THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 

  HEORIES OF PERSONALI Y NO ES
Prepared and screened by:
Prof. Jason Ray M. Barlaan, RPsy

INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Personality Precision and Testability

• Lan – persona, “mask”  − A goo
goodd theory
theory contai
containsns con
constr
struct
uctss tha
thatt ar
are
e
• “Pagkatao”  clearly and explicitly dened. It should also
• Characterisc paerns of behavior, thought, contain proposions (relaonal statements)
statements)
and emoon that determine a person’s that are consistent and logically related to
adjustment to environment.
environment. one another.

Theory Parsimony
• Gk. Theoria
Theoria;; act of viewing, contemplang
contemplang or − Con
Contai
tains
ns o
only
nly those
those ccons
onstru
tructs
cts,, stat
statemen
ements
ts
thinking about something. and assumpons necessary for the
• A set of abstract concepts developed about a explanaon of the phenomena within its
group of facts/events in order to explain domain.
them.
Empirical Validity
Criteria for evaluang a Theory − Has
Has da
data that
that su
supp
ppor
orts
ts it

Comprehensiveness Heurisc Value

− A ttheo
heory
ry enco
encompa
mpasse
ssess and
and accoun
accountsts for
for a − Can ssmu
mulalate
te an
and
d pr
prov
ovok
oke
e inv
inves
esga
gator
torss to do
do
wider range and diversity of data is beer further theorizing and research;
and more useful than a theory that explains
only a more limited range of phenomena. Applied Value
− Lea
Leads
ds to new approa
approaches
ches to the sol
soluo
uon
n of
people’s problems.

PSYCHODYNAMIC/ PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHES

Basic Concepts:
Early Experiences, Unconscious, Emoons = Personality

CLASSICAL PSYCHOANAL
PSYCHOANALYTIC
YTIC THEORY
T HEORY
Sigmund Schlomo Freud 

What made this theory interesng? 

 – Cornersto
Cornerstones:
nes: Sex and aggression
 – Spread by a dedicated group
 – Brilliant language (Goethe Prize in Literature)
Levels of Mental Life
1. Un
Uncconscious
− Cont
Contains
ains a
all
ll those
those driv
drives,
es, urges
urges or insn
insncts
cts that
that are beyond
beyond our
our awarenes
awarenesss but that
that neverth
nevertheless
eless
movate most of our words, feelings and acons;
− Is the ex
explan
planaon
aon ffor
or the mean
meaning
ing behind
behind dr
dreams,
eams, sl
slips
ips of tthe
he tongue
tongue and certain
certain kinds
kinds o
off
forgeng
2. Pr
Prec
eco
onsci
nscio
ous
− Cont
Contains
ains al
alll those
those elements
elements that are
are not consciou
consciouss but can
can become
become conscious
conscious ei
either
ther qu
quite
ite readil
readily
y or
with some diculty.
3. Conscious
− Mental elements in awareness at any given point in me.

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
− Directly available to humans.

Provinces of the Mind

Provinces
Have no territorial existences, merely hypothecal constructs
Interact with the 3 levels of mental life.
1. Id
− Sole
Sole p
per
erso
sona
nalility
ty str
struct
uctur
ure
e at bir
birth
th;;
− Has
Has nno
o ccon
onta
tact
ct wit
withh the
the re
real
alit
ity;
y;
− stri
strives
ves constan
constantly tly to
to reduce
reduce tensio
tension n by sasfying
sasfying basic desires.
desires.
− Unre
Unrealis
alisc,
c, illogi
illogical,
cal, enter
entertain
tain inco
incompa
mpable
ble ideas,
ideas, amor
amoral,
al, chaoc.
chaoc.
− Pleasure Principle

2. Ego
− 2nd part of personality structure – 2 y/o
− Th
Thee only
only re
regio
gionn tha
thatt is in
in con
contac
tactt with
with rreal
eality
ity..
− Per
Person’
son’ss sole
sole sou
source
rce of cocommun
mmunica
icaon
on with
with the
the external
external worl
world
d
− Th
Thee decisio
decision-m
n-maki
aking/
ng/ execu
execuv
vee bra
branch
nch ofof person
personali
ality
ty
− Reality Pri
Princi
cipple
3. Superego
− 3rd part of personality structure – _______ years years old.
− Mor
Moral
al and ide
ideal
al aspects
aspects of person
personali
ality
ty
− GrGrow
owss out
out of the ego and has no e ener
nergy
gy o
off it
itss own
own
− No ccon
ontatact
ct wit
with
h the
the exte
extern
rnal
al wor
world
ld
− Unr
Unreal
ealis
isc
c and
and demand
demanding
ing fo
forr perf
perfeco
econ n
− Moral Principle
[____________]
− a felt, aecve, unpleasant state
state accompanied by a physical sensaon that warns the person against
impending danger 
− serves as an ego-preserving mechanism because
because it signals the coming of danger.
danger.

Kind of Anxiety:
1. Neurot
Neurotcc ananxie
xiey 
y 
− apprehensi
apprehension on about
about an unknown
unknown danger;
danger; a result
result of the ego’
ego’ss depen
dependence
dence on tthe
he id; exist
existss in the ego b
but
ut
originates from id impulses;
2.  [_________] anxiey 
− ststems
ems fro
fromm coni
conict
ct betwe
betweenen the
the ego and
and the
the supere
superego
go
3. Re
Reali
alist
stcc anxie
anxiey 
y 
− an unplea
unpleasant
sant,, nonspec
nonspecic
ic feelings
feelings involvi
involving
ng a possib
possible
le danger;
danger;
− is di
diere
erent
nt fr
from
om fear
fear [sp
[speci
ecicc fearf
fearful
ul obje
object]
ct]..
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
To protect ego against anxiety.
1. Repression
− The cornerstone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rest.
− It forces threatening feelings into the unconscious.
− May also nd an outlet in dreams, slips of the tongue, or one of the other defense mechanisms.
2. Reac
Reaco
onn for
forma
maoon
n
−  Adopng a disguise
disguise that is directly opposite
opposite of the original form.
form.
− Can be idened by its exaggerated
exaggerated character and by its obsessi
obsessive
ve and compulsive form
3. Dis
Displac
placem
emenentt
− People can redirect their unacceptable
unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original
impulse is disguised or concealed.
− irraonal fears or phobias – symbolic displacements
displacements
4. Regression
−  Aemp
 Aempngng to return to an earlier libidinal
libidinal phase of funconi
funconingng to avoid the te
tension
nsion and conict
evoked
evok ed at the present level of development.
5. Projecon
− Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious.
6. [_
[___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__]]
− Only successful defense mechanism.
− Expressed most obviously in creave cultural accomplishments;
accomplishments; it is part of all human relaonships
and all social pursuits.
7. Denial
− Helps a person cope with dicult circumstances
circumstances..

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSONSONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
− Coping momentarily 
8. Rao
Raona
nali
lizza
aon
on
− Providing good reason for a behavior (anxiety provoking)
− Sour-grape and Sweet-lemon
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stages of Personality Development 
1. Oral
− First year, birth – 1.5 years old 
− Erogenous zone : mouth
− Fixaon:
• Oral – Dependen Personaliy 
• Too much smulaon = over dependency, submissive
• Oral – Aggressive Personaliy 
• Too lile gracaon = very aggressive and will get what he wants through force
2. Anal
− 1.5 – 3 years old 
− Toilet training conict 
•  Anal - Expulsive Personaliy 
• Too lenient = reckless, careless
•  Anal – Reentve
Reentve Personaliy 
Personaliy 
• Excessive pressure = obsessively clean, orderly
3. [___
[_____
____
________
____
__]]
− 3 / 4 – 6 years old 
− Super ego develops
− Oedipus Complex - Castraon Anxiety 
− Elecra Complex - Penis envy 
4. Latency  
− 6 to puberty 
− Repressed sexual feelings, same-sex play/ friendships, social skills
− Sublimaon stage
− Time of learning, adjusng to the social environment, form beliefs and values.
5. Genital
− Puberty – adulthood 
− Sexual feelings consciously expressed.
− No xaon

ANALYTICAL
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Carl Gustav Jung

Background:
• Emphasis on Inner growth
• Past and future shape us
• Unconscious did not just contain sex and aggression.

SYSTEMS OF PERSONALITY
1. Ego
− The
The ce
cennte
terr of cons
consciciou
ouss mind
mind
− Select
Selectss percepon
percepon,, thoughts
thoughts,, feelings
feelings and
and mem
memories
ories that
that may
may enenter
ter conscio
consciousnes
usnesss
− An ove
overemph
remphasisasis on expandi
expanding
ng one’
one’ss conscious
conscious pspsyche
yche may
may lead to ______
__________
________
____..
2. Pers
Person
onal
al unc
uncon
onsc
scio
ious
us
− Wher
Where e percepo
percepons, ns, thoughts,
thoughts, feelings
feelings reside
reside – easily
easily rretriv
etrived
ed
− Rep
Repres
ressed
sed a and
nd for
forgo
goenen in
indi
divid
vidual
ual experi
experience
encess
− Or
Orga
ganiz
nized
ed into
into [____
[_______
_____
_____
_________]
__]
• Organiz
Organized ed group of thoughts, feelings, & memories about parcular concept.
3. Coll
Collec
ecv
vee Unco
Unconsnsci
ciou
ouss
− Imper
Impersonal
sonal,, deepest
deepest layer
layer of the unconsc
unconscious
ious mind
mind shared
shared by by all hu
human
man bei
beings
ngs bec
because
ause of our
our
ancestral past.
−  Archeypes - People’
People’ss percepon and experiences, exerng primordial inuences on our collecve
unconscious
− Po
Powerful
werful archaic
archaic iimages
mages derived
derived fr
from
om tthe
he collecv
collecve
e unconsc
unconscious.
ious.
• Persona – side of personality that people show to the world.
• Shadow  – – darkness and repression; rst test of courage

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
•  Anima - feminine side of men; second
second test of courage
courage
•  Animus – masculine side of women
• Self – archetype of all archetypes;
archetypes; inherited tendency to move
move towards growth, p perfecon
erfecon
and compleon.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
Funcons
− Exraversion - Outward orientaon to the objece world
− Inraversion - Inward orientaon
orientaon to the subjecve world
Atudes
− Informaton - How we gather data and informaon
Sensaton & Informaton -
− Feeling - How we make judgements / conclusions.
Thinking & Feeling -

EXTRAVERTED TYPE INTRAVERTED TYPE

THINKING Tend to live according to xed rules; repress Strong need for privacy; tend to be theorecal, intellectual,
feelings; try to be objecve but may be dogmac somewhat impraccal, repress feelings; may have trouble
in thinking. geng along with other people.

FEELING Sociable, seek harmony with the world, respect Tend to be quiet, thoughul, and hypersensive, repress
tradion and authority, tend to be emoonal, thinking, may appear mysterious and indierent to others.
repress thinking.

SENSING Seek pleasure and enjoy new sensory experiences; Passive, calm, and arsc, focus on objecve sensory
strongly oriented toward reality; repress intuion. events, repress intuion.

INTUITION Very creave, nd new ideas appealing, tend to Mysc dreamers, come up with unusual new ideas; are

make decisions
facts; in based
touch with on unconscious
their hunches rather than
wisdom; seldom understood by others; repress sensing.
repress sensing.

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Alfred Adler 

Background :
• Emphasized that our unconscious does not determine personality.
personality.
• 1st to emphasized the role of family in the development of personality.
personality.
• a comprehensive "science of living" that focuses on the uniqueness of the individual and a person's
relaonships with society.

STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY

Man’s ultimate goal – psychologically healthy

Developing Superiority:
− Be aggressive -acvely seek oppoetunies to improve self
self..
− Be powerful (posive) -  Apply skills
− Be superior - Mastery of skills
 
Feelings of inferiority
− Co
Comp
mpen
ensa
sate
te fo
forr inf
infer
erio
iori
rie
es.
s.
− Compensaon : Process of developing one’s abilies in order to overcome real or imagined inferiories.
− Overcompensaton
o Inferioriy Complex 
 Exaggerated
Exaggerat ed feelings of weakness and inadequacy
 Incompetent self 
 Jusfy failure
o [______________] 
 Exaggerated
Exaggerat ed self-importance
self-importance (greater than others);
 To mask strong inferiority complex
Style of Life
Unique way each individual seelks to cope with environemnt and develop superiorty. Inuenced by:
• Family constel
constellaon
laon (birth order)

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
• Family atmosphere (quality of emoonal relaonships in the family)
Social Interest
− Fe Feel
elin
ing
g of
of o
one
neneness
ss with
with huhuma
mani
nity
ty
− Natu
Naturral cond
condi ion
on of huma
human n
− Binds society
Parenng
− Too protec
protecvve e = per
person
sonalal sup
superi
eriori
ority
ty
− Uninv
Uninvolv
olved
ed = infer
inferior
iority
ity// unwa
unwantntedn
edness
ess
Creave self 
− Freed
Freedom
om toto crea
create
te own
own stystyle
le of
of life
life
− Indivi
Individu
dual
al is pr
produ
oduct
ct of en
envir
vironm
onmen entt & heridi
heridity
ty
− Indiv
Individ
idua
uall inue
inuenc
nces
es envir
environ
onme
ment
nt..

Family Constellaon

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 

INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Harry Stack Sullivan

Background:
• Focus on social aspects of personality & cognive representaons
representaons..
• Personality: characterisc
characterisc ways in which an individual deals with other people.
• Self-sy
Self-system:
stem: born out of well-being inuenced by signicant others.

[______________________]
Mental images that allow us to beer understand ourselves and the world.
 
1. Ba
Bad-
d-m
me
− represent
representss those aspects
aspects of the self
self that are consid
considered
ered negave
negave and are
are ther
therefor
efore
e hidden from
from others
others and
possibly even the self 
2. Good
Good-- me
me

− Ev
Every
eryth
thin
ing
g we lik
like about
about ours
oursel
elve
ves.
s.
− the part of us we share with others and that we often choose to focus on because it produces
no anxiety
3. No-me
-me
− Things
Things that
that are so
so anxiety
anxiety provo
provoking
king th
that
at we ccan
an not even consi
consider
der them a part of
of us.
− kept out of awareness by pushing it deep into the unconscious.

Securiy Operatons
− To reduce and enhance security to minimized anxiety.
− Process
Processes
es to
to observ
observed
ed when
when deali
dealing
ng wi
with
th ot
other
her peop
people.
le.
− Healthy = increase one’s competence in interpersonal relaons.
− Unhealthy  =  = lead to painful emoons and psychiatric
psychiatric illness.
a. Sublimaon
 – Expression and discharge of uncomfort
uncomfortable
able feelings in interpersonally acceptable.
 – Same with Freud, but emphasis on learnig in interpersonal situaon.
b. Sele
Selec
cve
ve In
Ina
aen
eno
onn
 – Failure to observe some factor in an interpersonal relaonship that cause anxiety
anxiety..
 – May blind us to what is going on in the world and make it dicult to cope eecvely.
eecvely.

Developmental
Developmental Epochs(-a division of period)
Person
Personality
ality can develop past adolescence and even well into
i nto adulthood.

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 

PSYCHOANALYTIC
PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY
Karen Danielsen Horney 

Basic Concepts
Basic Hostliy 
 – Unsased needs of children by parents
 – Repress hoslity toward parents (unaware) produces insecurity – leads to basic anxiety.
Basic Anxiey 
 – profound feelings of insecurity and a vague sense of apprehension.
profound
 – Feeling of being lonely and helpless

The need for securiy , and NOT sex and aggression

• Moving owards People
− To protect oneself against feelings of helplessness; appeal to be loved.
− Despe
Desperatratee striving
striving for a
aecon;
econ; may
may seek a powerful
powerful partner
partner who will
will take
take respo
responsibi
nsibility
lity fo
forr their
lives.
• Moving agains  People
 People
− A striv
trivin
ingg for mas
mastetery
ry
− tough
ough and
and ruruth
thle
less
ss;;
− momovavated
ted by a ststro
rong
ng need
need tto
o explo
exploit
it othe
others
rs;;
− Seldo
Seldom m admit their
their mistak
mistakes;
es; compu
compulsiv
lsively
ely driven
driven to appear
appear perfect,
perfect, powerful
powerful an
and
d superi
superioror..

• Moving
− A [____________]
d
des
esir
ire
e tto
o be people
be ffrree of ot
othe
herrs
− Deta
Detached
ched manner
manner,, valvalue
ue fre
freedom,
edom, appear
appear to be a
aloof
loof and
and unappr
unapproacha
oachable.
ble.
− An exexpress
pressionion of needs forfor privacy
privacy,, independe
independence
nce an
and
d self-su
self-suciency
ciency..

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANAL
PSYCHOANALYSIS
YSIS
Erich Krause Fromm

Background:
- AsAssu
sume
mess that
that e
exi
xist
sten
ena
all need
needss ar
are
e inna
innate
te
- Lack of animal
animal insn
insncts
cts = presence
presence of raon
raonal
al thoughts
thoughts = a feelin
feeling
g of lonelines
lonelinesss and is
isola
olaon
on (bas
(basic
ic anxiety)
anxiety)

Human Needs/Existenal Needs

Emerged during the evoluon of human culture in an aempt to explain one’s existence;
5 kinds:
1. Rela
Relatedne
tedness
ss - drive
drive for union
union with
with anot
another
her person
person or other
other persons.
persons.
2. Tran
ansc
scen
ende
dencncee - Rising above the animal level of creatureliness and becoming acve creators; can be
pursued by either creang life or destroying
destroying it.
 it.
3. Root
Rootednes
ednesss - the need
need to establ
establish
ish roots
roots or to feel
feel at home
home agagain
ain iin
n the world
world
4. Sense of iiden
denty ty - the capacity
capacity to
to be aware
aware of ourselv
ourselves
es as separat
separate e enes
enes..

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALIALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
5. Frame of oorientaon
rientaon - a road map enabling people to organiz
organize
e the various smuli tha
thatt impinge o
on
n them.

Producve Orientaon
has 3 dimensions: working, love and reasoning;
 – work  is
 is valued as a means of creave self-expression;
 –  producve love is characterized by 4 qualies: care, responsibility
responsibility,, respect and knowledge;
 –  producve thinking is movated by a concerned interest in another person or object.

Non-producve Orientaon
• Recepve (masochist)
• Exploitav
Exploitave
e (sadisc)
Hoarding ( destrucve)
•• Markeng (indierent)
• Necrophillous (murderous)

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Erik Homburger Erikson

Background:
− Oers a “new way to looking at things”
−   Extended Freud’s infanle developmental stages
−   Social and historical inuences
−
Epigenec Principle
Early stage has a crical period which is dominant. One component grows out of another in its proper me and
sequence.

Basic Strength
The ego quality that emerges from conict between the opposites.

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

STAGE PSYCHOSOCIAL BASIC CORE SIGNIFICANT

CRISIS STRENGTH PATHOLOGY RELATIONSHIP
Infancy Trust VS Mistrust Withdrawal
Hope The mothering one
Early childhood Autonomy VS Will Compulsion Parents
Shame & Doubt
Play age Iniave VS Guilt Purpose Inhibion Family
School age Industry VS Comp
Compet
eten
ence
ce In
Iner
era
a/in
/inac
aco
on
n Neigh
Neighbo
borh
rhoo
ood
d
Inferiority
Adolescence Identy VS Isolaon Fidelity Role Peer groups
Repudiaon
Young adulthood Inmacy VS Love Exclusivity Sexual partners,
Isolaon Friends
Adulthood Generavity V
VS
S Care Rejecons Divided labor
Stagnaon &Shared
household.
Old age Integrity VS Despair Wisdom Disdain All humanity

HUMANISTIC / EXISTENTIAL APPROACH

Basic Concepts:
− Human Poental - “Humans are not robots”
− Free will - Freedom to choose one’s desny
− Self acualizaton - Achievement of one’s full potenal

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
 Abraham Maslow 
Maslow 

View of Movaon
 Whole person, not any single part/ funcon

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
 Is usually complex
 People are connually movated by one need or another.
 All people everywhere are movated by the same basic needs.
 Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.

10% self-actualiz
self-actualizers
ers
40% sased esteem
50% sased belonging
75% sased safety
85% sased physiological
physiological

Criteria for Self-actualizaon

Self-actualizaon
• Free from psychopathology/men
psychopathology/mental
tal illness.
• Progressed through the hierarchy of needs.
• Embraced the B-values
• Truth, goodness, beauty,
beauty, wholeness or the transcendence, of dichotomies, aliveness or sponteneity,
sponteneity,
uniqueness, perfecon, compleon, jusce and order,
order, simplicity, richness or totality,
totality, aortlessness,
playfulness and humor, self-suciency or autonomy.

Other Needs that are not universal

AESTHETIC
− Desir
Desire
e for beau
beauty
ty and
and to have
have an ord
orderl
erly
y envir
environm
onment
ent

COGNITIVE
− Desire
Desire to know,
know, to solve
solve mysteri
mysteries
es and to under
understa
stand.
nd.

NEUROTIC
− le
lead
adss to
to ssta
tagn
gna
aon
on aand
nd pa
path
thol
olog
ogy
y
− are no
nonproducve
− are usuall
usually y reacve
reacve serve as compen
compensao
saon
n for
for unsas
unsased
ed basic
basic needs

PERSON-CENTERED THEORY
Carl Rogers

Background:
Humans are innately good 

Actualizing Tendency
− Tendency
endency within
within all humans
humans to move
move toward
toward compleo
compleon n or fullmen
fullmentt of pot
potenal
enals.
s.
− Need for mainenance
mainenance
o  similar to Maslow’s basic needs;
o includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo;
−  Need for enhancemen 
enhancemen 
o need to become more, to develop and to achieve growth;
o expressed in a variety of forms ( curiosity,
curiosity, playfulness, etc) to achieve psychological
psychological growth.

[__________________________]
o “I will love you ONLY IF you conform to our standards.” 
Self-concept
Real self and Ideal self 

Defensiveness
-- Objecve
Objecve:: to keep our percepon of our organismic experiences consisten
consistentt with our self-concept;

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
-- how:  by distoron or denial of experiences inconsistent with it;
how: by
-- 2 chief defenses:
− distoron
distoron - misint
misinterpre
erprett an experience
experience in
in orde
orderr to t it into
into some aspect
aspect of our self-c
self-concep
onceptt
− denial
denial - refuse
refuse to perceiv
perceivee an experience
experience in
in awareness
awareness or a att leas
leastt keep some
some asp
aspect
ect of it fr
from
om
reaching symbolizaon
symbolizaon

EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Rollo May 

Being-in-the-World

Dasein:
• to exist in the world unity of self and world
•  3 modes of Dasein:
1. Umwelt: environment around us
2. Mitwelt: our relaons with other people
3. Eigenwelt: our relaonship with our self 
 Healthy people live in umwelt, mitwelt and eigenwelt simultaneously;
 Unhealthy people suer from isolaon and alienaon and manifest this in 3 areas:
 – separaon from nature
 – lack of meaningful interpersonal relaons
 – alienaon from one’s authenc self.
 Anxiey 

  the subjecve state of the individual’s

individual’s becoming aware that his/her existence can be destroyed,
destroyed, that he can
become nothing;
  a threat to some important value;
  is the “dizziness of freedom”.

[__________]
  a delight in the presence of the other person and an arming of that person’s
person’s value and development as
much as one’s own;
  when seen as sex, it becomes temporary and lacking in commitment;
  there is no will, only wish.
Forms of Love
Sex- power of procreaon; drivedrive which perpetuat
perpetuates
es the race
Eros- is the wish to establish a lasng union; is built on care and tenderness
Philia - is friendship; takes me to grow, to develop, to sink its roots;
Agape - love of God for man; a kind of spiritual love that carries with it the risk of playing God 

LEARNING AND BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

Basic− concepts:
Science of Behavior - Ignore the unconsiousness
− Observable behaviors - Directly seen & measured
− Learned Behaviors - Smulus-Respons
Smulus-Response e (S-R); Phobias

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov 

Classical Condioning Process

1. GENE
GENERARALI
LIZA
ZATI
TION
ON
− Resp
Respondi
onding
ng to
to a smulus
smulus that resem
resembles
bles the neutr
neutral
al smulu
smulus. s.
2. DISC
DISCRI
RIMI
MINA
NATI
TION
ON
− Not res
respond
ponding
ing to a smulus
smulus because
because the indivi
individual
dual recogni
recognizeszes that
that the smulus
smulus is no
nott exactly
exactly the
neutral smulus.
3. EXTININC
CTIO
IONN
− Ceasi
Ceasing
ng to respond
respond because
because the indivi
individual
dual recogni
recognizes
zes tha
thatt the uncondion
uncondioneded smu
smulus
lus is not given
given
aer the neutral smulus for several mes.
− Unco
Uncondio
ndioned
ned smu
smulus
lus is not give
given
n a
aer
er the
the neutr
neutral
al smulu
smulus. s.
4. SPO
SPONTNTAN
ANEO
EOUS
US RECO
RECOVE VERY
RY

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
− Res
Respon
pondin
ding
g aer
aer a prolong
prolonged
ed res
restt period
period a
aer
er excon
excon..

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Burrhus Frederic Skinner 

− The process
process by which
which an operant
operant response
response becomes
becomes associt
associted
ed with rei
reinfo
nforceme
rcementnt through
through learning.
learning.
− Smulus  : an agent that rouses or excites a response.
− Schedule of reinforcement : a program for increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a parcular response.
Connuous reinforcement : a schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement in which the desired behavior is reinforced every
me it occurs. [to be fearful]
− Two ty
type
pess o
off rei
reinf
nfor
orcem
cemen
ent:
t:
o Primary reinforcement: any event or object reinfor
reinforcing
cing properes and does not require prior
associaon.
o Secondary/ Condioned reinforcement : event or object that acquiracquires
es its reinforcing
reinforcing qualies
through close associaon with a primary reinforcement in the past condioning history.
o Posive reinforcement : anything that serves to increase the frequency of a response.
o Negave reinforcement: unpleasant or aversive smuli that can be changed or avoided by certain
behavior.
− [_____________] : an undesirable consequence that follows a behavior and desired to stop or change it.
o Negave punishment/ omission training : Taking away something rewarding/pl
rewarding/pleasant.
easant.
o Posive punishment: introduce something aversiv
aversive.
e.
− Interval reinforcement: a schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement in which the organism is reinf
reinforced
orced aer a certain
ce rtain me
period has elapsed.
− Rao reinforcement : a schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced
reinforced aer a number of
appropriate
appropriat e responses.
− SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT:
o FIXED RATIO: performance based  reinforcement.
reinforcement.
o
FIXED INTERVAL: Reinforcement is given in a predetermined me.
o VARIABLE RATIO: Reinforcement
Reinforcement is on the basis of some predetermined average
average number of
responses; random amount of reinfo
reinforcement.
rcement.
o VARIABLE INTERVAL: reinforcement
reinforcement randomly given. Could cause a decrease in movaon.

**In classical condioning, exncon happens when there is no UCS. In operant condioning, exncon happens
when there is no reinforcement.
reinforcement.

Applicaon of Condioning
 Adversing
 Phobias or irraonal fears
 Formaon of irraonal and supersious beliefs (e.g., athletes’ socks to win the game)
 Parenng
 Social norms
 Movaon of employees, students, rehab paents and even pets

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

 Albert Bandura
Bandura

Modeling
− Co Core
re of ob
obser
serva
vao
ona
nall lea
learn
rnin
ingg
− Involv
Involves
es cog
cogni
nive
ve proce
processe
ssess & is not mimi
mimicry
cry or imit
imitao
aon.
n.

Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events

Chance Encounters
• an unintended meeng of persons unfamiliar to each other
Fortuitous Events
• an environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended

[______________]
− the essence of humanness
− People acvely contribute to their own experience
− an acve process of exploring, manipulang, and inuencing the environment in order to aain desired
outcome

Core Features of Human Agency

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
Inentonaliy 
• refers to acts a person performs intenonally.
Forehough 
• people possess this to set goals.
• to ancipate likely outcomes of their acons.
Self-reectveness
• people are examiners of their own funconing;
Self-reactveness
• people not only make choices but they monitor their progress toward fullling those choices

Processes Governing Observaonal Learning

1. Aenon
2. Rep
eprres
esen
enttao
onn
3. Beh
Behav
avio
iora
rall Pr
Prod
oduc
uco
on
n
4. Movaon

TRAIT AND DISPOSITIONAL THEORIE

THEORIES
S

PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

Gordon W. Allport 

[_______________] 
− The dynamic organizaon within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his
characterisc behaviour & thought.
Common rais
− are general characteriscs; means by which people within a given culture can be compared to one

another.
Personal dispositons
 A general determining
determining character
characterisc,
isc, but it is unique
unique to the individual
individual who has it.
it.
 Cardinal
− an eminent characterisc or ruling passion so outstanding that it dominate one’s
life.
−  known by single characterisc.
 Central
 less dominang characteriscs around which a person’s life focuses;
  guide much of a person’s adapve and stylisc behavior;
  e.g., intelligent, honest,shy and anxious
 Secondary
 less descripve of an individual but occur with some regularity and are responsible
 for much of of one’s
one’s specic behaviour
behaviour..
  e.g., geng anxious when speaking to a group or impaent while waing in line.

Motvatonal dispositon
 strongly felt disposions that receive their movaon from basic needs and drives;
 iniate acon;
Sylistc Dispositon
  personal disposion
disposion that is less intensely
intensely experienced;
experienced;
 guide acon;

BIOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY 
Hans Eysenck 

Three dimensions of Personality:

 – Extraversion [E]  , Neurocism [N]  , Psychocism [P] 
 – [N] & [P] not limited to pathological individuals
individuals
 –  All are part of normal personality
personality structure

Extraversion – Introversion

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 

[________________________]

Psychocism - Superego

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF PERSONALITY

David Buss

Overview:

 Artcial Selecton
Selecton (Breeding)
− Huma
Humans ns select
select parcular
parcular desirable
desirable traits
traits iin
n a breeding
breeding species.
species.
Naural Selecton
− Whe
When n natur
nature
e ra
rathe
therr th
than
an peop
people
le sele
select
ct tra
traits
its
− Trai
raits
ts more/less
more/less common
common in in species
species over
over long per period
iod of me
me – do or don’t
don’t lead to
to great
greater
er
survivability & reproducon --- Evolved Sraegies.
− Sexual Selecton: when members of the opposite sex nd certain traits more appealing & aracve
than others thus produce ospring with those traits.

Evolved Mechanisms: Psychological Mechanisms

Personality Traits

1. Surg
Surgenc
ency/
y/ex
extr
trav
avers
ersion
ion/do
/domiminan
nancece
− Dispo
Disposion
sion to
to experience
experience posiv
posivee emoonal
emoonal states
states & to en
engage
gage in
in one’s
one’s envi
environm
ronment
ent
− Driv
Driven
en to ach
achieve
ieve,, dominang
dominang and
and leads,
leads, hav
havee more chi
childre
ldren,
n, marked
marked by a tendency
tendency tto
o take
take
risks and to experience posive emoon, iniang & maintaining
maintaining friendships/relaonships
2. [_
[____
_____
_____
__________
______
_____
___]
_]
− Per
Person’
son’ss will
willingn
ingness
ess & capacity
capacity tto
o coopera
cooperatete & help
help the
the gr
group
oup ;
− To b be
e hos
hosle
le & ag
aggr
gres
essi
siv
ve

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAYRAY M. BABARLA
RLAANAN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
− Likely
Likely to w
work
ork to smooth
smooth over over group coni
conict
ct & form allia
alliances
nces between
between people;
people; ffost
oster
er grou
group
p
cohesion; tend to conform to group norms
3. Cons
Consci
cien
eno
oususne
nessss
− On One’e’ss capa
capaci city
ty & com
commi mitm
tmen
entt to wor
work k
− Car Carefu
eful,
l, d
deta
etail-
il-ori
orien
ented
ted,, foc
focus
us & reli
reliabl
able;
e; dep
depend
endabl
able
e
4. Op
Open
enne
ness
ss/i
/int
ntel
elle
lect
ct
− One’One’ss propensi
propensity ty ffor
or innov
innovaon
aon & abiability
lity to so
solve
lve prob
problems.
lems.
− Int Intel
elli
lige
genc
nce e & nove
novelt lty
y
5. Em
Emo
oon
onal
al st
stab
abil
ilit
ity
y
− On One’e’ss abil
abilit
ity
y to
to hand
handle le str
stres
ess.
s.

PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONTRUCTS

George Kelly 

Overview
 Meaheory 
 People Ancipate Events by the Meanings or Interpretaons They Place on Those Events
− Beha
Behavior
vior Is Shaped
Shaped by Inte
Interpret
rpretaon
aon or Constru
Construcon
con of the
the World
World
 Every Construcon Is Open to Revision or Replacement
 We are ed to our past experiences only in the sense that they have helped to develop our constructs &
expectancies for the future.
 As cognive theorist: Stressed the process of knowing as the primary factor in personality development.


Construcve alternavism
 An idea that, while there is only one true reality
reality,, reality is always experienced from one or another
perspecve, or alternave construcon.


Mulple
o I possible world views you have
have a construcon, have one, a person on the other side of the planet has one, someone
living long ago had one, a primive person has one, a modern scienst has one, every child has one,
even someone who is seriously mentally ill has one.

Basic/Fundamenal Posulae
 'A person's processes are psychologically channelized
channelized by he ways in which he antcipaes evens'.

Personal Consrucs
− Are ways
ways of constr
construing
uing the
the world
world - in order to
to understa
understand
nd and explai
explain
n the world
world around
around them
them in the same
same
way that sciensts develop theories.
− oen dene
dened d by wor
words,
ds, but
but can also be non-v
non-verbal
erbal and hard
hard to
to explain.
explain.
o feeling you get when your football team just won the championship.
c hampionship.
− No 2 people use idencal person constructs & no 2 people organize their constructs in an idencal manner.
manner.
− When cons
constru
tructs
cts ar
are
e chal
challen
lenged
ged or
or incompl
incomplete
ete the
the result
result is emoonal states such as anxiety, confusion,

anger and fear.

− oen polar in that they have opposites (and are hence dichotomous
dichotomous).
). Thus the construct of good implies
another of bad. Polar constructs create one another: thus 'good' cannot exist without 'bad'. When poles
are  denied
are denied,, they are said to be submerged .
o Friendly-unfriendly
Friendly-unfriendly,, tall-short, intelligent-stupid,
intelligent-stupid, masculine-feminine.
masculine-feminine.
o Aer applying teh original black-and-white
black-and-white construct we can use other bipolar constructs to
determine the extent of blackness or whiteness.
 If you think a person is intelligent,
intelligent, you may then apply construct, “academically
“academically intelligent
or commonsense intelligent. – provide a clearer picture.

What drives us according to Kelly?

−  Antcipaton i s both the push and pull of the psychology of personal constructs.
− “it is the future that tantaliz
tantalizes
es man, not the past” 

11 COROLLARIES

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
1. Consructon corollary : We conservavely construct ancipaon based on past experiences. We ulize past
experiences to help us organize and ancipate future events.
2. Experience corollary : When things do not happen as expected, we change our constructs (thus
reconstrucng). This changes our future expectaons.
3. Dichoomy corollary : We store experience as constructs, and then look at the world through them.
4. Organizatonal corollary: Constructs are connected to one another in hierarchies and network of
relaonships. These relaonships
relaonships may be loose or ght.
5. The range corollary : Constructs are useful only in limited range of situaons. Some ranges are broad, whilst
other ranges are narrow.
6. The modulaton corollary : Some construct ranges can be 'modulated' to accommodate
accommodate new ideas (e.g.
'big'). Others are 'impermeable'.
7.  The choice corollary : We can choose to gain new experiences to expand our constructs or stay in the safe
but liming zone of current constructs.
8. The individualiy corollary : As everyone's experience is dierent, their constructs are dierent.
9. The commonaliy corollary : Many of our experiences are similar and/or shared, leading to similarity of
constructs with others. Discussing constructs also helps to build shared constructs.
10. The fragmen
fragmenaton
aton corollary : Many of our constructs conict with one another
another.. These may be dictated by
dierent contexts and roles.
11. The socialiy corollary : We interact with others through understanding
understanding of their constructs.

COGNITIVE THEORY – IRRATIONAL THINKING

 Aaron T.
T. Beck 

 Assumpton
How one thinks largely determineshow one feels and behaves.
People can consciously change how they reason.

Cognitve Schemas
Cognitve structures that consist of an individual’s
individual’s fundamental core beliefs and assumpons about how the world
operates.
• Develop early in life from personal experiences and idencaon with signicant others.
• Dependent on a person’
person’ss moods.

Levels of Cognitve Functoning

 Conrolled hinking
 – Voluntary, intenonal, fully conscious, amenable to regulaon.
  Auomatc hinking
hinking
 – Involuntary & Unintenonal
 – Run as self-monolo
self-monologue
gue

Cognitve

Disortons
Disort
cons
Systemac
Systema errors in reasoning.
 Appear during psychol
psychological
ogical distress.

1. Arbi
Arbir
rar
ary
y In
Infe
fere
renc
nce
e
• Drawing a specic cconclusion without supporng evidence or even inthe face of contradictory evidence.
• One evidence is enough to prove a person guilty.
guilty.

2. Sele
Select
ctve
ve ab
abs
sra
ract
cton
on
• Conceptualizing a situaon on the basis of a detail taken out of context and ignoring all other possible
3. Ov
Over
erge
gene
nera
rali
liza
zato
ton
n
• Abstracng a general rule from one or two isolated incidents and applying it too broadly.
broadly.
• One sample is representave of the populaon.
4. Ma
Magn
gni
ica
cato
ton
n / Mi
Mini
nimi
miza
zato
ton
n
• Seeing an event as more signicant or less signicant than it actualy is.
• The problem is 10 mes bigger than it really is.
5. Per
Personal
sonaliza
izaton/
ton/ Exc
Excessiv
essive
e Resp
Responsib
onsibiliy
iliy
•  Aribung external
external events to
to oneself without eveidence
eveidence of connecon.
connecon.
• Parents assumes that they are to blame everyme their children misbehave.
6. Di
Dich
cho
oom
omou
ouss hin
hinki
king
ng

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
• Categorizing situaons in extremes.
• Black & white; all or none thinking.

SIKOLOHIYA NG KAPWA
Virgilio Gaspar Enrique
Enriquezz

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
SIKOLOHIYANG P ILIPINO
• Study of diwa (psyche) – wealth of ideas implied by the philosphical concept of “essence”
“essence”

“Taong- bahay” (Metaphor)  

• Dierence between tao sa bahay (person in the house) and taong-bahay (house person).
• Indigenous psychology : kinagisnan and katutubong sikolohiya.

BASIC TENETS

Core value or Kapwa (togetherness)

• Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino Psychology.
• Kapwa refers to community; not doing things alone. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao
(other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).
o
The “ako” (ego) and the “iba sa akin” (others) are one and the same in Kapwa
psychology.
• Filipinos value conformity because unlike non-Asian countries, its culture is predominantly
Confucian. This runs into conict with individualism (kanya-kanya)
(kanya-kanya) which was brough
broughtt about by
Western
West ern colonialism.

Caegories of Kapwa
1. Iba
Ibang
ng ao
ao (ous
(ouside
ider)
r) : 5 domai
domainsns
• Pakikiu ngo – civility
Pakikiungo
• Pakikisalamuha – act of mixing
• Pakikilahok – act of joining/ parcipang
• Pakikibgay – conformity  
• Pakikisama – being united with the group/ adjusng
2. Hind
Hindii ibang
ibang ao
ao (one-of
(one-of-us)
-us) : 3 doma
domains
ins
• Pakikipagpalagayang –loob – act of mutual trust
• Pakikisangko – act of joining others
• Pakikipagkaisa – being one with others .

Linking socio-personal value: Pivoal Value

• Pakiramdam:
Pakiramdam: Shared
 Shared inner percepons. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner percepon of
others' emoons, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.
o Heightened
Heighten ed awareness, sensivity 
o “feeling for another” 
o An acve process involving frreat care and deliberaon manifested in “hesitaon to
react, inaenon to subtle cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing.
o The centrality of pakikiramdam in behavior
behavioral
al and interper
interpersonal
sonal domains:
 Biro, lambing, tampo

Linking socio-personal value/Kagandahang-Loob:  Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help
other people in dire need due to a percepon of being togeth
together
er as a part of one Filipino humanity.
humanity.

 Accommodatve
 Accommodatve surface
surface values

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016

 

THEORIES
THEORI ES OF PER
PERSON
SONALI
ALITY
TY JASON
JASON RAY
RAY M. BA
BARLA
RLAAN
AN,, MA Psy
Psy., RP
Discussion Outline  Asst. Prof.of
Prof.of Psychology/
Psychology/ Clinical Psychologist 
Psychologist 
− Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western
Western psychologists,
psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of
propriety'.
− Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors—
whether these were asked for or not—when it is i s needed or wanted.
− Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relaonship,
Relaonship, or SIR, as coined by
Lynch (1961 and 1973). This atude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.

Confronatve surface values

− Bahala Na: Bahala
Na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an
expression, almost universally
universally,, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage
engage in the bahala na atude as a
culture-inuenced adapve coping strat
culture-inuenced strategy
egy when faced with challenging situaons.
− Lakas ng Loob: 
Loob: This atude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and
uncertaines.
− Pakikibaka: Literally
Pakikibaka:  Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the
Filipino to undertake revoluons and uprisings against a common enemy.

Socieal values
− Karangalan:
Karangalan:  Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a
person and how they use that informaon to make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
− Puri:
Puri: the
 the external aspect of dignity
dignity.. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her
worth. This compels a common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete
they are.
− Dangal:
Dangal:  the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.
− Katarungan:
Katarungan:  Loosely translated to jusce, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a
person.
− Kalayaan:
Kalayaan:  Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibaga
pakikibagayy (conf
(conformity).
ormity).

References:

Mataragnon, R.H. (1987). In from colonial to liberaon psychol

Mataragnon, psychology:
ogy: The philippine experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez
(e) (1992) UP Press.

Fesist, J., Feist, G.J., & Roberts, T. (2013). Theories of personality (8th ed.). PH: McGraw-Hill

Ryckman, R.M. (2000). Theories of Personality(7th ed.). C.A.: Wadsworth, p.349

Theories of Personality – BARLAAN2016