THEORIES OF PERSONALITY NOTES
Source: Feist & Feist, 7 th Ed
What Is Personality?   awareness of these underlying forces+
- It originated from the word persona,
word  persona, referring to a
theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek
dramas.
- Personalit is a pattern of relatively permanent
traits and unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person’s
behavior.
- A theor o! "ersonalit is
"ersonalit is an organied attempt
to describe and e!plain how personalities develop
and why personalities differ. (Plotnik, 2009)
- Traits contribute to individual differences in
behavior" consistency
consistency of behavior over time" and
stability of behavior across situations.
- #haracteristics are unique qualities of an
individual that include such attributes as
temperature" physique" and intelligence.
 A useful theory:
theory:
#$% generates research
#&% is falsifiable
#'% organies data
#(% guides action
#)% is internally consistent
#*% is parsimonious
Dimensions for Concept of Humanity   reduce tension by satisfying basic desires.
#$% deter$inis$
behaviors %s !ree
determined choiceover
by forces '  Are
' Are people’s
which they
have no control" or can people choose to be what
they wish to be+  #'% Su"ere(o
#&% "essi$is$ %s o"ti$is$ -
o"ti$is$ - Are people
doomed to live miserable" conflicted" and troubled
lives" or can they change and grow into
psychologically healthy" happy" fully functioning
human beings+
#'% causalit %s teleolo( ' ,riefly" causality
holds that behavior is a function of past
e!periences" whereas teleology  is an e!planation
of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes. 
purposes.   us what we =should do’
#(% conscious %s unconscious -
unconscious - Are people
ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why
they are doing it" or do unconscious forces
impinge on them and drive them to act without
#)% )iolo(ical %s social 
social  nature-nurture issue
#*% uni*ueness %s si$ilarities 
si$ilarities   Is the salient
feature of people their individuality" or their
common characteristics
characteristics++
IG/012 3R4025 6sychoanalysis  motivational force
Hsteria ' a disorder typically characteried by
paralysis or improper functioning of certain parts of  3orms>/anifestations5
the body. #7ean /artin-8harcot%
#atharsis 
#atharsis   the process of removing
removing hysteric
hysterical
al
symptoms through 9talking them out: #7osef
,reuer%
Free Association Techni*ue ;
Techni*ue  ; H"nosis +
principal therapeutic
Inter"retation techniques
o! rea$s 
rea$s usedgreatest
  3reud’s by 3reudwork
Phlo(enetic Endo-$ent 
Endo-$ent  a portion of our
unconscious originates from the e!periences of
our early ancestors that have
have been passed on to
us through hundreds generations of repetition
Provinces of the Mind  themselves or by others.
#$% Id
Id 
  serves the 9pleasure principle:. It has no
contact with the reality" it strives constantly to
#&% E(o
E(o   governed by the the 9reality principl
principle:.
e:. <he
only region in the mind in contact with reality. It
reconciles the blind" irrational claims of the id.
Su"ere(o    guided by the 9moralistic
principle:. ,asically unrealistic in its demands for
perfection because it has no contact with reality.
  - It has two subsystems5
  #a% conscience
conscience    results from e!periences
with punishments for improper behavior
and tells us what we =should not do’
#b% e(o'ideal
e(o'ideal    develops from e!periences
with rewards for proper behavior and tells
.uilt results when the ego acts contrary to the
moral standards of the superego. A function of
conscience.
Feelin(s o! in!eriorit arise
in!eriorit arise when the ego is
unable to meet the superego’s standards of
perfection. A function of ego-ideal.
Dynamics of Personality  
/01 ri%e
- an internal stimulus that operates as a constant
Se2 ri%e or Eros
' erogenous zones: genitals" mouth" and anus
/a1) primary narcissism 
narcissism  libido e!clusively
invested on their own ego" a universal condition
a!) secondary narcissism 
narcissism  1ot universal" but a
moderate degree of self-love is common to nearly
every one. ?ere narcissistic libido is transformed
into ob@ect libido
") love 
love  
 develops when
when people invest their libido
on an ob@ect or person other than themselves
c) sadism 
sadism   is the need for se!ual pleasure by
inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.
8onsidered sexual perversion e!treme.
d) masochism 
masochism    is the need for se!ual pleasure
by suffering pain and humiliation inflicted by
/31 A((ressi
A((ressionon
- the aim of the destructive drive is to return the
organism to an inorganic state" which is death
 -/41
theAn2iet
center of the 3reudian dynamic theory
- a felt" affective" unpleasant state accompanie
accompanied d by
a physical sensation
- it is ego-preserving and self-regulating
a) neurotic an#iety     defined as an
apprehension about an unknown danger. It results
from the dependence of the ego to the id.
") moral an#iety 
an#iety  stems from the conflict
between the ego and superego o.
c) realistic an#iety 
an#iety   It is closely related to fear
fear.. It
is defined as an unpleasant" nonspecific feeling
involving a possible danger.
 

an!iety-provoking
an!iety-provok ing event or piece of information the more important latent content
Defense Mechanisms that is clear to others - the 9royal road: to the knowledge of the
- It helps the ego to avoid dealing directly with   unconscious
se!ual and aggressive impulses and to defend $ta%es of Development   - =ani!est content of a dream refers to the
itself against the an!iety that accompanies them 3or 3reud" the first ( or ) years of life" or the surface meaning or the conscious description
/01 Re"ression 
Re"ression  It is the most basic of the infantile stage, are the most crucial for personality given by the dreamer
defense mechanisms. hen the ego is threatened information. It is divided into three stages5 - Latent content refers to the unconscious
by undesirable id impulses" it forces threatening 0 Oral Phase (early infancy, first 1 !ont"s of life) material
feelings into the unconscious. - 6leasure-seeking activities include sucking" - 3or 3reud" all dreams are is" fulfil!ents
/31 Reaction For$ation 
For$ation  repressed impulse
impulse chewing" and biting. - 2reams can work their way to consciousness in
becomes conscious by adopting a disguise that is - If fi!ated at this stage" because oral wishes were two ways5
directly opposite to its original form gratified too much or too little" oral gratification #$% #ondensation refers to the fact that the
/41 is"lace$ent 
is"lace$ent  unacceptable
unacceptable urges are continues in adulthood. manifest dream content is not as e!tensive
redirected onto a variety of people or ob@ects so 3 Anal Phase (late a#ult"oo#, 1$ to % years) as the latent level" indicating that the unconscious
that the original impulse is disguised or concealed - Infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the anus material has been abbreviated or condensed
/51 Fi2ation 
Fi2ation  when the prospect
prospect of taking tthe
he ne!t and its function of elimination. before appearing on the manifest level
psychological stage becomes too an!iety - 3i!ation at this stage results to retention
retention or
 or #&% is"lace$ent means that the dream is
provoking" the ego may resort to the strategy of eli!ination..
eli!ination replaced by some other idea remotely related to it
remaining at the present" more comfortable - Anal retentive 
retentive  may take the form of being very Freudian sli"s /"ara"ra2es1
psychological stage. <his is held universally and neat" stingy" or behaviourally rigid
demands a more or less permanent e!penditure of  - Anal e#pulsive 
e#pulsive  may take the form of being Criti(ue of reud*s Psychoanalysis
psychic energy. generous" messy" or very loose or carefree - ?is theory of personality was strongly oriented
/61 Re(ression 
Re(ression  a reversion in in which during - Anal triad: or#erliness, stinginess, and o&stinacy  towards men" he lacked a complete understanding
times of stress and an!iety of a developmental 4 Phallic Sta(e (early c"il#"oo#, %-' years) of the feminine psyche.
stage" the libido reverts back to an earlier stage. - Infant’s pleasure-seeking is centered on the - an area of criticism on 3reud centers around his
Infantile and rigid in nature @ust like fi!ation" but is genitals. status as a scientist
usually temporary. - &edipus comple#  occurs
 occurs at this stage5 a
/1 Pro8ection 
Pro8ection  seeing in others
others unacceptable process in which a child competes with the parent  AB3R42 A2B4R5
A2B4R5 Individual 6sychology
6sychology
feelings or tendencies that actually resides in one’s of the same se! for the affections and pleasures of 
own unconscious. <he ego may reduce the an!iety the parent of the opposite se!. #'lectra
# 'lectra comple#   - Individual psychology rests heavily on the notion
by attributing
ob@ect" usuallythe unwanted
another impulse
person. to anvariety
A severe e!ternal
of -for female% an#iety  may
Castration  may arise" the fear of losing of social interest " that is" a feeling of oneness
with all humankind.
it is called paranoia.
called paranoia.   the penis" or penis
or penis envy  for
 for females - 6eople are motivated mostly by social influences
/71 Intro8ection - a defense mechanism whereby 5 Latenc Sta(e (' to pu&erty) and by their striving for superiority or success.
people incorporate positive qualities of another - A time when the child represses se!ual thoughts - 6eople are largely responsible for who they are
person into their own ego. 6eople intro@ect and engages in nonse!ual activities" such as - 6resent behavior is shaped by the people’s view
characteristics that they see as valuable and that developing social and intellectual skills. of the future.
will permit them to feel better about themselves. - dormant psychose!ual development - an opposing theory to psychoanalys
psychoanalysis is
/91 Su)li$ation 
Su)li$ation  is the repression
repression of the genital 6 .enital Sta(e
aim of 4ros by substituting a cultural or social aim. - puberty signals the reawakening of se!ual Stri%in( !or success or su"eriorit 
su"eriorit  
/1 Rationali;ation 
Rationali;ation  involves covering
covering up the true impulses ' 0st tenet: The one dna$ic !orce )ehind
reasons for actions" thoughts" or feelings by "eo"le>s )eha%ior is the stri%in( !or success or 
making up e!cuses and incorrect e!planations rea$ Analsis su"eriorit 
su"eriorit 
/0<1 enial 
enial  is refusing to recognie
recognie some - to transform the manifest content of dreams to - ?e reduced all motivation to this single drive.

- 4veryone begins with a life of physical
deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority.
- <he striving force serves as a compensation for
feelings of inferiority
inferiority..
- 6eople" by their nature" possess an innate
tendency toward completion or wholeness.
Masculine protest 
protest  implied willwill to power or a
domination of others. <his term was used after
 Adler re@ected aggression
aggression as the single
single
motivational force.
$trivin% for superiority 
superiority  limited to thosethose people
who strive personal superiority over others
$trivin% for success 
success  describes actions actions of
people who are motivated by highly developed
social interest.
- 4ach individual is guided by a final %oal   measuring psychological health and is thus t"e
regardless of the motivation for striving. It is
fictional and has no ob@ective e!istence" a product
of creative power.
#reati%e Po-er     it refers to the people’s ability to
freely shape their behavior and create their own
personality.
In!eriorit #o$"le2 
#o$"le2  e!aggerated feelings of
personal inferiority
Su)8ecti%e Perce"tions 
Perce"tions  of heredity" environment" and a person’s
' 3nd tenet: Peo"le>s su)8ecti%e "erce"tions
sha"e their )eha%ior and "ersonalit
Fictionalis$ triving superiority is shaped by
people’s perceptions of reality that is by their
fictions" or e!pectations
- 3ictionalism of the
is consistent withfuture.
the teleology.
?nit and Sel!'#onsistenc o! Personalit 
Personalit   #reati%e Po-er
' 4rd tenet: Personalit is uni!ied and sel!'
consistent
- 4ach person is unique and indivisible.
Or(an ialect -
ialect - <he whole person strives in a self-
consistent fashion toward a single goal" and all
separate actions and functions can be understood
only as parts of this goal. <he disturbance of one
part of the body cannot be viewed in isolationC it
affects the entire person.
- 3or Adler" conscious and unconscious are not
considered as a dichotomy
dichotomy"" but two cooperating
parts of the same unified system. <he conscious
thoughts are helpful for striving superiority while
unconscious is not helpful.
Social Interest
' 5th tenet: The %alue o! all hu$an acti%it $ust
)e seen !ro$ the %ie-"oint o! social interest
- ocial interest means a feeling of oneness with
all humanityC it implies membership in the social
community of all people. It can also be defined as
an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general
as well as the empathy for each member of the
community.
- ocial interest was Adler’s yardstick for
sole criterion of "u!an value*.
Stle o! Li!e
' 6th tenet: The sel!'consistent "ersonalit
structure de%elo"s into a "erson>s stle o! li!e
tyle of life
life  is the term Adler used to refer to the
flavor of a person’s life. It includes a person’s goal"
self-concept" feelings for others" and attitude
toward the world. It is the product of the interaction
creative power.
- Although the final goal is singular" style
style of life
need not be narrow or rigid.
- +"ree !aor pro&le!s of life5life5 neighborly love"
se!ual love" and occupation.
th Tenet: Stle o! li!e is $olded ) "eo"le>s
creati%e "o-er
- 4ach person is empowered with the freedom to
create his or her own style of life. 0ltimately
0ltimately""
people are responsible for who they are and how
they behave. It makes each person a free
individual.
- 4ach person uses heredity and environment as
the bricks and mortar to build personality"
personality" but the
architectural design reflects that person’s own
style. <he building materials of personality are
secondary. e are our own architect and can build
secondary.
either a useful or useless style of life.
A)nor$al e%elo"$ent
- 3or Adler" the one factor underlying all types of
malad@ustments is un#er#evelope# social interest.
- Also neurotics tend to5
#$% set their goals too high
#&% live in their own private world
#'% have a rigid and dogmatic style of life
E2ternal Factors in =alad8ust$ent
#$% 4!aggerated physical deficiencies 
deficiencies 
#&% 6ampered style of life
- the heart of most neuroses
#'% 1eglected style of life
Sa!e(uardin( Tendencies
Tendencies  
- 6eople create patterns of behavior to protect their 
e!aggerated sense of self-esteem against public
disgrace.
- <his protective devices enable people to hide
their inflated self-image and to maintain their
current style of life.
- <hese can be compared to 3reud’s defense
mechanisms" but are largely conscious to shield a
person’s fragile self-esteem.
+hree forms: 
forms: 
/01 E2cus
E 2cuseses 
  commonly e!pressed
e!pressed in 9Des"
9Des" but or 
If only: format
/31 A((ression + most common safeguarding
tendency
  Depreciation, <he tendency to undervalue
other people’s achievements and to overvalue
one’s own #e.g. criticism and gossip%.
   Accusation,
 Accusation,  <he tendency to blame others for
one’s failures and to seek revenge.
$elf-accusation, /arked by self-torture and
guilt #e.g. masochism" depression" suicide%.
/41 @ithdra-al 
@ithdra-al  Running away f rom difficulties or 
referred to as safeguar#ing t"roug" #istance* 
our o#es:
Movin% .ac/0ards, <he tendency to safeguard

one’s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically
reverting to a more secure period of life. It is
reverting  of opposites.
designed to elicit sympathy.
$tandin% $till, <hey do not move in any direction"
thus" they avoid all responsibility by ensuring
themselves against any threats of failure.
Hesitatin%, In face of difficult problems" some
people hesitate or vacillate. #e.g. procrastination%
Constructin% &"stacles, <he least severe of the
withdrawal safeguarding tendencies.
=asculine Protest
6sychic life of women is essentially the same as
- 6sychic
that of men and that a male-dominated society is
not natural but rather an artificial product of
historical development.
- According to Adler" cultural and social practicesE
not anatomyEinfluence many men and women to
overemphasie the importance of being manly.
A""lications o! Indi%idual Pscholo(
/01 Fa$il #onstellation
/31 Earl Recollections
/41 rea$s
Golden rule of dream work in individual
psychology5 94verything can be different.:
/51 Pschothera"
 Adlerian theory postulates
postulates that psychopathology
psychopathology
results from lack of courage" e!aggerated feelings
of inferiority" and underdeveloped social interest.
<hus" the chief purpose of Adlerian psychotherapy
is to enhance courage" lessen feelings of
inferiority"" and encourage social interest.
inferiority
#riti*ue o! Adler
- Bike that of 3reud" produced many concepts that
do not easily lend themselves to either verification
or falsification.
-definitions.
It suffers from a lack of precise operational
- Individual psychology is somewhat philosophical
even moralistic.
- <he concept of creative power cannot be
scientifically studied.
- "ig" on free c"oice an# opti!is!, very lo on
causality,, !o#erate on unconscious influences,
causality
an# "ig" on social factors an# t"e uni/ueness of
in#ivi#ual  Comple#es 
 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
 FFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 
FFFFFFFFFF  unconscious. It is an emotionally toned
8ARB 701G5 Analytical 6sychology
 - It rests on the assumption that occult
phenomena can and do influence the lives of
everyone.
- 7ung believed that each of us is motivated not
only by repressed e!periences but also by
certainly emotionally toned e!periences inherited
from our ancestors. <hese make up the collecti%e
unconscious
- ome elements of the collective unconscious
become highly developed and are called
archet"es..
archet"es
- Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology
Le%els o! the Psche
- 7ung strongly asserted that the most important
part of the unconscious springs not from personal
e!periences of the individual but from distant past
of human e!istence" the collective unconscious.
unconscious. f 
lesser importance are conscious
conscious and
 and personal
 personal
unconscious.
#onscious.. Images that are sensed by the e%o
#onscious e%oCC
the center of consciousness. 4go is not the whole
personality"" but must be completed by the self " the
personality
center of the personality that is largely
unconscious.
- <he consciousness plays a minor role in
analytical psychology" and an overemphasis on
e!panding one’s conscious psyche can lead to
psychological imbalance.
Personal ?nconscious It embraces all
repressed" forgotten" or subliminally perceived
e!periences of one particular individual. It contains
repressed infantile memories and impulses"
forgotten events" and e!periences originally
perceived below the threshold of our
consciousness. ur personal unconscious is
formed by our individual e!periences and is
therefore unique to each of us.
Comple#es   are contents of the personal
conglomeration
conscious and may of associated
stem from ideas. It ispersonal
both the partly
and collective unconscious.
- an individualied component of the personal
unconscious.
#ollecti%e ?nconscious + <his has roots in the
ancestral past of the entire species. <he physical
contents of the collective unconscious are
inherited and pass from one generation to the ne!t
as a psychic potential.
- <his refers to human’s innate tendency to react in
a particular way whenever their e!periences
stimulate a biologically inherited response
tendency.

- <his does not lie dormant but are active and
influence a person’s thoughts" emotions" and
actions.
- 8ountless repetition of these biologically based
predispositions have them part of the human
biological constitution which then begin to develop
some content and to emerge as a relatively
autonomous arc"etypes.
Archet"es
- are ancient or archaic images that derive from
the collective unconscious
unconscious..
- <hese emotionally tones collection of associated
images are generalied components of the
collective unconscious.
- Archetypes cannot be directly represented" but
when activated it e!presses itself through several
modes #e.g. dreams" fantasies" and delusions%.
Persona
- the side of personality that people show to the
world
- If we over identify with our persona" we lose
touch with our inner self and remain dependent on
society’s e!pectations of us.
$hado0  H Alone" neither prog
- the archetype of darkness and repression
represents those qualities we do not wish to
acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves
and others
 Anima
- the feminine side of men’s personality
- represents irrational moods and feelings
 Animus
- the masculine side of women’s personality
- symbolic of thinking and reasoning
reat Mother   conscious while the other is unconscious.
- derivative of anima archetype
- represents both positive
positive and negative feelings5
feelings5
fertility and nourishment and on the one hand"
power and destruction
- 3ertility and power combine to form the concept
of re&irt"
re&irt""" which maybe a separate archetype.
Wise &ld Man
- archetype of wisdom and meaning" symbolies orientation toward the ob@ective.
human’s pre-e!isting knowledge of the mysteries 2 unctions:
of life. $ensin%   tells
  tells people that something e!ists
Hero xtraverte# sensing - people perceive e!ternal
- the conquering hero archetype represents victory stimuli ob@ectively
over the forces of darkness ntroverte# sensing 
sensing  guided by their sub@ective
sub@ective
$elf  interpretation of sense stimuli
- the innate disposition possessed by each person +hin/in%    enables them to recognie its meaning
to move toward growth" perfection" and completion xtraverte# t"inking    relying heavily on concrete
- the most comprehensiv
comprehensive e of all archetypes thoughts" ob@ective
- the self is the arc"etype of arc"etypes because
arc"etypes because it ntroverte# t"inking 
t"inking  interpretation of an
an event is
pulls together the other archetypes and unites colored more by the internal meaning" sub@ective
them in the process of self-realization eelin% 
eelin%   tells them its value or worth
-its ultimate symbol is the !an#ala
!an#ala"" representing xtraverte# feeling  
  people use ob@ective data to
the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity" make evaluations
balance and wholeness ntroverte# feeling - people base their value
 @udgments primarily
primarily on sub@ective
sub@ective perceptions
na$ics o! Personalit Intuitin% 
Intuitin%   allows them to know without
without knowing
#ausalit and Teleolo(
Teleolo( how they know
- ?e insisted that both causal and teleological xtraverte# intuitive people 
people   are oriented towards
towards
forces must be balanced. facts in the e!ternal world
Pro(ression 
Pro(ression   adaptation to the outside world ntroverte# intuitive people 
people  are guided by
involving the forward flow of psychic energy unconscious perceptions of facts that are basically
Re(ression - adaptation to the inner world sub@ective and have no resemblance to e!ternal
involving the backward flow of psychic energy stimuli
progression
ression nor regression
regression leads
to development. 4ither can bring about too much e%elo"$ent o! Personalit
one-sidedness and failure in adaptationC but the Sta(es o! e%elo"$ent5
e%elo"$ent5 childhood" youth" middle
two" working together" can activate the process of life" and old age
healthy personality development. #hildhood
Pscholo(ical T"es +"ree 3u&stages:
/01 Anarchic "hase   characteried
"hase  characteried by chaotic
Attitudes 7ung defined it as a predisposition to and sporadic consciousness. 4!periences of the
act or react in a characteristic direction. ?e anarchic phase sometimes enter consciousness
insisted that each person has both an introverte# as primitive images" incapable of being accurately
and an extraverte# attitude" although one may be verbalied.
- slan#s of consciousness* may e!ist but there is
Into%ersion  
Into%ersion little or no connection among these islands. 
islands. 
- is the turning inward of psychic energy with an /31 =onarchic "hase 
"hase  characteried by the
orientation toward the sub@ective. Introverts are development of ego and by the beginning of
tuned in to their inner world with all its biases" logical and verbal thinking. 2uring this time"
fantasies" dreams" and individualied perceptions. children refer to themselves in the third person.
E2tra%ersion - <he islands of consciousness become larger"
- is the turning outward of psychic energy with an more numerous and inhabited by a primitive ego.

- <he ego is perceived as an ob@ect" not as a
perceiver.
/41 ualistic "hase 
"hase  <he ego as perceiver
perceiver arises
during this stage and divided into the sub@ective
and ob@ective.
- 8hildren now refer to themselves in the first
person and aware of their e!istence as separate
individuals.
- <he islands of consciousnes
consciousness s become
continuous land" inhabited by an ego-comple! that
recognies itself as both ob@ect and sub@ect.
 Youth
- the period from puberty until middle life
- Doung people strive to gain psychic and physical
independence from their parents" find a mate"
raise a family" and make a place in the world.
- A period of increased activity" maturing se!uality"
and growing consciousnes
consciousness. s.
=iddle Li!e
- appro!imately begins at age ') or (
- presents people with increasing an!iety" and a
period of tremendous potential
- If middle-aged people retain the social and moral
values of their early life" they become rigid and
fanatical in trying to hold on to their physical
attractiveness and agility.
Old A(e
- people certainly fear death during this stage
Sel!'reali;ation
-- also called as
the process of psychological rebirth
becoming an individual or a whole
person
- the process of integrating the opposite poles into
a single homogenous individual
- this process of co!ing to self"oo#* means that a
person has all psychological components
functioning in unity" with no psychic process
atrophying
- <he self-realied person must allow the
unconscious to be the core of personality.
=ethods o! In%esti(ation
/01 @ord Association Test
/31 rea$ Analsis
- 7ung ob@ected to 3reud’s notion that nearly all
dreams are wish fulfilments and that most dream
symbols represent se!ual urgesC rather people
used symbols to represent a variety of concepts to
try to comprehend the 9innumerable things beyond
the range of human understanding:.
- 2reams are our unconscious and spontaneous
attempt to know the unknowable.
- <he purpose of 7ungian dream interpretation is to
uncover elements from the personal and collective
unconscious and to integrate them into
consciousness in order to facilitate the process of
self-realiation.
- 7ung felt that certain dreams offered proof for the
e!istence of the collective unconscious.
unconscious. <hese
dreams included &ig #rea!s, which have special
meaning for all peopleC typical #rea!s, which are
common to most peopleC and earliest #rea!s
re!e!&ere#.
/41 Acti%e I$a(ination
- <his method requires a person to begin with any
impressionEa dream image" vision" picture" or
fantasyEand to concentrate until the impressions
begins to 9move:. <he person must follow these
images and courageously face these autonomous
images and freely communicate with them.
- <he purpose of active imagination is to reveal
archetypal images emerging from the
unconscious.
-advantage
7ung believed
over that active
dream imagination
analysis hasimages
in that its an
are produced during a conscious state of mind"
thus making them more clear and reproducible.
4ariations:
- nonverbal manner #drawing" painting%
/51 Pschothera"
- <he first stage is the confession of a pat"ogenic
secret #adopted from ,reuer’s cathartic method%.
- <he second stage involves interpretation,
explanation, an# eluci#ation.
eluci#ation. <his gives the
patients insight into the causes of their neuroses
but may still leave them incapable of solving social
problems #adopted from 3reud%.
- <he third stage is the e#ucation of patients as
social &eings ( adopted
adopted from Adler%.
- <he fourth stage is transfor!ation. ,y
transformation" he meant that the therapist must
first be transformed into a healthy human being"
preferably by undergoing psychotherapy.
psychotherapy. nly
after transformation and an established philosophy
of life is the therapist able to help patients move
toward individuation" wholeness" or self-realiation
self-realiation..
- ?e adopted an eclectic approac" in
psychotherapy.. ?is treatment varied according to
psychotherapy
the age" stage of development" and particular
problem of the patient.
- <he ultimate purpose of 7ungian therapy is to
help neurotic patients become healthy and to
encourage healthy people to work independently
toward self-realiation
self-realiation..
#riti*ue o! un(
- has a sub@ective and philosophical quality
- the collective unconscious remains a difficult
concept to test empirically
- the acceptance of 7ung’s archetype and
collective unconscious rests more on faith than on
empirical evidences
- Analytical psychology is unique because it adds
new dimension to personality theory dealing with
the occult" the mysterious" and the
parapsychological
-limited
usefulness of most
to those analytical
therapists who psychology
subscribe toisbasic
7ungian tenets
- "is vie of personality as neit"er pessi!istic
nor opti!istic, neit"er #eter!inistic nor purposive
- people are !otivate# partly &y conscious
t"oug"ts, partly &y i!ages fro! t"eir personal
unconscious.
- t"e t"eory leans strongly in t"e #irection of
&iology
- can &e rate# "ig" on si!ilarities a!ong people
an# lo in in#ivi#ual #ifferences
 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 
 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 

/4BA1I4 JB4I15 b@ect Relations
<heory
- Jlein stressed the importance of the first ( to *
months after birth.
- an offspring of 3reud’s instinct theory but differs
in
#$%three general
It places lessways5
emphasis on biologically based
drives and more importance on consistent patterns
of interpersonal relationships.
#&% It tends to be more maternal" stressing the
intimacy and nurturing of the mother" as opposed
to 3reud’s rather paternalistic theory that
emphasies the power and control of the father.
#'% b@ect relations theorists generally see human
contact and relatedness  not se!ual pleasure as
the prime motive of human behavior.
Pschic Li!e o! the In!ant
- first (-* months of an infant is important
- <o her" infants do not begin life with a blank slate
but with an inherited predisposition to reduce the
an!iety they e!perience as a result of the conflict
produced by the forces of the life instinct and the
power of the death instinct. <he infant’s innate
readiness to act or react presupposes the
e!istence of p"ylogenetic 
of p"ylogenetic  en#o!ent, a concept
that 3reud also accepted.
Phantasies
- Infants" even at birth possesses an active
phantasy life.
- P"antasies are psychic representations of
unconscious id instincts
- It also springs from reality and universal
predispositions.
- Infants possess unconscious images of 9good:
and 9bad: #e.g. bad breast and good breast%
- As they mature" newer phantasies emerge
O)8ects
- ?umans have innate drives or instincts" including
#eat" instinct
- <he earliest ob@ect relations are with the mother’s
breast
- In their active fantasy" they
they introect " or take into
their psychic structure the e!ternal ob@ects.  which it can tolerate some of its own destructive
Positions
- Infants attempt to deal with life instincts and
death instincts" and they attempt to organie these
e!periences into positions3
into positions3 or ways of dealing
with both internal and e!ternal ob@ects. <he term
9position: was used to indicate that positions
alternate back and forth. <hey are not stages of
development through which a person passes.
/01 Paranoid'Schi;oid Position 4-2mos,)
- a way of organiing e!periences that includes
both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a
splitting of internal and e!ternal ob@ects into good
and bad.
- 6aranoid-chioid position develops during
which the ego’s perception of the e!ternal world is
sub@ective and fantastic rather than ob@ective and
real.
- <he child alternately e!periences feelings of
gratification and frustration. In order to tolerate
these feelings" the ego then splits itself" retaining
parts of the life and death instincts while deflecting
parts of both instincts onto the breast.
Persecutor )reast
Ideal )reast which provides love" comfort" and
gratification.
- <hus" the persecutory feelings are considered to
be paranoidC that is" they are not based on any real
or immediate danger from the outside world.
- In the young
destructive child’sare
feelings schioid world"
directed rage
toward and
the bad
breast" while feelings of love and comfort are
associated with the good breast.
- Banguage is not used to identify the good and
bad breast" they use a biological disposition.
/31 e"ressi%e Position 5-6 mos,)
- An infant begins to view e!ternal ob@ects as
whole and to see that good and bad e!ist in the
same person.
- <he infant develops a more realistic picture of the
mother and recognies that she is an independent
person who can be both good and bad.
- <he ego is beginning to mature to the point at
feelings rather than pro@ecting them outward.
- <he infant e!periences feelings of guilt for its
previous destructive urges toward the mother.
- <he feelings of an!iety over losing a loved ob@ect
coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy
the ob@ect constitute what Jlein called the
#epressive position.
- hen the depressive position is resolved"
children close the split between the good and the
bad mother. <hey are able not only to e!perience
love fro! their mother" but also to display their own
love for her. ?owever" an incomplete resolution of
the depressive position can result in lack of trust"
morbid mourning at the loss of a loved one" and a
variety of other psychic disorders.
Pschic e!ense
Infants adopt =echanis$s
several psychic defense
mechanisms to protect their ego against the
an!iety aroused by their own destructive fantasies.
/01 Intro8ection
- Infants fantasie taking into their body those
perceptions and e!periences that have had with
the e!ternal ob@ect" originally the mother’s breast.
- Intro@ected ob@ects are not accurate
representations of the real ob@ects but are colored
by children’s fantasies.
/31 Pro8ection
- 6ro@ection is the fantasy that one’s own feelings
and impulses actually reside in another person
and not within one’s body.
- ,y pro@ecting unmanageable destructive
impulses onto e!ternal ob@ects" infants alleviate the
unbearable an!iety of being destroyed by
dangerous internal forces
/41 S"littin(
- keeping part incompatible impulses" the good
and bad aspect of themselves and of e!ternal
ob@ects
- In order to separate bad and good ob@ects" the
ego must itself be split. <hus" infants develop a

picture of both the 9good me: and the 9bad me:
that enables them to deal with both pleasurable
and destructive impulses toward e!ternal ob@ects.
- If splitting is not e!treme and rigid" it has a
positive effect on the child. <he child can see both
positive and negative aspects of their self. If
splitting is e!cessive an infle!ible" it can lead to
pathological repression.
/51 Pro8ecti%e Identi!ication
- A psychic
psychic defense mechanism
mechanism in which infants
split off unacceptable part of themselves" pro@ect
them into another ob@ect" and finally intro@ect them
back into themselves in a changed or distorted
form. <hen they identify with the ob@ect.
- It e!erts a powerful influence on adult
interpersonal relations.
Internali;ations
- hen ob@ect relations theorists speak of
internali;ations, they mean that the person
takes in #intro@ects% aspects of the e!ternal world
and then organies those intro@ections into a
psychologically
psychological ly meaningful framework.
/01 E(o
- Jlein largely ignored the id" and that the ego
reaches maturity at a much earlier stage than
3reud had assumed.
- 4go’s has the early ability to sense both
destructive and loving forces and to manage them
through
- before splitting"
a unified pro@ection"
ego emerges"anditintro@ection.
must first
become split
/31 Su"ere(o
- Jlein’s conception of superego differs with 3reud
in three important respects5
#a% emerges much earlier in life
#b% it is not an outgrowth of edipus comple!
#c% it is much more harsh and cruel
- 4arly superego not produces guilt but terror
/41 Oedi"us #o$"le2
- merely an e!tension not not a refutation to 3reud’s
ideas
#a% begins at much earlier stage" overlaps with oral
and anal stage and reaches its clima! during the
genital stage at around age '-(
#b% A significant part of the edipus comple! is
children’s fear of retaliation from their parent for
their fantasy of emptying the parent’s body.
#c% stressed the importance of children retaining
positive feelings toward both parents during the
edipal years
#d% 3ourth" she hypothesied that during its early
stages" the edipus comple! serves the same
need for both genders" that is" to establish a
positive attitude with the good or gratifying ob@ect
#breast or penis% and to avoid the bad or terrifying
ob@ect #breast or penis%. In this position" children of  H or &ot" girls an# &oys, a "ealt"y resolution
either gender can direct their love either alternately
or simultaneously toward each parent.
e!ale 5e#ipal 6evelop!ent  co!e toget"er an# to "ave sexual intercourse
1st  !ont"  the little girl sees her mother’s breast
as both good and bad.
' !ont"s 
!ont"s  she begins to to the view the breast
breast as
more positive than negative
- he sees her mother as full of good things #this
leads to her imagining of how babies are made%.
- he y by fantasies that the father’s penis feeds
her mother with riches" including babies #she
fantasies that the father will her with babies%.
- If the edipal stage flows smoothly" the the little girl
adopts a fe!inine* position and
position and has a positive
relationship with both parents.
- 0nder less ideal circumstances" the little girl will
see her mother
her mother asfather’s
of her a rival and willand
penis fantasie
stealingrobbing
her
mother’s babies. <he little girl’s wish to rob her
mother produces a paranoid fear that her mother
will retaliate against her by in@uring her or taking
away her babies.
- <his an!iety will only be alleviated when she later  - 1ewborn infant satisfies various needs within the
gives birth to a healthy baby.
- 6enis envy stems from the little girl’s wish to
internalie her father’s penis and to receive a baby
from him. <his precedes the desire to have an
e!ternal penis.
ale 5e#ipal 6evelop!ent  - An 9ob@ectless: stage when an infant naturally
- <he little boy sees his mother’s breast as both
good and bad
- 2uring the early monthsC the boy shifts some of
his oral desires from his mother’s breast to his
father’s penis. <he little boy is in his fe!inine
 position, a positive homose!ual attitude toward his
father.
- 1e!t" he moves to a heterose!ual relationship
with the mother.
- As the boy matures" the boy develops oral-
sadistic impulses toward his father and want to bite
off his penis and to murder him. <his feeling
arouses penis castration" which resolves the boy’s
edipus comple!.
of t"e 5e#ipus co!plex #epen#s on t"eir
a&ility to allo t"eir !ot"er an# fat"er to
it" eac" ot"er. 7o re!nant of rivalry
re!ains. 8"il#rens positive feelings toar#
&ot" parents later serve to en"ance t"eir a#ult 
sexual relations.
Later Bie-s on O)8ect Relations
/ARGAR4< /A?B4R
- Pscholo(ical )irth begins
)irth begins during the first
weeks of postnatal life and continues for the ne!t '
years or so. It meant that the child becomes an
in#ivi#ual separate from his or her primary
caregiver" an accomplishment that leads ultimately
-to<he
a sense
child of i#entity.through a series of three
proceeds
ma@or developmental stages and four substages to
achieve psychological birth and individuation5
irst 3tage 5 Nor$al Autis$
- spans from birth until about age ' or ( weeks
all-powerful protective orbit of a mother’s care.
- <his stage is a period of absolute primary
narcissism in which an infant is unaware of any
other person unlike Jlein who conceptualied a
newborn infant as being terrified.
searches for the mother’s breast.

- he disagreed with Jlein’s notion that the infants
incorporate the good breast and other ob@ects into
their ego.
3econ# 3tage: Nor$al S$)iosis 
S$)iosis  +"ir# 3u&stage: 7approchement
- <his stage occurs as infants gradually realie
they cannot satisfy their own needs" and they
begin to recognie their primary caregiver and to
seek a symbiotic relationship with her.
- begins around (th or )th week of age but reaches
its enith during the (th or )th month
- <he symbiosis is characteried by a mutual cuing
of infant and mother.
- ob@ects relations have not yet begun  mothers
and others are still preo&ects
still preo&ects
+"ir# 3tage: Se"aration'Indi%iduation
' spans the period from about the ( th or )th month
of age until about the ' th or '*th month.
- 8hildren become psychological
psychologically
ly separated from
their mothers" achieve a sense of in#ivi#uation
in#ivi#uation""
and begin to develop feelings of personal identity.
- they no longer e!perience a dual unity with their
mother , they must surrender their delusion of
omnipotence and face their vulnerability to e!ternal
threats
O%erla""in( Su)sta(es o! Se"aration'
Indi%iduation  
Indi%iduation
irst 3u&stage5
3u&stage5 Differentiation
- lasts from about the ) th month until the K th to $th  realistic picture of the parents.
month of age
-mother-infant
marked by a symbiotic
bodily breaking
orbit away from the
- 6sychologically
6sychologically healthy infants who e!pand their
world beyond the mother will be curious about
strangers and will inspect themC unhealthy infants
will fear strangers and recoil from them.
3econ# 3u&stage: Practicin%
- a period from about K th to $th month of age to
about the $)th or $*th month
- an autonomous ego begin to develop" a specific
bond with the mother is established" and the
children easily distinguish their body from their
mother’s
- during the early stages" they do not like to lose
sight of their mother  the infant takes in the selfob@ect’s responses as
- later" they begin to walk and to take in the outside
world.
- about $* to &) months of age
- they desire to bring back their mother and
themselves back together" both physically and
physiologically
- their increased cognitive skills make them more
aware of their separateness and make various
ploys to regain the desired unity
ourt" 3u&stage: 8i"idinal &"9ect Constancy
-appro!imates the 'rd year of life
- children will continue to depend on their mother’s
physical presence for their own security if they do
not develop a constant inner representation of their  - <he i#ealize# parent i!age is opposed to the
mother.
- children must also learn to consolidate their
individuality" that is they must learn to function
without their mother and to develop other ob@ect
relations
H<he strength of /ahler’s theory is its elegant
description of psychological birth based on
empirical observations of mother-child interactions.
 Although many of of her tenets rely on inferences
gleaned from reactions of preverbal infants" her
ideas can easily be e!tended to adults.
?4I1L J?0<
- ?e emphasied the process by which the self
evolves from a vague and undifferentiated
undifferentiated image
to a clear and precise sense of individual identity.
- ?e defined the self as 9the center of the
individual’s psychological
psychological univ
universe:
erse: and 9the
center of initiative and recipient of impressions:.
- ?e also focused on early mother-child
relationship as the key to later
later development @ust
like other ob@ect relations theorists.
- Infants require adult caregivers not only to gratify
physical needs but also to satisfy psychological
needs. <he adults or selfo"9ects
selfo"9ects must
 must treat infants
as if they had a sense of self.
- <hrough the process of empathic interaction"
pride" guilt" shame" or envyEall attitudes that
eventually form the building blocks of the self.
- ?e believed that infants are naturally narcissistic
and self-centered. <he self is crystallied around
two basic narcissistic nee#s:
/01 the need to e2hi)it the (randiose o! sel!
- <he gran#iose ex"i&itionistic self is established
when the infant relates to a 9mirroring: selfob@ect
who reflects approval of its behavior. <he infant
thus forms a rudimentary self-image from
messages such as 9If others see me as perfect"
then I am perfect.:
/31 the need to ac*uire an ideali;ed i$a(e o!
one or )oth "arents
grandiose self because it implies that someone
else  is perfect. 1evertheless" it too satisfies a
else
narcissistic need because the infant adopts 
adopts the
attitude 9Dou are perfect" but I am part of you.:
H,oth narcissistic self-images are necessary for
healthy personality development. ,oth" however"
must change as the child grows older. If they
remain unaltered" they result in a pathologically
narcissistic adult personality
personality..
- Grandiosity must changed into a realistic view of
self. <he idealied parent image must grow into a
7?1 ,B,D5 Attachment <heory
- ?e realied that ob@ect relations theory could be
integrated with an evolutionary perspective. ,ut
this he believed that he can correct the empirical
shortcomings of the theory end e!tend it into a
new direction.
- Attachment theory also departed from
psychoanalytic thinking by taking childhood as
starting point and then e!trapolating toward
adulthood.
- ,owlby firmly believed that the attachments
formed during childhood have an important impact
on adulthood. 8hildhood attachments are crucial
to later development.

- ?umans @ust like primate infants go through a
clear sequence of reactions when separated from
their primary caregivers.
Three Sta(es o! Se"aration An2iet
1) protest 
protest  hen the caregiver
caregiver is first out of
sight" infants will cry" resist soothing by other
people" and search for their caregiver.
!) despair 
despair  As separation
separation continues"
continues" infants
become quiet" sad" passive" listless" and apathetic.
4) detachment 
detachment  <he last stagestage the only one
unique to humans. 2uring this stage" infants
become emotionally detached from other people
including their caregiver. If their caregiver returns"
infants will disregard and avoid her. As they
become older" their interpersonal relations are
superficial and lack warmth.
,owlby’s theory rests on two fundamental
assumptions5
#a% A responsive and accessible caregiver must
create a secure base for the child. If this
dependability is present" the child is better able to
develop confidence and security in e!ploring the
world.
#b% A bonding relationship #or lack thereof%
becomes internalied and serves as a mental
working model on which future friendships and
love relationships
H Attachment styleare
is abuilt.
relations"ip between two
people and not a trait given to the infant by the
caregiver. It is 
is a two-way streetEthe infant and the
caregiver must be responsive to each other and
each must influence the other’s behavior.
/ARD AI1R<?5 trange ituation
- influenced by ,owlby’s theory
- Ainsworth and her associates developed a
technique for measuring the type of attachment
style that e!ists between caregiver and infant"
known as the 3trange 3ituation.
+"ree attac"!ent styles:
/01 secure attach$ent 
attach$ent  Infants are confident
confident in
the accessibility and responsiveness of their
caregiver.
/31 an2ious'resistant attach$ent 
attach$ent  Infants are
ambivalent. <hey seek contact with their mother"
while on the other hand" and re@ect attempts at
being soothed.
/41 an2ious'a%oidant attach$ent - ith this
style" infants stay calm when their mother leavesC
they accept the stranger" and when their mother
returns" they ignore and avoid her.
Pschothera"
- Jlein insisted that negative transference was
transference was an
essential step toward successful treatment.
- he substituted play
substituted play t"erapy for 3reudian dream
analysis and free association.
- <he aim of Jleinian therapy is to reduce
depressive an!ieties and persecutory fears and to
mitigate the harshness of internalied ob@ects.
O)8ect Relations and Eatin( isorders
- As applied to eating disorders" when these
individuals feel an!ious" they look for comfort in
e!ternal sourcesC and food is a primary means of
soothing and regulating their an!iety.
- ,ulimia is associated with overseparation
#detachment% from parents" whereas anore!ia was
associated with high levels of guilt and conflict
over separation from parents.
Attach$ent Theor and Adult Relationshi"s
-their
6eople who had
caregivers earlye!perience
would secure attachments
more trust"with
closeness" and positive emotions.
- Avoidant adults would fear closeness and lack
trust" whereas an!ious-ambivalent adults would be
preoccupied with and obsessed by their
relationships.
- Attachment is also related to the type of
information people seek or avoid regarding their
relationship and romantic partner. Avoidant
individuals strive to maintain emotional
independence" so they would not seek out
additional information about their partner’s intimate
feelings and dreams.  hile an!ious individuals
tend to be chronically worried about the state of
relationship so they e!press a strong desire to gain
more information about their romantic partner.
Attach$ent Stle and Leadershi"
- Beaders with a secure attachment style #neither
an!ious nor avoidant% are more effective than
insecurely attached #an!ious or avoidant% leaders.
#riti*ue o! O)8ect Relations Theor
- low on its ability to generate research
- ince it grew out of the orthodo! psychoanalytic
theory" it suffers from some of the falsifications that
confront 3reud’s theory.
- Jlein used needlessly comple! phrases and
concepts to e!press her theory.
- It has the ability to organie information about the
behavior of infants. b@ects relations theory has
speculated on how humans gradually come to a
sense of identity.
- It is built on careful observations of the mother-
child relationship.
- 6arents of young infants can learn the
importance of a warm" accepting" and nurturing
caregiver.
- "ig" on #eter!inis!, lo on free c"oice
- can eit"er &e pessi!istic or opti!istic
- ten#s to &e !ore causal, expectations of t"e
future play a very !inor role
-- "ig" on as
&iology unconscious #eter!inants
#eter!ina
!ore i!portant t"an nts of &e"avior
environ!ent in
s"aping personality in ter!s of t"e concept of
 p"ylogenetic en#o!ent
en#o!ent an# #eat" instinct
- t"e &iologically &ase# infantile stages lean !ore
toar# social #eter!inants of personality 
- it ten#s toar# si!ilarities
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  
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JAR41 ?R14D5 6sychoanalytic ocial
<heory
O%er%ie-
- 8ulture" especially childhood e!periences" plays
a leading role in shaping human personality"
personality" either

neurotic or healthy.
- ocial rather than biological forces are
paramount in personality development.
- ?orney criticied 3reud on several accounts5
#$% strict adherence to orthodo! psychoanalysis
would lead to stagnation in both theoretical and
therapeutic practice.
#&% he ob@ected to 3reud’s ideas on feminine
psychology
#'% psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct
theory emphasie the importance of cultural
influences in shaping personality
+he Impact of Culture
- /odern culture is based on competition among
individuals.
- 8ompetitiveness and the )asic hostilit it
hostilit it
spawns result in feelings of isolation
isolation.. <hese
feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile world
lead to intensified needs !or a!!ection"
a!!ection" which in
turn" causes people to overvalue love.
- <hey see love and affection as solution to their
problems. 2esperate need for love can lead to the
development of neuroses.
+he Importance of Childhood '#periences
- 8hildhood is the age from which the vast ma@ority
of problems arise.
- ?orney hypothesied that a difficult childhood is
primarily responsible for neurotic needs. <hese
needs become powerful because they are the
child’s only means of gaining feelings of safety.
-e!periences"
,ut it shouldno
besingle
the sum total
early of childhood
e!perience is
responsible for later personality
personality..
Casic Hostilit and Casic An2iet
- 4ach person begins life with the potential for
healthy development" but favorable conditions for
growth are needed conditions that provide feelings
of sa!et and satis!action and permit them to
grow in accordance with their real self.
- If parents do not satisfy the child’s need for safety
and satisfaction" the child develops feelings of
)asic hostilit toward
hostilit toward the parents.
- <his hostility is often repressed and takes the
form as a )asic an2iet"
an2iet" the profound feelings of
insecurity and vague sense of apprehension. It is
further defined as a feeling of being isolated and
helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile.
- ?ostile impulses are the principal source of basic
an!iety" but basic an!iety can also contribute to
feelings of hostility.
Protective !ec"anis!s fro! feelings of isolation
#$% affection
#&% submissiveness
submissiveness
#'% striving for power" prestige or possession
#(% withdrawal
- 4veryone uses these various protective devices
to guard against the re@ection" hostility" and
competitiveness
competitivenes s of others. 6eople become
unhealthy when people feel compelled to rely on
them.
#o$"ulsi%e ri%es
- 8ompulsion is the salient characteristic of all
neurotic drives.
eurotic eeds
#$% +he neurotic need for affection and
approval . In their quest for affection and
approval" neurotics attempt indiscriminately to
please others. <hey try to live up to the
e!pectations of others" tend to dread self-
assertion" and are quite uncomfortable with the
hostility of others as well as the hostile feelings
within themselves.
#&% +he neurotic need for a po0erful partner .
Backing self-confidence" neurotics try to attach
themselves to a powerful partner. <his need
includes an overvaluation of love and a dread of
being alone or deserted.
#'% +he neurotic need to restrict one*s life
0ithin narro0 "orders.
"orders . 1eurotics frequently
strive to remain inconspicuous" to take second
place" and to be content with very little. <hey
downgrade their own abilities and dread making
demands on others.
#(% +he neurotic need for po0er . 6ower and
affection are perhaps the two greatest neurotic
needs. <he need for power is usually combined
with the needs for prestige and possession and
manifests itself as the need to control others and
to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity.
#)% +he neurotic need to e#ploit others.
others .
1eurotics frequently evaluate others on the basis
of how they can be used or e!ploited" but at the
same time" they fear being e!ploited by others.
#*% +he neurotic need for social reco%nition or
 presti%e.. ome people combat basic an!iety by
 presti%e
trying to be first" to be important" or to attract
attention to themselves.
#K% +he neurotic need for personal admiration.
admiration .
1eurotics have a need to be admired for what they
are rather than for what they possess. <heir
inflated self-esteem must be continually fed by the
admiration and approval of others.
#M% +he neurotic need for am"ition and
 personal achievement . 1eurotics often have a
strong drive to be the best. <hey must defeat other 
people in order to confirm their superiority.
#N% +he neurotic need for self-sufficiency and
independence.. /any neurotics have a strong
independence
need to move away from people" thereby proving
that they can get along without others.
#$% +he neurotic need for perfection and
unassaila"ility . ,y striving relentlessly for
perfection" neurotics receive 9proof : of their self-
esteem and personal
making mistakes and superiority
superiority.
. <hey flaws"
having personal dread and
they desperately attempt to hide their weaknesses
from others.
eurotic +rends
- <he $ neurotic needs can be grouped into three
categories" each relating to a person’s basic
attitude toward self and others #also referred as
&asic conflict).
conflict).
#$% $o%in( to-ard "eo"le
#&% $o%in( a(ainst "eo"le
#'% $o%in( a-a !ro$ "eo"le

1ormal 2efenses (3pontaneous ove!ent) admired" and #)% to achieve.
; oving toar#s ot"ers an# !oving against
To-ard "eo"le  people are polar opposites*.
opposites*. +"e co!pliant
co!pliant
#friendly" loving personality%  person nee#s affection
affection fro! ot"ers "ile t"e
A(ainst "eo"le aggressive person sees everyone as a potential
#a survivor in a competitive society% ene!y.
; or &ot" types, t"e center of gravity lies outsi#e
A-a !ro$ "eo"le
#autonomous" serene personality% t"e person*.
=o%in( A-a Fro$ Peo"le
- <o resolve basic conflict of isolation" people
1eurotic 2efenses (8o!pulsive ove!ent)
behave in a detached manner and adopt a
neurotic need.
To-ard "eo"le 1-4)
- an e!pression of needs for privacy"
#compliant personality%
independence" and self-sufficie
self-sufficiency
ncy
A(ainst "eo"le 2-=)
- this needs become neurotic when people try to
#aggressive personality%
satisfy each of these needs by compulsively
A-a !ro$ "eo"le >-1)
putting emotional distance between themselves
#detached personality%
and other people
- they want to attain autonomy and separateness
-whereas
1eurotics are limited
normals to the use
can choose of a single
a variety of trend"
strategies. Intra"schic #on!licts
- 1eurotics are unaware of their basic attitude and - ?orney did not neglect the impact of intrapsychic
they are forced to act. factors in the development of personality.
=o%in( To-ard Peo"le <he two important intrapsychic conflicts are5
- refers to the neurotic need to protect oneself t"e i#ealize# self-i!age and self-"atre#
against feelings of helplessness through The Ideali;ed Sel!'I$a(e
compliance - If given an environment of discipline and warmth"
- complaint people comply either or both of the first people will develop feelings of security and self-
two neurotic needs5 #$% they desperately strive for confidence and a tendency toward self-  wishes" however when neurotic claims are not
affection and approval of others #&% they seek a reali<ation.. Det" early negative influences often
reali<ation
powerful partner who will take responsibility of their  impede
growingpeople’s
sense ofnatural toward
alienation fromself-realiation"
themselves.
lives
- ?orney referred to this need as 9mor"id
9 mor"id - <his dilemma can only be solved by acquiring a
dependency;  stable sense of identity " an e!travagantly positive
=o%in( A(ainst Peo"le view of themselves that e!ists only in their
- they move against others by appearing tough or personal belief system.
ruthless to resolve feelings of hostility - <he idealied self-image is not a global
- they are motivated by the strong need to e!ploit construction. As it becomes solidified" they lose
others and to use them for their own benefit touch with their real self and use the idealied self
- compulsively driven to appear perfect" powerful" as the standard for self-evaluation. Rather than
and superior growing toward self-realiation" they move toward
- 1eurotic needs incorporated include5 #$% the actualiing their idealied self.
need to be powerful" #&% to e!ploit others" #'% to - ?orney recognied three aspects of the idealied
receive recognition and prestige" #(% to be self.
1) +he eurotic $earch for lory
- As neurotics come to believe in the reality of their 
idealied self" they begin to incorporate it into all
aspects of their livesEtheir goals" their self-
concept" and their relations with others.
- It includes three other elements5
/a )
 ) t"e
 t"e nee# for perfection 
perfection   Refers to the drive to
mold the whole personality in to the idealied self.
<hey try to achieve perfection by erecting a
comple! set of =shoulds’ and =should nots’" referred
as the tyranny of t"e s"oul#*.
/)1  neurotic a!&ition 
/)1 a!&ition  Refers to the compulsive
drive toward superiority.
/c1  t"e #rive toar#
/c1 t oar# a vin#ictive
vin# ictive triu!p"
triu !p" 
  <he
most destructive element of all. It may be
disguised as a drive for achievement or success
but its chief aim is to put others to shame or defeat
them through one’s very success" to attain power. .
. to inflict suffering on themmostly of a humiliating
kind.
!) eurotic Claims
- In their search for glory" neurotics build a fantasy
world  a world that is out of sync with the real
world.
- <hey proclaim that they are special and therefore
entitled to be treated in accordance with their
idealied view of themselves.
- 1eurotic claims grow out of normal needs and
met" neurotics become indignant" bewildered" and
unable
grantedtotheir
comprehend
claims. why others have not
4) eurotic Pride
- A false pride based not on a realistic view of the
true self but on a spurious image of the idealied
self.
- It is qualitatively different from healthy pride or
realistic self-esteem.
- <enuine self-estee! is based on realistic
attributes and accomplishments and is generally
e!pressed with quiet dignity. 7eurotic pri#e on the
other hand" is based on an idealied image of self
and is usually loudly proclaimed in order to protect
and support a glorified view of one’s self.

Sel!'Hatred
6eople with a neurotic search for glory can never
be happy with themselves because when they
realie that their real self does not match the
insatiable demands of their idealied self" they will
begin to hate and despise themselves.
- ?orney recognied si! ways in which people
e!press self-hatred5
#$% relentless demands on the self   relinquish their neurotic search for glory" and
#&% merciless self-accusation
#'% self-contempt
#(% self-frustration
#)% self-torment or self-torture
#*% self-destructive actions and impulses
Fe$inine Pscholo(
H 6sychic differences between men and women
are
andnot thee!pectations
social result of anatomy but rather of cultural
- edipus comple! is not universal" instead is
found only
found  only in some people and is an e!pression for  they move toward self-realiation.
the neurotic need for love.
- A child may passionately cling to one parent and
e!press #neurotic need for love% and e!press
 @ealousy toward the other" as means of alleviating
alleviating
basic an!iety and not manifestations of an
anatomically based edipus comple!.
- <he child’s main goal is security not se!ual
intercourse.
- ?orney agreed with Adler that women possess a
masculine protest #men are superior than women%
that leads to the neurotic desire to be a man" not
an e!pression of penis envy.
Pschothera"
-<he general goal of ?orneyian therapy is to help
patients gradually grow in the direction of self-
specifically"" the aim is to have
realiation. /ore specifically
patients give up their idealied self-image"
change selfhatred to an acceptance of the real
self.
- elf-understanding is the key to positive change.
- uccessful therapy is built on patient’s self-
analysis #idealied self-image vs. real self%.
- In terms of techniques" 3reudian dream
interpretation and free association are employed.
?orney saw dreams as attempts to solve conflicts.
- hen therapy is successful" patients gradually
develop confidence in their ability to assume
responsibility for their psychological development"
Related Research
- <he 1eurotic 8ompulsion to Avoid the 1egative.
1euroticism is associated with setting avoidance
goals rather than approach goals. ?igh levels of
neuroticism is also associated with e!periencing
more negative emotion and being more likely to
develop generalied an!iety disorder.
-3or
1euroticism canhigh
those people alsoin
beneuroticism"
seen in a positive light.
they have
the ability to recognie threats in the environment
and would be related to decreased negative mood.
#riti*ue o! Horne
- <he strength of ?orney’s theory is her lucid
portrayal of the neurotic personality.
personality. ?er
comprehensive descriptions of neurotic
personalities provide an e!cellent framework for
understanding unhealthy people.
- A serious limitation to her theory is that her
references to the normal or healthy people are
general and not well-e!plicated. <here was no
clear picture of what self-realiation would be.
-#eter!inistic for neurotic in#ivi#uals, &ut a "ealt"y 
 person oul# "ave"ave a large ele!ent
ele!ent of free c"oice
- so!e"at !ore opti!istic t"an pessi!istic,
 people possess in"erent
in"erent curative poers
poers t"at lea# 
toar# self-realization.
- a !i##le position on causality vs. teleology:
c"il#"oo# experiences can &lock t"e !ove!ent
toar# self-realization
- !ost people "ave li!ite# aareness of t"eir
!otives
- strongly e!p"asize# social influences !ore t"an
&iological ones
- it "ig"lig"ts si!ilarities a!ong people !ore t"an
uni/ueness