
C) significantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs
D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet government of the time
E) provoked Iranian students and workers into anti-regime demonstrations
14. As can be seen from the passage, the war between Iran and Iraq ----.
A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal of bloodshed
B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for either side
C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian people
D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use all its oil revenues for weapons
E) was fought on both sides with weapons provided by the Soviets
15. It is stressed in the passage that, with the money earned from oil exports,
Iran ----.
A) financed a series of projects to strengthen nationalism among young radicals
B) made huge investments to upgrade the capacity of its southern oil fields
C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist the Iraqi invasion
D) carried out economic reforms to improve the living standards of its people
E) sponsored radical political movements in other countries
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17.
18. Oilhas provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable
energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil
is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is
exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an
enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its
price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to
diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the
future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil
production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but
prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to
be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current
talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy
as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring
consumption and limited resources.
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Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and
improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is
exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is
especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the
cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its
past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will
continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and
pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as
it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources.
9. According to the passage, warnings were first given almost a century ago that ----.
A) there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative
energy resources became available
B) there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to political
manipulations and conflicts
C) the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new
economic measures were put into effect
D) oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate
of pollution
E) oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infinite
10. As suggested in the passage, oil ----.
A) was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted
B) has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an end
C) has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century
D) has always been a major source of affordable energy and had a positive impact on our lives
E) is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for
cleaner energy
11. In the passage, ----.
A) the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be
responsible for any wrongdoing
B) the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for man‟s comfort and prosperity
C) there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world
D) some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing efficiency of global energy
resources
E) much attention has been given to the importance of experts‟ work in diagnosing the cause
of increasing oil prices
12. As can be understood from the passage, the writer does not believe that, ----.
A) in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be
restricted
B) despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production
C) contrary to ongoing discussions today, the age of oil has drawn to a close
D) similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the
world
E) like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental
pollution
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14.
15. In the early part of the twentieth century, the experiments carried out by
Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues led to the idea that at the centre of
an atom there is a tiny but massive nucleus. At the same time that the
quantum theory was being developed and that scientists were attempting
to understand the structure of the atom and its electrons, investigations
into the nucleus itself had also begun. An important question to physicists
was whether the nucleus had a structure, and what that structure might
be. In fact, it has so far turned out that the nucleus is a complicated
entity, and even today, it is not fully understood. However, by the early
1930s, a model of the nucleus had been developed that is still useful.
According to this model, a nucleus is considered as an aggregate of two
types of particles: protons and neutrons. A proton is the nucleus of the
simplest atom which is hydrogen. The neutron, whose existence was
ascertained only in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick, is
electrically neutral as its name implies. These two constituents of a
nucleus, neutrons and protons, are referred to collectively as “nucleons. “
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73

In the early part of the twentieth century, the experiments carried out by Ernest Rutherford and his
colleagues led to the idea that at the centre of an atom there is a tiny but massive nucleus. At the same
time that the quantum theory was being developed and that scientists were attempting to understand the
structure of the atom and its electrons, investigations into the nucleus itself had also begun. An important
question to physicists was whether the nucleus had a structure, and what that structure might be. In fact,
it has so far turned out that the nucleus is a complicated entity, and even today, it is not fully understood.
However, by the early 1930s, a model of the nucleus had been developed that is still useful. According to
this model, a nucleus is considered as an aggregate of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. A
proton is the nucleus of the simplest atom which is hydrogen. The neutron, whose existence was
ascertained only in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick, is electrically neutral as its name
implies. These two constituents of a nucleus, neutrons and protons, are referred to collectively as
“nucleons. “
1. One understands from the passage that one of the serious questions with which
physicists in the early twentieth century was concerned was ----.
A) to what extent the quantum theory might transform classical physics
B) whether the neutron provided energy for the nucleus
C) what structure the nucleus might have
D) whether the nucleus of hydrogen contained the nucleons
E) why Rutherford and his colleagues were indifferent to the quantum theory
2. It is clear from the passage that the presence of a nucleus in an atom ----.
A) had always been a controversial issue among physicists until the early 1930s
B) was understood as a result of the experiments undertaken by Rutherford and his colleagues
C) had been known for a long time before Rutherford and his colleagues clearly defined its structure
D) was revealed only after Chadwick discovered and defined the neutron
E) is still a major question for physicists since the nature of the nucleons needs to be fully
described
3. According to the passage, in the early twentieth century, physicists ----.
A) were so divided among themselves that they were unable to undertake any research in
order to reveal the structure of the nucleus
B) were greatly inspired by the research activities which the English physicist James Chadwick
was involved in
C) were so encouraged by the discovery of the nucleons that they were able finally to
understand the true nature of the atom
D) were engaged in the development of the quantum theory while they were also focusing on
the study of the nucleus
E) were all seriously interested in the quantum theory as a new scientific development and
solely focused on it
4. It is clear from the passage that Chadwick’s work as regards the neutron ----.
A) was duly taken into account by all the physicists in their research on electrons
B) had a great deal of influence on Rutherford and his colleagues
C) was undoubtedly a significant contribution to the study of the nucleus
D) was originally inspired by the quantum theory which he knew so well
E) brought him much fame not only in England but elsewhere also
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Parkinson‟s and Alzheimer‟s diseases are the most common diseases which
affect many people in the world. Approximately, 1 million people in the
world suffer from Parkinson‟s disease, a motor disorder characterized by
difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement. Patients often
have a masked facial expression, poor balance, and a flexed posture. Like
Alzheimer‟s disease, which is characterized by confusion, memory loss, and
a variety of other symptoms, Parkinson‟s disease is progressive, and the
risk increases with age. The incidence of the Parkinson‟s disease is about
1% at the age of 65, and about 5% at the age 85. Parkinson‟s disease
appears to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
Evidence for a genetic role includes the fact that some families with an
increased incidence of Parkinson‟s disease carry a mutated form of the gene
for a protein which is important in normal brain function. The symptoms of
Parkinson‟s disease result from the death of neurons in the mid-brain. As a
result, at present, there is no cure for Parkinson‟s disease, although various
treatments can help control the symptoms.
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75

Parkinson‟s and Alzheimer‟s diseases are the most common diseases which affect many people in the
world. Approximately, 1 million people in the world suffer from Parkinson‟s disease, a motor disorder
characterized by difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement. Patients often have a
masked facial expression, poor balance, and a flexed posture. Like Alzheimer‟s disease, which is
characterized by confusion, memory loss, and a variety of other symptoms, Parkinson‟s disease is
progressive, and the risk increases with age. The incidence of the Parkinson‟s disease is about 1% at the
age of 65, and about 5% at the age 85. Parkinson‟s disease appears to result from a combination of
environmental and genetic factors. Evidence for a genetic role includes the fact that some families with an
increased incidence of Parkinson‟s disease carry a mutated form of the gene for a protein which is
important in normal brain function. The symptoms of Parkinson‟s disease result from the death of neurons
in the mid-brain. As a result, at present, there is no cure for Parkinson‟s disease, although various
16. According to the passage, Parkinson’s disease ----.
A) has its adverse effects on the body‟s movements
B) can easily be treated at an advanced age
C) can best be understood through a close study of the memory
D) can be cured provided that its symptoms are taken into account at an early stage
E) is a consequence of purely environmental factors
17. It is clear from the passage that Alzheimer’s disease ----.
A) affects more people in the world than Parkinson‟s disease
B) is a major genetic disorder that can today be controlled
C) can be recognized through the patient‟s loss of memory as well as a number of

other symptoms
D) is common mostly among elderly people over the age of 80
E) has attracted more medical attention in the world than Parkinson‟s disease
18. It is pointed out in the passage that the loss of neurons in the mid-brain ----.
A) is an incidence that can be observed easily
B) initiates Alzheimer‟s disease
C) results from general protein deficiency
D) happens when the body‟s movements begin to slow down
E) leads to Parkinson‟s disease
19. As clearly pointed out in the passage, there is ----.
A) a great deal of protein deficiency in many families prone to Alzheimer‟s disease
B) much evidence to claim that Parkinson‟s disease can be cured in the near future
C) a variety of treatments whereby the symptoms of Parkinson‟s disease can be

controlled
D) a need to develop a new technique whereby the movements of the body can be
improved
E) much controversy among physicians in the world on the treatment of Alzheimer‟s
disease
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21.
22. Formerly, potatoes were grown on unirrigated land, which often meant
they were small and probably misshapen. Now, however, farmers routinely
irrigate their lands to produce products acceptable to the fast-food
industry for its French fries. But in Minnesota the groundwater that
farmers pump for potatoes has turned out to be the same water that helps
to sustain the Straight River, a major trout fishery. Even modest pumping
for potatoes, a federal study eventually concluded, had the potential to
reduce the river's flow by one third during the irrigation season, with
adverse impact on the brown trout. For now, the trout are not in danger,
but that could change if Minnesota were to approve applications from
farmers still eager to see potato planting and irrigation widen.
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Formerly, potatoes were grown on unirrigated land, which often meant they were small and probably
misshapen. Now, however, farmers routinely irrigate their lands to produce products acceptable to the fast-
food industry for its French fries. But in Minnesota the groundwater that farmers pump for potatoes has
turned out to be the same water that helps to sustain the Straight River, a major trout fishery. Even
modest pumping for potatoes, a federal study eventually concluded, had the potential to reduce the river's
flow by one third during the irrigation season, with adverse impact on the brown trout. For now, the trout
are not in danger, but that could change if Minnesota were to approve applications from farmers still eager
to see potato planting and irrigation widen.
1. According to the passage, small, badly-shaped potatoes _____.
A) bring in very little money
B) make excellent French fries
C) are often the result of inadequate irrigation
D) are a poor strain of potato that is being replaced by better strains
E) have led to a drop in the sale of French fries
2. It is clear from the passage that the fast-food industry _____.
A) is keen to help solve environmental problems
B) has made large, well-shaped potatoes the ideal
C) is not in the least interested in the size of the potatoes it buys
D) plays a major role in the development of irrigation systems
E) agreed to buy smaller potatoes when it became clear that irrigation systems were a threat to the brown trout
3. We understand from the passage that the groundwater Minnesota farmers use for
irrigation purposes _____.
A) could significantly reduce the level of the Straight River during the irrigation season
B) has reduced the numbers of fish in the Straight River by one third
C) is quickly replaced once the rainy season commences
D) has had no obvious effect on the environment
E) is no longer available for irrigation purposes
4. It is implied in the passage that Minnesota farmers _____.
A) have agreed to stop irrigating their fields
B) might resist efforts to cut down on irrigation
C) will change to crops that require less water than potatoes
D) have done their best to save the trout fishery of the Straight River
E) have failed to give the fast-food companies the type of potato they want
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Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most intense areas of research in
high-energy astrophysics, and they represent the largest known explosions
in the universe. Last year, NASA launched the Swift satellite to rapidly locate
and observe GRBs and their afterglows at x-ray, ultraviolet and optical
wavelengths. These afterglow observations are particularly important for the
understanding of these enormous explosions that occur at cosmological
distances near the edge of the observable universe. Amateur astronomers,
due to their large numbers, their ability to respond quickly to the randomly
located GRBs and the availability of highly sensitive CCD cameras, have
been able to provide important, early data on the optical afterglows of GRBs
in the past few years. Indeed, at least one optical afterglow from a GRB was
discovered by an amateur astronomer. Observations can be done with even
a modest-size telescope, provided the observations are made quickly
enough.
ydsenglish.tv
79

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most intense areas of research in high-energy astrophysics, and they
represent the largest known explosions in the universe. Last year, NASA launched the Swift satellite to rapidly locate and
observe GRBs and their afterglows at x-ray, ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. These afterglow observations are
particularly important for the understanding or these enormous explosions that occur at cosmological distances near the
edge of the observable universe. Amateur astronomers, due to their large numbers, their ability to respond quickly to the
randomly located GRBs and the availability of highly sensitive CCD cameras, have been able to provide important, early
data on the optical afterglows of GRBs in the past few years. Indeed, at least one optical afterglow from a GRB was
discovered by an amateur astronomer. Observations can be done with even a modest-size telescope, provided the
observations are made quickly enough.
1. It is clear from the passage that our knowledge of GRBs _____.
A) is partly the result of the work of non-professional astronomers
B) has progressed very little over the past few years
C) is confined to their positions in the universe
D) has been hindered by the enormous distances involved
E) depends solely on x-ray analysis of their nature
2. It is understood from the passage that information concerning GRB afterglows _____.
A) can be used to measure cosmological distances
B) can be obtained and recorded by readily available optical instruments
C) is rarely obtained from the satellite Swift
D) is of marginal importance to high energy astrophysicists
E) can only be obtained by means of specially designed satellites
3. We understand from the passage that GRBs _____.
A) have not aroused much scientific interest except among amateur astronomers
B) have only been discovered by NASA in recent years
C) are explosions that happen in the farthest regions of the known universe
D) produce afterglows that can only be observed on a single wavelength
E) leave behind afterglows that last a very long time
4. According to the passage, we can gain some understanding of the nature of GRBs _____.
A) so long as amateur astronomers are willing to share their data
B) only with the assistance of the Swift satellite
C) once the Swift satellite starts sending data back to earth
D) even by means of ordinary cameras
E) through a close observation of their afterglows
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All multi-engined aircraft are designed to keep flying in the event of engine
failure. Losing thrust from one side of an aircraft unbalances it and causes
the nose of the aircraft to turn in the direction of the failed engine. Aircraft
have a vertical stabilizer (the upright at the back) to keep the aircraft's
nose into the wind, with a rudder attached to it for fine tuning. Moving the
rudder into the airflow creates a sideways force, which turns the aircraft
around its vertical axis. When this is applied in the direction of the failed
engine, the force created by the rudder will counteract the turn induced by
the uneven engine thrust. The vertical stabilizer and rudder are sized to
control the uneven thrust caused by an engine failure at the most
demanding limits or the flight envelope, as they must be capable of
generating powerful turning forces.
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All multi-engined aircraft are designed to keep flying in the event of engine failure. Losing thrust from one
side of an aircraft unbalances it and causes the nose of the aircraft to turn in the direction of the failed
engine. Aircraft have a vertical stabilizer (the upright at the back) to keep the aircraft's nose into the wind,
with a rudder attached to it for fine tuning. Moving the rudder into the airflow creates a sideways force,
which turns the aircraft around its vertical axis. When this is applied in the direction of the failed engine,
the force created by the rudder will counteract the turn induced by the uneven engine thrust. The vertical
stabilizer and rudder are sized to control the uneven thrust caused by an engine failure at the most
demanding limits or the flight envelope, as they must be capable of generating powerful turning forces.
1. According to the passage, when one of the engines in a multi-engined aircraft falls, _____.
A) the other engines enable the aircraft to continue on safely
B) there is apparently no change in the functioning of the aircraft
C) the thrust remains unchanged
D) the aircraft immediately begins to tilt upwards
E) the other engines begin to generate more power
2. We understand from the passage that, in the case of an engine failure, _____.
A) the direction of the aircraft cannot be controlled
B) the balance of the aircraft is maintained through the vertical stabilizer and the rudder
C) the resulting sideways force can only be controlled by the stabilizer
D) the nose of the aircraft is pushed down by the wind
E) the function of stabilizer and rudder are reduced
3. We understand from the passage that the normal function of the rudder in an aircraft is to _____.
A) counteract engine thrust
B) balance the thrust generated by all the engines
C) control the airflow as it passes the stabilizer
D) lift it and keep it in the air
E) work with the stabilizer to control the direction of the aircraft
4. It's clear from the passage that, in the event of an engine failure, _____.
A) rudder and stabilizer will automatically separate
B) there is no way in which an aircraft can be controlled
C) a multi-engined aircraft remains unaffected
D) the stabilizer and rudder are used to counterbalance the unequal thrust that results
E) the aircraft starts to turn away from the failed engine and move in ever-widening circles
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There have been stories in the press about mobile phones sparking
explosions at petrol stations. But according to the GSM Association, a
worldwide body for mobile phone makers, none of these reports has ever
been traced back to a real event. But there is a real safety concern, and it's
not about radio emissions from mobiles as you might have thought.
Instead, the GSM Association says there is a theoretical risk that if a hand-
held phone is dropped and the battery separates from the phone, it could
cause a spark across the contacts. This is equally true of other battery-
powered devices such as torches, Walkmans and CD players. But it's far
more likely that mobile phones cause a hazard at petrol stations by
distracting their users while they're operating a petrol pump.
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There have been stories in the press about mobile phones sparking explosions at petrol stations. But
according to the GSM Association, a worldwide body for mobile phone makers, none of these reports has
ever been traced back to a real event. But there is a real safety concern, and it's not about radio emissions
from mobiles as you might have thought. Instead, the GSM Association says there is a theoretical risk that
if a hand-held phone is dropped and the battery separates from the phone, it could cause a spark across
the contacts. This is equally true of other battery-powered devices such as torches, Walkmans and CD
players. But it's far more likely that mobile phones cause a hazard at petrol stations by distracting their
users while they're operating a petrol pump.
1. We understand from the passage that explosions at petrol stations _____.
A) are extremely rare since so many precautions are taken to prevent them
B) have always been accurately reported by the press
C) have never been precisely traced to mobile phones
D) are so rare that no further precautions are considered necessary
E) are theoretically unlikely, due to the introduction of serious safety measures
2. According to the passage, a mobile phone _____.
A) could be the cause of an explosion at a petrol station, but not on account of its radio emissions
B) has to bear the stamp of the GSM Association before it goes into use
C) occasionally emits sparks that are normally harmless, but not on all occasions
D) is less likely to cause an explosion than a CD player or a torch is
E) should be switched off on arrival at a petrol station
3. It is pointed out in the passage that any battery-powered device _____.
A) is sure to emit sparks if dropped
B) is potentially dangerous at a petrol station
C) that is dropped will be permanently damaged
D) has to be approved by the GSM Association
E) can distract a person's attention and cause accidents
4. It is clear from the passage that much adverse publicity _____.
A) in the press concerning mobile phone users has had far-reaching effects
B) has undermined the authority of the GSM Association
C) has reduced the popularity of all battery-powered devices
D) has been aimed at mobile phones for causing explosions at petrol stations
E) of petrol stations, on account of their lack of safety precautions, has appeared in the press
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When it came to replacing the bridge at John's Pass, there were certain
special problems to be taken into consideration. The previous bridge had had
a life span of only 30 years, but in that time the currents had caused
extensive damage. But a more serious problem connected with the currents
is that the bridge has to open on demand, rather than on a fixed schedule.
Currents at the inlet are particularly fierce, and making boats wait would be
too dangerous. This unpredictability makes life even tougher for motorists.
Yet a fixed bridge would make a stretch of the Intracoastal Waterway
impassable to boats taller than 65 feet, so that option was ruled out almost
immediately. When an examination of the bridge's records showed that
increasing the height would reduce the frequency of closings only slightly,
the state decided to build a new drawbridge with the same height as the old
one.
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When it came to replacing the bridge at John's Pass, there were certain special problems to be taken into
consideration. The previous bridge had had a life span of only 30 years, but in that time the currents had
caused extensive damage. But a more serious problem connected with the currents is that the bridge
has to open on demand, rather than on a fixed schedule. Currents at the inlet are particularly fierce, and
making boats wait would be too dangarous. This unpredictability makes life even tougher for motorists.
Yet a fixed bridge would make a stretch of the Intracoastal Waterway impassable to boats taller than 65
feet, so that option was ruled out almost immediately. When an examination of the bridge's records
showed that increasing the height would reduce the frequency of closings only slightly, the state decided
to build a new drawbridge with the same height as the old one.
1. We learn from the passage that one rather special feature of the drawbridge at John's
Pass is that it _____.
A) is the only one in the region for which a record is kept of the boats that pass under it
B) is twice as high as the former bridge
C) only needs a life span of 30 years
D) does not need to open for ships of well over 65 feet
E) does not open and close at set times
2. It is clear from the passage that the currents at the inlet where the bridge is _____.
A) have carried several ships onto the rocks
B) vary greatly from season to season
C) can be so violent that boats must not be kept waiting there
D) make bridge maintenance difficult and dangerous
E) are such that it is not a safe route for large ships
3. We understand from the passage that, though motorists would have much preferred a
fixed bridge, _____.
A) they did agree that it was quite impossible
B) such an option was clearly not feasible and could not be considered at all
C) this would have proved far too expensive
D) people living nearby feared this would encourage even more traffic in the region
E) they were pleased to learn that the new bridge would be opened less frequently
4. According to the passage, it was decided, after careful consideration, that the height of
the drawbridge _____.
A) need not be as high as the former one
B) should be raised so that ships of up to 65 fast could pass under it
C) should be the same as that of the previous one
D) should be left to the discretion of the engineers building it
E) should not be allowed to add seriously to the cost of constructing it
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26. İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-42 (35)

27.
28. In the early part of the twentieth century, the experiments carried out by
Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues led to the idea that at the centre of
an atom there is a tiny but massive nucleus. At the same time that the
quantum theory was being developed and that scientists were attempting
to understand the structure of the atom and its electrons, investigations
into the nucleus itself had also begun. An important question to physicists
was whether the nucleus had a structure, and what that structure might
be. In fact, it has so far turned out that the nucleus is a complicated
entity, and even today, it is not fully understood. However, by the early
1930s, a model of the nucleus had been developed that is still useful.
According to this model, a nucleus is considered as an aggregate of two
types of particles: protons and neutrons. A proton is the nucleus of the
simplest atom which is hydrogen. The neutron, whose existence was
ascertained only in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick, is
electrically neutral as its name implies. These two constituents of a
nucleus, neutrons and protons, are referred to collectively as “nucleons. “
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İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-42 (35) SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

In the early part of the twentieth century, the experiments carried out by Ernest Rutherford and his
colleagues led to the idea that at the centre of an atom there is a tiny but massive nucleus. At the same
time that the quantum theory was being developed and that scientists were attempting to understand the
structure of the atom and its electrons, investigations into the nucleus itself had also begun. An important
question to physicists was whether the nucleus had a structure, and what that structure might be. In fact,
it has so far turned out that the nucleus is a complicated entity, and even today, it is not fully understood.
However, by the early 1930s, a model of the nucleus had been developed that is still useful. According to
this model, a nucleus is considered as an aggregate of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. A
proton is the nucleus of the simplest atom which is hydrogen. The neutron, whose existence was
ascertained only in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick, is electrically neutral as its name
implies. These two constituents of a nucleus, neutrons and protons, are referred to collectively as
“nucleons. “
5. One understands from the passage that one of the serious questions with which
physicists in the early twentieth century was concerned was ----.
A) to what extent the quantum theory might transform classical physics
B) whether the neutron provided energy for the nucleus
C) what structure the nucleus might have
D) whether the nucleus of hydrogen contained the nucleons
E) why Rutherford and his colleagues were indifferent to the quantum theory
6. It is clear from the passage that the presence of a nucleus in an atom ----.
A) had always been a controversial issue among physicists until the early 1930s
B) was understood as a result of the experiments undertaken by Rutherford and his colleagues
C) had been known for a long time before Rutherford and his colleagues clearly defined its structure
D) was revealed only after Chadwick discovered and defined the neutron
E) is still a major question for physicists since the nature of the nucleons needs to be fully
described
7. According to the passage, in the early twentieth century, physicists ----.
A) were so divided among themselves that they were unable to undertake any research in
order to reveal the structure of the nucleus
B) were greatly inspired by the research activities which the English physicist James Chadwick
was involved in
C) were so encouraged by the discovery of the nucleons that they were able finally to
understand the true nature of the atom
D) were engaged in the development of the quantum theory while they were also focusing on
the study of the nucleus
E) were all seriously interested in the quantum theory as a new scientific development and
solely focused on it
8. It is clear from the passage that Chadwick’s work as regards the neutron ----.
A) was duly taken into account by all the physicists in their research on electrons
B) had a great deal of influence on Rutherford and his colleagues
C) was undoubtedly a significant contribution to the study of the nucleus
D) was originally inspired by the quantum theory which he knew so well
E) brought him much fame not only in England but elsewhere also
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İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-43 (36)

Parkinson‟s and Alzheimer‟s diseases are the most common diseases which
affect many people in the world. Approximately, 1 million people in the
world suffer from Parkinson‟s disease, a motor disorder characterized by
difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement. Patients often
have a masked facial expression, poor balance, and a flexed posture. Like
Alzheimer‟s disease, which is characterized by confusion, memory loss, and
a variety of other symptoms, Parkinson‟s disease is progressive, and the
risk increases with age. The incidence of the Parkinson‟s disease is about
1% at the age of 65, and about 5% at the age 85. Parkinson‟s disease
appears to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
Evidence for a genetic role includes the fact that some families with an
increased incidence of Parkinson‟s disease carry a mutated form of the gene
for a protein which is important in normal brain function. The symptoms of
Parkinson‟s disease result from the death of neurons in the mid-brain. As a
result, at present, there is no cure for Parkinson‟s disease, although various
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İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-43 (36) SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

Parkinson‟s and Alzheimer‟s diseases are the most common diseases which affect many people in the
world. Approximately, 1 million people in the world suffer from Parkinson‟s disease, a motor disorder
characterized by difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement. Patients often have a
masked facial expression, poor balance, and a flexed posture. Like Alzheimer‟s disease, which is
characterized by confusion, memory loss, and a variety of other symptoms, Parkinson‟s disease is
progressive, and the risk increases with age. The incidence of the Parkinson‟s disease is about 1% at the
age of 65, and about 5% at the age 85. Parkinson‟s disease appears to result from a combination of
environmental and genetic factors. Evidence for a genetic role includes the fact that some families with an
increased incidence of Parkinson‟s disease carry a mutated form of the gene for a protein which is
important in normal brain function. The symptoms of Parkinson‟s disease result from the death of neurons
in the mid-brain. As a result, at present, there is no cure for Parkinson‟s disease, although various
29. According to the passage, Parkinson’s disease ----.
A) has its adverse effects on the body‟s movements
B) can easily be treated at an advanced age
C) can best be understood through a close study of the memory
D) can be cured provided that its symptoms are taken into account at an early stage
E) is a consequence of purely environmental factors
30. It is clear from the passage that Alzheimer’s disease ----.
A) affects more people in the world than Parkinson‟s disease
B) is a major genetic disorder that can today be controlled
C) can be recognized through the patient‟s loss of memory as well as a number of

other symptoms
D) is common mostly among elderly people over the age of 80
E) has attracted more medical attention in the world than Parkinson‟s disease
31. It is pointed out in the passage that the loss of neurons in the mid-brain ----.
A) is an incidence that can be observed easily
B) initiates Alzheimer‟s disease
C) results from general protein deficiency
D) happens when the body‟s movements begin to slow down
E) leads to Parkinson‟s disease
32. As clearly pointed out in the passage, there is ----.
A) a great deal of protein deficiency in many families prone to Alzheimer‟s disease
B) much evidence to claim that Parkinson‟s disease can be cured in the near future
C) a variety of treatments whereby the symptoms of Parkinson‟s disease can be

controlled
D) a need to develop a new technique whereby the movements of the body can be
improved
E) much controversy among physicians in the world on the treatment of Alzheimer‟s
disease
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34.
35. Best known for his novels 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80
Days, Jules Verne, the French science fiction pioneer, has always been a major cultural
figure in his native land, France. His hometown of Amiens continues to remember his
contributions with parades, exhibitions and literary conferences. Yet, in the English-
speaking world, Jules Verne has been pigeonholed as merely a young boy's adventure
writer, even though he was successfully able to foresee heavier-than-air flying
machines and moon voyages. In addition, twentieth century pioneers such as the polar
explorer Richard Byrd, the rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and the astronaut Neil
Armstrong have all said that Jules Verne's writings inspired them. But now, Jules Verne
enthusiasts are pushing for a reconsideration of the writer as an influential literary
figure, whose 64 novels and stories - of admittedly varying literary quality - offer not
only startling prophecies but also offer provide a sharp commentary on the Europe and
America of his day.
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91

Best known for his novels 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 Days, Jules
Verne, the French science fiction pioneer, has always been a major cultural figure in his native
land, France. His hometown of Amiens continues to remember his contributions with parades,
exhibitions and literary conferences. Yet, in the English-speaking world, Jules Verne has been
pigeonholed as merely a young boy's adventure writer, even though he was successfully able to
foresee heavier-than-air flying machines and moon voyages. In addition, twentieth century
pioneers such as the polar explorer Richard Byrd, the rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and the
astronaut Neil Armstrong have all said that Jules Verne's writings inspired them. But now, Jules
Verne enthusiasts are pushing for a reconsideration of the writer as an influential literary figure,
whose 64 novels and stories - of admittedly varying literary quality - offer not only startling
prophecies but also offer provide a sharp commentary on the Europe and America of his day.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the importance of Verne's works ----.
A) has been recognized differently in various parts of the world
B) was only appreciated after his death
C) lies in his foreseeing of polar explorations and rocket building
D) has been underestimated in his native land France
E) was constantly debated during his lifetime
2. As it is pointed out in the passage, Verne's literary merit ----.

A) needs to be reconsidered by his enthusiasts
B) is based on his boy's adventure stories
C) was revealed through his prophecies about Europe and America
D) can easily be seen in all his novels and stories
E) is questioned by a large number of people
3. As it is stated in this passage, ----.
A) Amiens is best known for celebrating 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the
World In 80 Days
B) major cultural figures in France are remembered in parades, exhibitions and conferences
C) Jules Verne's most famous works are 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the
World In 80 Days
D) Jules Verne became a science fiction writer with the publication of 20,000 Leagues Under
the Sea and Around the World In 80 Days
E) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World In 80 Days are remembered in his
hometown of Amiens
4. According to the passage, the English-speaking world ----.
A) is reluctant to see Verne as a children's writer

B) has underestimated the works of Verne
C) was more interested in the moon voyages than flying machines
D) recognized the need to put his ideas to use
E) regarded Verne as a pioneer in scientific developments
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History is one of the few school subjects commonly mandated in education systems throughout the

1. According to the passage, history textbooks ----.

3. According to the passage, regardless of how impartially they are written,

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author ----.

1. It is understood from the passage that ----.

2. It is implied in the passage that ----.

3. According to the passage, ----.

4. It is stated in the passage that antibiotics ----.

2. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics ----.

3. One understands from the passage that myths ----.

4. It is pointed out in the passage that a hero’s fame ----.

1. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy ----.

2. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ---

3. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----.

4. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans ----.

3. According to the passage, six months is the age ----.

4. The passage states that complementary foods ----.

2. According to the passage, artificial cochleas have enabled certain deaf

3. We see from the passage that implantable brain chips ----.

4. It is suggested in the passage that the human brain ----.

1. As can be clearly seen in the passage, racial prejudice —.

2. As it is pointed out in the passage, —.

3. According to the passage, —.

4. As it is pointed out in the passage, the experiment —.

1. It is pointed out in the passage that though there are differences of

2. According to the passage, the Supreme Court of the US ----.

3. According to the passage, all rulings of the Supreme Court ----.

4. It is clear from the passage that the US judiciary system ----.

1. We understand from the passage that school programmes in America ----.

3. According to the passage, any extension of the instructional day in

4. It is clear from the passage that the writer ----.

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-12

forms of cultural assimilation. Small communities in isolated areas can

easily be wiped out by earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis and other natural

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-12 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

1. According to the passage, the disappearance of a language _____.

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-13

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor

appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design.

Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire,

principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process,

theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-13 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

1. The writer’s main aim in this passage is to _____ .

3. The point is made in the passage that aesthetic principles _____ .

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-14

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-14 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

3. The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the passage means _____ .

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-15

island‟s marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays

indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild

energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals

wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-15 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ

3. According to the passage, Lewis Island _____ .

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİ-16

been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an

change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the

brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the

application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood

application of information technology may well represent the most profound

change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We

İLERİ DÜZEY PARAGRAF ÇEVİRİSİ-16 SORULARININ ÇÖZÜMÜ