CHEMICAL BONDING

MACROMOLECULES:
COVALENT BONDS:
-Giant structure of covalent bond
Between non-metal
- Metallic bonding

CHEMICAL
BONDING

IONIC BONDS:
Metal and non-metal
 IONIC BONDING
FORMATION OF IONS
 An ion is
an electrically charged atom or
group of atoms formed by
the loss or gain of electrons
 This loss or gain of electrons takes
place to gain a full outer shell of
electrons
 The electronic structure of an ion
will be the same as that of a
noble gas – such as helium, neon
and argon
 Ex Na+; Cl-; Mg+2; O2-

•Metals: all metals lose electrons to other atoms to become

positively charged ions
•Non-metals: all non-metals gain electrons from other atoms to
become negatively charged ions
 IONIC BONDING
FORMATION OF IONS: EXAMPLES
 IONIC BONDING
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION

 The positive and negative charges are

held together by the strong electrostatic
forcesof attraction between opposite ch
arges.
 This is what holds ionic compounds
together
EXCERCISES: DESCRIBE HOW MgO IS FORMED
 EXCERCISES: DESCRIBE HOW MgO IS FORMED

 Magnesium is a group 2 metal so will lose

two outer electrons to another atom to
have a full outer shell of electrons
 A positive ion with the charge +2 is
formed
 Oxygen is a group 6 non-metal so will
need to gain two electrons to have a full
outer shell of electrons
 Two electrons will be transferred from the
outer shell of the magnesium atom to
the outer shell of the oxygen atom
 Oxygen atom will gain two electrons to
form a negative ion with charge -2
 Formula of ionic compound: MgO
 IONIC BONDING
LACTICE STRUCTURE

 Lattice structure refers to the

arrangement of the atoms of a
substance in 3D space
 In lattice structures, the atoms are
arranged in
an ordered and repeating fashion
 The lattices formed by ionic
compounds consist of
a regular arrangement of alternati
ng positive and negative ion
 COVALENT BONDING

 Covalent compounds are formed

when electrons
are shared between atoms
 Only non-
metal elements participate in
covalent bonding
 As in ionic bonding, each atom
gains a full outer shell of electrons
 When two or more atoms are
chemically bonded together, we
describe them as ‘molecules’
EXERCISE: DRAW TO SHOW HOW COVALENT BOND
IS FORMED IN FOLLOWING MOLECULES:

-NH3
-H2O
-Cl2
-CH4
-C2H4
-N2
-CO2
 IONIC BONDING VS COVALENT
BONDING
IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS

MELTING AND BOILING HIGH LOW

POINT
STATE SOLID IN ROOM TEMP LIQUID/GAS IN ROOM
TEMP
VOLATILITY NOT VOLATILE EASILY VOLATILE

POLARITY POLAR NON-POLAR

WATER SOLUBILITY SOLUBLE NOT SOLUBLE

ELECTRICITY HIGH LOW

CONDUCTIVITY