PERSONALITY

Content
OVERVIEW

THEORIES

ASSESSMENT
 "A good personality is considered to
impress others and who can get on well
with others."
LIMITATION OF SOCIAL
ATTRACTIVENESS

2023
Limits the number
and types of
behavior considered
important and Such notion carries the absurd

HARPER RUSSO
worthy for implication that some people
incorporation into who have unique abilities and
the study of temperament traits are devoid
personality. of having a personality.
 "Psychologists have attempted to
explain the concept of personality in
terms of individuality and
consistency."
 WHAT IS
PERSONALITY?

LEADERSHIP COMPASSIONATE

COMMUNICATION NEGOTIATION
 Combining the notions of
individuality and consistency,
personality can be defined as
the "distinctive and unique
ways in which each individual
thinks, feels and acts, which
characterize a person’s
response throughout life."
 ATTITUDE
VS
PERSONALITY
 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Personality Biological
determinants:
determinants,
(i) Body
also
build,
called
(ii)
physical
Physical

Development attractiveness, (iii) Homeostasis, (iv) Physical defects,

(v) Health conditions.

PSCYHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Several psychological factors tend to determine the
development of personality: (i) Intellectual
determinants, (ii) Emotional determinants, (iii) Self-
disclosure, (iv) Aspiration and achievements

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Under environmental determinants, the following four
sets of factors have been primarily emphasized: (I)
Social Acceptance, (ii) Social Deprivation, (iii)
Educational Factors, (iv) Family Determinants (v)
Emotional Climate of Home and Ordinal Position
Personality Development= Physical determinants ×
Psychological determinants
× Environmental determinants
 The Super Ego
-Societal & social norms that

Freudian Stages
serve as an ethical constraint on
behavior.
-The conscience.

The Ego
-Conscious and logical part of us.
The Id -Check Id through intellect and
reason.
-Instinctual needs (Hunger, thirst,
and sex)
Self Concept Theory
The self or self-concept as
an organized, consistent,
conceptual gestalt
composed of perceptions of
"I" or "Me."

I as the personal self or

one's belief in oneself.
Me as social self, The
Me.
 TRAIT
APPROACHES
TO
PERSONALITY
PER
S

ON
ALITY T
RA
IT
 Outgoing
Stylist

All of this
expresses the
personality
What is trait?
A trait is a distinguishing character
of a person:
It must be consistent, stable,
and vary from person to person.
It can be thought of as a
relatively stable characteristic
that causes individuals to
behave in certain ways.
 Type A
Impatient, aggressive, and
highly competitive.

Type B
Easy going, laid-back, and
non-competitive.
Raymond Cattell
 SURFACE TRAIT AND SOURCE
TRAIT

CONSTITUTIONAL AND
Trait ENVIRONMENTAL-MOLD TRAITS

ABILITY, TEMPERAMENT AND

DYNAMIC TRAITS
 Surface trait Source trait
Warmth
Kindness

Personality Honesty
Reasoning

Emotional
Helpfulness
stability
 SURFACE TRAIT AND SOURCE
TRAIT

CONSTITUTIONAL AND
Trait ENVIRONMENTAL-MOLD TRAITS

ABILITY, TEMPERAMENT AND

DYNAMIC TRAITS
Eysenck’s Type/
Trait Hierarchy
 THOUGHTS

Eysenck's
Hierarchy

TRAIT
HABIT
The psychodynamic perspective includes all the theories in
psychology that see human functioning based upon the
interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly
the unconscious factors and the interaction amongst the
different structures of personality.

Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic

theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes
all theories that were based on his ideas but modified by
Jung, Adler, Erikson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and
Sullivan.
SIGMUND FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
 Freud
Personality
Personality is made up
of three parts (i.e.
tripartite), the id, ego
All behavior has a and super-ego.
cause (usually
unconscious), even
Our behavior and slips of the tongue.
feelings as adults are Therefore all behavior
rooted in our is determined.
Our behaviour and childhood
feelings are powerfully experiences.
affected by unconscious
motives.
 Freud Parts of the unconscious

Personality mind (the id and superego)

are in constant conflict with
the conscious part of the
Thanatos (the aggressive drive
mind (the ego).
& death instinct). Both these
drives come from the “id”.
Eros (the sex drive &
life instinct) and

Personality is shaped as the drives are

Behavior is motivated by two
modified by different conflicts at
instinctual drives:
different
times in childhood (during psychosexual
development).
 Freud’s theory is
psychoanalytic, whereas the
term ‘psychodynamic’ refers
to both his theory and those
of his followers. Freud’s
psychoanalysis is both a
theory and a therapy.
Defense Mechanisms Anxiety comes from
realistic sources in the
Denial: I did not fail my exam it must be a mistake external world and
Repression: banishing old, bad memories conflict within one’s own
Regression: bring back the child in me mind. A common conflict
Reaction formation: Doing or thinking the opposite is when the id desires
something that the ego
Projection: Ascribing unwanted impulses to someone
and/or superego do not
else
agree with. An important
Rationalization: Finding a rational explanation for function of the ego is to
something you have done wrong. operate defense
Intellectualization: Turn the feeling into thought. mechanisms.
Displacement: Pressure release Psychological defenses
Sublimation: Transforming impulses into something are the way we deal with
constructive anxiety.
 LEARNING
THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Who you are
The learning theory of
personality presents a
model of personality that
emphasizes observable
behavior, the relationship
between stimuli and
responses, and the
impact of learning.
Assumption
Personality, like other learned behavior, is acquired
through classical and operant conditioning,
observational learning, reinforcement, extinction,
generalization, and discrimination.
Children can learn things like kindness, hostility,
generosity, or destructiveness.
PAVLOV: LEARNING Classical Conditioning
THEORY OF
PERSONALITY Conditioning has been defined as
a form of learning in which the
Studied in Leipzig with Carl capacity to elicit a response is
Ludwig
transferred from one stimulus to
In 1904 he received the
Nobel Prize for his work on
another.
the physiology of digestion.
Pavlov was a behaviorist.
B. F. SKINNER:
Emphasized some particular
LEANING THEORY OF
aspects of human nature like
PERSONALITY determinism, elementalism,
Other personality theorists
changeability, objectivity,
attempted to understand
reactivity, and knowability,
personality by studying
Rejected aspects like
groups, Skinner attempted
rationality-irrationality and
to develop general laws by
homeostasis-hemostasis
studying individual.
completely because he did not
Skinner was of the opinion
that behaviours of human consider the internal sources of
beings are predominantly human behavior important for
operant in nature. explaining behavior.
Operant Behaviour
Operant behavior is behavior “controlled” by its consequences.
Personality of an individual can be understood through the study of his
behavior.
Behavior can be distinguished into two types, viz.,
1. Respondent: behaviors elicited by the stimuli of the environment that are
well-known and can be identified easily. They are involuntary and
automatic if the stimuli are presented before the organism, the behavior
related to that stimuli will occur automatically. The organism has no
control over it.
2. Operant: behaviors that are not caused by any specific stimuli of the
environment.
who we really are as person
HUMANISTIC AND SELF THEORY

Focus on the entire person and emphasize

the view that persons are inherently good
with unique attributes for greatness
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are
known name.
 Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
felt that the existing (psychodynamic)
theories failed to adequately address
issues
such as the meaning of behavior, and the
nature of healthy growth.
 Most psychologists believe that behavior can only Humanists like
be understood objectively (by an impartial observer), Rogers argue that the
but humanists argue that this results in concluding meaning of behavior
that an individual is incapable of understanding their is essentially
own behavior—a view that they see as both personal and
paradoxical and dangerous to well-being. Humanistic approach's subjective
aim is to provide
Accepting this idea is not unscientific because, concepts and methods
for stimulating Maslow
ultimately, all individuals are subjective: what
learning, growth, and
makes science reliable is not that scientists development both in
term “the
are purely objective but that the nature of individual persons as Third
observed events can be agreed upon by well as in society,

different observers (a process Rogers calls

enhancing well-being Force”
and the overall quality
intersubjective verification). of life.
Hierarchy of Needs
CARL ROGER’S THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Thank You