Personality in psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud’s personality theory

Unconsciousness stems fro sexology drive and dominate in personality development.
Stages of psychosexual development help to understand the individual problems .
Psychological mechanisms of defense are the evidence of permanent struggle of Ego
between Id (sexual drives) and Super Ego-the process of socialization
 

 
.

 
Personality is a set of relatively long lasting behavioral +cognitive responses
+emotional attitudes ,that characterize how an individual function in the environment
and react to stimulus from it.
Personality theories are set of descriptions which explain in what way people develop, growing up
,socialize and function in the society as human being.
They try to answer to the main questions: nature or nurture develop the psyche and intelligence
What make people be constant in their behavior and mind?
What are the main structure component of personality?( struggle nature against nurture according
to Freud)
Among 5 main theories of personality developing are:

Psychoanalytic approach;
Traits and type theory;
Humanistic theory;
Behavioral and cognitive approach (learning theory);
Social-cultural determination theory .
Views on personality assessment in major psychological theories

Theory The main subject of Leading Examples of

interest in psychological authors
development
mechanisms
Psychodynamic Sexual desire, which Leading Lack of oral
theory(Z. Freud, breaks the way, pleasure on the
depending on the personality
K.Jung,K Khorni) mechanisms(repr stage creates low
frustration of the
obstacles(Id ession, self-esteem,
=sexual energy displacement, anorexia, bulimia;
+Ego+ Super Ego) denial…)Detector anal stage=greed
of lie ness
Theory of features Existence and Leading Types of temper
and types.( Most of disclosure of the personality Hippocrates,
extraversion-
psychologists or role of basic qualities, traits introversion, "Big
scientific group) personality traits might cause Five"
either crimes or
personality
success
 Views on personality assessment in major psychological
theories
Theory The main subject of Leading Examples of the
interest in psychological authors
development
mechanis

Theory of learning Factors influencing Behaviorism believes that Bat and gingerbread as
(Behaviorism different behavior from personality develops mechanisms for
outside, as well as through incentives and correcting behavior,
Cognition ) development of sanctions; The cognitive- media influence. The
consciousness, individual behavioral approach more violence on the
knowledge, skills draws attention to the screen, the more
impact of competence aggression in
and knowledge life(stimulus –response)

Humanistic-existential Human potential assumes Humanization of human Personal development

its values and needs, their needs and interests, determined self-
theory confidence, positive self-
importance in self- Finding the meaning of
realization life lead to self-realization esteem, satisfaction of
basic and social needs
of the Self development,
self-actualization
 Views on personality assessment in major psychological theories

The theory of Ethnicity, socio- The self- The behavior and

socio-cultural economic identity determination of self-
influence of the determines the a person, his / her determination of
environment way of lifestyle, recollection of the individual
depend on the
(the newest one traditions in activity is caused culture in which
in psychological upbringing, by archetypes of he or she is
science ) customs ,tastes ethnicity, civic brought up -
,family character identification collectivist or
individualistic,
female's or
male's
,authoritarian or
democratic
 Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939),
the father of psychoanalysis, spent much of his life developing
an
intricate theory of how the psyche, or mind, operates.
Central to Freud's theory, and perhaps his greatest
contribution
to psychology, is the knowledge that psyche consists of parts
that
are conscious, preconscious,
PSYCHODYNAMIC and unconsciou
approach :There ares many psychodynamic

personality theories, but they all originate from the thoughts of

Sigmund Freud. Each of these theories recognizes personality
processes as a dynamic struggle of motives. Such drives as sex,
aggression and a sense of superiority come into conflict with
social and legal norms or moral principles. At some point, these
norms are internalized, that is, they become part of ourselves.
From that moment on, the struggle of the cars became an internal
conflict. Individual behaviors, thoughts and emotions are the
result of this inner play of strength.
Psychosexual
development is the
process of forming
sexual self-awareness,
sexual role and
psychosexual
orientations.
Central element in the
psychoanalytic theory
sexual desire(libido).
According to
Freud, from birth a
person has a libido
that goes through
five phases of
individual
development .
ASSESSMENT OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC
APPROACH

Many critics pointed out that such

"psychic structures" as id, ego or
superego are too vague to be
scientifically dimensioned. They are
also not well suited to accurately
predict human behavior. They are
little more than poetic metaphors for
describing internal conflicts.
Most psychoanalytic personality and
development theories are accused of
phallus centrism .This criticism
refers to the views of, among others,
A.Freud, Erikson, Piaget and
Kohlberg.
 Conscious, presconscious and unconscious
 The consciousmind is what individual aware of at any
particular moment. It includes present perceptions,
memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you.
Presconscious (available memory) involves anything that
can easily be made conscious(the task of psychoanalytic
during the psychotherapy).It includes memories you are
not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to
mind.
Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts! The
largest part is the unconscious. It includes all the things
that are not easily available to awareness.According to
Freud, the unconscious is the source of our
motivations, whether they be simple desires for
food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives
 3 parts of personality
Freud believed that personality has three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Id According to Freud, the Id is the most primitive part of our psyche.
We are born with the id and it residues within the unconscious.
The id is driven by primitive animal instincts including sexual and aggressive impulses.
It functions according to the pleasure principle.

This seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize any discomfort.

So, it is demand to take care of needs immediately.

The id is illogical. It seeks pleasure without thought to what is practical, safe, or moral.
Freud argued that we are not aware of the id, but it influences our behavior.
\ Id is present from birth. He expresses physiological drives and remains completely unaware.

Freud described them as "chaos, a cauldron filled with wild

desires“
It requires immediate satisfaction of the instincts it contains
without regard for the law, social customs or the needs of
others.
 
 Ego
The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
The ego is governed by the principle of realism - it takes into
account
them. both id drives and practical possibilities of satisfying
The ego is called the “executive branch“ of personality because it makes decisions.
Freud posted that the ego is the second part of the psyche to develop.
The ego functions according to the reality principle because its job is to
gratify
the id in accord with reality.
Ego is responsible for taking care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is
found.
The ego, or that part of the psyche that is your sense of self, has a very
difficult job.
The ego stands for reason and rational ways to deal with frustration.
It reduces the appetite of id and leads to the formulation of plans in
accordance with social conventions, so that a
person can find satisfaction of their needs, while avoiding social
condemnation.
It is because of id that we know when we are hungry, but the ego decides
what to put in the microwave. It must satisfy both the id and superego!!!
 Superego
The superego is the Freudian structure of personality.It is “ the moral branch“ of personality
Superego develops from early childhood, usually including the moral standards of parents and
important
members of the community through identification.
“Superego works according to the principle of morality(father”s role).
During the life of the superego, he oversees the ego's intentions and judges what is good and what is
bad.
In the event of a negative verdict, he fills the ego with guilt and shame.
The superego takes into account whether something is right or wrong.
The last part of the psyche to develop is the superego.
At five or six years of age, we begin to learn about the norms, rules, and values of
society.
Freud argued that children internalize these rules to form the superego, which
functions as
a very strict conscience.
The superego operates according to the morality principle.
It seeks what is good and moral above all else. In that sense, Freud argued that it is just as illogical
as the id.
Like the ego, the superego functions on all levels of awareness.
There are two aspects to the superego: One is the conscience, which is an
internalization of punishments and warnings. The other is called the ego ideal. It
 Life instincts and the death instinct(Totem and
Taboo) =life instincts. These instincts perpetuate
(a) the life of the individual, by motivating him or
her to seek food and water, and (b) the life of the
species, by motivating him or her to have sex.
The motivational energy of these life instincts he
called  libido

Freud began to believe that "under" and

"beside" the life instincts there was
a death instinct.
He began to believe that every person has an
 The stages of psychosexual development
Freud aroused great controversy, arguing that a key factor in personality
development, even in early childhood, is libido as sexual desire, pleasure.
The sex drive is the most important motivating force.
Freud noted that, at different times in our lives, different parts of our skin give us
greatest pleasure :
The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The focus of
pleasure is, of course, the mouth. Sucking and biting are favorite
activities.
 
The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old.
The focus of pleasure is the anus. Holding it in and letting it go are
 The stages of psychosexual development  
The phallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or seven years
old. The focus of pleasure is the genitalia. Masturbation is common.
 
The latent stage lasts from five, six, or seven to puberty. During this
stage, Freud believed that the sexual impulse was suppressed in the
service of learning.
 
The genital stage begins at puberty, and represents the resurgence of the
sex drive in adolescence, and the more specific focusing of pleasure in
sexual intercourse. Freud felt that masturbation, oral sex, homosexuality,
and many other things we find acceptable in adulthood today, were
immature.
Stages of personality development
He proposed a 5 stage theory of personality also called
psychosexual development.
1) Oral stage : a new born instincts are focused on
the mouth, infants primary pleasure seeking
center. It is through the mouth that the baby
obtains food that produces hunger. The infant
achieves oral gratification through feeding,
thumb sucking, biting, etc. It is during these
early stages that peoples basic feeling about the
world and the self are established.
2) Anal stage : around ages 2 and 3 child learns to
respond to the demands of the society. One of the
demands made by the parents is to control the
bodily functions of urination and
defecation. This stage establishes the
basis for conflict btw the id and the ego.
3. Phallic stage : this stage focuses on the genitals. At ages 4 and 5 children begin to realize the
diff. btw males and females. They become aware of sexuality and sexual relationships btw the
parents. During this stage the male child experiences ‘Oedipus Complex’ which involves love for
mother and hostility towards father. A major developmental achievement of this stage is the
resolution of the Oedipus Complex. This takes place by accepting fathers relationship with
mother or rejecting as the starting point of homosexual inclinations-gay.
In ‘Electra Complex, a girl is attached to the father and a hostile behavior arises towards her mother.
In order to resolve this the girls have to give up their sexual desires for the father and identify
with their mother or rejecting as the starting point of homosexual inclinations-lesbian .
4) Latency Stage : this stage lasts for about 7yrs until
puberty.
In this the child continues to grow physically but sexual
urges are inactive.
Much of the child’s energies is channeled into social or
achievement related activities.

5) Genital Stage : in this stage, sexuality, fears and

repressed feelings are once again exhibited.
People learned to deal with members of opp. sex in a
socially and a matured way.
However if this stage is stressful then it causes fixation to
a early stage of development.
For ex: a boy who does not pass successfully through the
Phallic stage fails to reserve the Oedipal Complex and
may still feel hostile feeling to the opposite sex and
started to be homosexual.
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH in approving the self
Freud noted that people's way of seeing the world is largely due to their defense
mechanisms.
His list of defense mechanisms entered the everyday language, whether we attribute
these distortions to unconscious ego functions, our thinking about the world can be
distorted by fear and guilt.
The creators of the psychodynamic approach also proposed a number of
psychotherapy methods to discover such defense content in individual psyche
The states of self-dissatisfaction, anxiety, and worry that often arise in
man are, according to Freud and the neo- Freudian concepts, a subjective,
emotionally colored imprint of the struggle "ID" and "Super-I" in the
human mind.
Trying to get rid of these unpleasant emotional states,
a person with the help of "I" develops the so-called
protective, defense mechanisms
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH in approving the self

Freud compared man's self-consciousness to the tip of the

iceberg, believing that only a small part of what actually happens
in the human soul and characterizes it as a person is actually
realized by ID.
Only a small part of their actions a person is able to properly
understand and explain.
The main part of her experience and personality is
outside the realm of consciousness, and only special
procedures developed in psychoanalysis allow
penetration into consciousness.
Below are main of them:
Iceberg personality structure
 Psychological DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Definition EXAMPLES

1.Suppressing The removal of anxiety-generating ideas beyond

consciousness.
The student forgets about the deadline for submitting a difficult term paper.
Some men demonstrating severe homophobia have homophilia in sleep dreams

In contrast to the negation, which mostly refers to information coming from the outside,
the suppression concerns the blocking by the "I, Ego" from threats emanating from the "Super-I".
In this case, unpleasant confessions to oneself and the corresponding experiences seem to
be pushed out of the sphere of consciousness.
Known cases of seemingly unexplained forgetfulness, which are not accompanied by
severe mental disorders, are examples of active work of the unconscious mechanism of
silencing =prohibit or prevent from speaking during court procedure as confessions of
victim or testify as witness
The person undergoing the therapy forgets about the date of the meeting with the analyst at which
strongly anxiety-forming content is to be discussed(. memory about funeral of important others)
Mesmerism the therapeutic system of F. A. Mesmer for hypnosis for recovering.
 Psychological DEFENSE MECHANISMS
2.Replacing - the transfer of impulses from an obstructive or inappropriate object
to an object less obstructive.
The student, sharply criticized for his/he poor knowledge , returns to his/ her home and started to be
irrigative to relatives.
Replacement is expressed in the partial, indirect satisfaction of an
unacceptable motive in some morally acceptable way.( among the peoples with
external locus of control, among persons with maniacal symptom or histrionic
personalities )

If these and other protective mechanisms do not work, the dissatisfied impulses make
themselves felt in a coded, symbolic form, such as dreams, mistakes, reservations, jokes,
strange human behavior until the appearance of pathological abnormalities.
e.g. UNO session on Belarus-in general resolution was made a reservation about Ukraine instead Belarus
in the speech of general secretary
3.Denying - Refusal
to accept the real nature of the threat or negative state of
matters in his/her life or” important others “ .
Belief that you won't get cancer or heart, despite heavy smoking in large quantities – “It can't happen to
me. “
When reality is very unpleasant for a person, he /she“ closes his /her eyes" to it,
resorts to its existence or tries to reduce the seriousness of the threat to his/her
"Super-Ego".
One of the most common forms of such behavior is rejection, denial of criticism by
other people, and the assertion that what is being criticized does not really exist. In
some cases, such a denial plays a certain psychological protective role, for example,
when a person is really seriously ill, but does not accept, denies this fact.
Thus, she/he finds the strength to continue normally to function and the struggle for
usual life. However, most often denial prevents people from living and working, because
without acknowledging criticism, a person does not try to get rid of the flaws that
are subject to fair criticism for him or his children (using drugs-do not believing
parents; the accident with car catastrophe collision the car with fuel truck=4 charred corpses and the only
one with charred 50%of,whom had identified one woman as her son she was struggling for his life for 2
week serving him and the physicians and after loosing consciousness and recovering continued to call
mom …Who was this caregiver woman? ).
DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition EXAMPLES

4.Regression -return –usually in times of stress or difficult decision -

to the kind of preservation of current frustration state to the previous
childhood development stage.
Teenager bursts into tears when he is banned from using his
family car.
An adult becomes overly dependent in everyday function on his
or her relatives after a divorce.
There may be rocking up and forward, biting nails, crunching
fingers, tears in the eyes, facial expressions like a child,
looking, seeking for something tasty for a snack etc.
 DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition EXAMPLES

5.Rationalization - Self-examination and self explanation and changing the

motivation the behavior -by careful verification of one's own non-accepting
storage. (the most powerful mechanisms of keeping high self esteem) The student,
who had already not had missed exam because of instead preparation had spent
time in night club ,decided that omitting the class is a sign to prepare exam on more
higher level of knowledge

Effect of causal attribution= when we estimate ,analyze any behavior

,activity, event connected with of our relatives close friends, we are seeking some
positive reasonable explanation of their even misbehavior ,we feel empathy .
When we deal with some unfavorable events of hostile country ,groups of
people ,unpleasant people our explanation of the deeds will be more critical, less
objective in motivation on the unconscious level.
(Does it work during court procedure? Why relatives could no bear testimony? Why
lawyers ask the witnesses about their relationship with the person under court
procedure? )
 DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition EXAMPLES

5.Rationalization - It is a way of reasonably justifying any acts and

actions that are contrary to moral norms and cause concern.
The appeal to rationalization is characterized by the fact that the
justification of the act is usually already after it is done (during court
procedure).
The most typical methods of rationalization are:
a) justifying their inability to do anything by unwillingness to do so;
b) justification of the undesirable action by "objective" circumstances.
Adults justifiably estimate and explain their own activity , unfair able lifestyle,
goings-on saying that "everyone does that.“
 DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition. EXAMPLES

6.Sublimation -The transformation of a primitive impulse into some

constructive activity: science, art, social ,political.
Someone paints nudes because of their "beauty" or "art."
A person with a tendency to be hostile becomes a policeman.
A person wit necrophilia choose the work place in mortuary

Sublimation in intellectualization is a kind of attempt to get

away from an emotionally threatening situation by detaching
it in abstract intellectualized terms and activities.
S. Freud had wrote a book about Leonardo Da Vinci ,where he had analyzed
the most prominent his inventions from the point view of sublimation
Leonardo's homosexuality.
 DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition. EXAMPLES

7.Projection = Prescribing one's own non-accepting impulses to

others.
Women who actively discussed rumors and very much interesting in some private
matters of the girl-friends typically have a lot of problems in their relations with the
opposite sex. A person frustrated sexually interprets an innocent gesture very abase
sexual.
Projection demonstrate a lot of people as, all people have undesirable personality
traits and personality traits which they are reluctant to recognize, and more often
refuse than not, or do not recognize at all.
The mechanism of projection manifests itself in the fact that a person
unconsciously attributes his own negative qualities to another person,
and, as a rule, in an exaggerated form and condemnation
The more individual had stuck on some specific problems of the others,
the larger probability of the problem's presentation in her or his own life
span.
 DEFENSE MECHANISM. Definition. EXAMPLES

8. Formation opposing reaction- A person demonstrates behaviors

inverse to their own real impulses in order to displace them.
A person angry with a person behaves in a "sweet" way towards him.
A person with sadistic tendencies becomes a kind hearted surgeon.
Woman who constantly irritated by the dog in her flat, decided to put animal to sleep when animal started
to be old. From that time she started to be very kind to her animal.
Formation of reactions for the opposite is wide spread in individual behavior.
Mostly people are not conscious of such changing demonstrating
emotions and behavior , hide from themselves the motives of their own
changings . (e .g. Sexual maniac helps the aped victim to restore the sighs of her
resistance)
They do not analyze and reflect them, silencing them through a particularly
pronounced and consciously supported motive of the opposite type.
E.G. unconscious hostility to a child may be expressed by teacher in deliberate attention to youngster.
This trend is called "reaction formation“ as psychological defense mechanism .
 Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
  best known for his theory of the
collective unconscious
(archetypes –common and specified
for nation,national group ).
It says that people are all connected beneath
the conscious level.
He is also widely known for his concepts of
(1) Introversion and Extroversion,
and
(2) his theory of personality types.
Jung is also known for his dream theories

In contemporary times study of

genetic code as the nucleotide triplets of
DNA and RNA molecules that carry
genetic information in living cells.
Carl Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and a
participant in the inner circle of Freud's collaborators. He
proposed his own psychodynamic theory, or
analytical psychology.
He thought that man not only has an individual unconsciousness
containing repressed memories and impulses,
but also inherits the collective unconsciousness,
which contains the original images, or archetypes, expressing
the history of our species.
Examples of archetypes are the image of the almighty God,
young hero, fertile and protective mother, old sage, envious
brother, and even a good fairy, evil witches, and threads of
rebirth and resurrection.
Archetypes remain unconscious in themselves,
although Jung believed that they affect our
thoughts and emotions and shape our reactions to
various threads encountered in literature or
movies.
 Anima and Animus are the idea of ​oneself as a
man or a woman, brought to the unconscious as
undesirable for a given individual.
Anima (for men) usually has a feminist meaning,
and Animus (for women) has a masculine meaning.

"Every man," writes Jung, "carries

in himself the eternal image of a
woman - not one or another
particular woman, but the image
of a woman as such.
This image is the imprint, or archetype, of all the
ancestral experience of femininity, the treasury of
all the impressions that women have ever made.

Because this image is unconscious, it is always

just as unconsciously projected on the beloved
woman, it is one of the main bases of attraction and
repulsion.
 Anima and Animus are the oldest archetypes
that have a great influence on the behavior of
the individual.
The self is the archetype of the integrity
of the individual, the self unites the conscious and
the unconscious, which complement each other to
integrity.
According to Jung, the self means the whole
personality. But the whole personality of man is
indescribable, because his unconscious cannot be
described.
Jung's analytical psychotherapy is based on a
person's ability to self-knowledge and self-
development, on the merging of his conscious and
unconscious (process of individuation),
which, according to Jung, allows the self to
become the center of personality,
which in turn helps the individual to achieve
self-realization.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) claimed that the main motivating factor for
human actions is the inferiority complex. In some people, feelings
of inferiority may be due to physical deficiencies and the need to
compensate for them. Adler thought, that people all suffer from a
sense of inferiority, because as children we are small, and this feeling
creates a drive for compensation.
Because each individual has its own unique potential, Adler's concept
is called individual psychology oriented on self improving(self-
growth is the heritage of humanistic approach. Adler emphasized
the importance of equality in preventing various forms of
psychopathology, and espoused the development of social interest
and democratic family structures for raising children Adler was
pragmatic and believed that lay people could make practical use of
the insights of psychology. Adler was also an early supporter of
feminism in psychology and the social world, believing that
feelings of superiority and inferiority were often gendered and
expressed symptomatically in characteristic masculine and
feminine styles. .
.
Types of individuals
The Getting or Leaning - sensitive people who have developed a
shell around themselves which protects them, but they must rely
on others to carry them through life's difficulties. When
overwhelmed, they develop what we typically think of as neurotic
symptoms: phobias, obsessions and compulsions, general anxiety,
hysteria,
The Avoiding types are those that hate being defeated. They may
be successful, but have not taken any risks getting there. They are
likely to have low social contact in fear of rejection or defeat in
any way.
The Ruling or Dominant type strive for power and are willing to
manipulate situations and people, anything to get their way.
People of this type are also prone to anti-social behavior.
The Socially Useful types are those who are very outgoing and
very active. They have a lot of social contact and strive to make
changes for the good.
These 'types' are typically formed in childhood and are
expressions of the Style of Life.

The importance of memories, on birth order….

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one
of the most popular and influential theories of
development. While his theory was impacted by
psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work, Erikson's theory
centered on psychosocial development
Erikson was interested in how social interaction and
relationships played a role in the development and growth
of human beings.

Conflict During Each Stage(in contemporary

psychology-crises
Each stage in Erikson's theory builds on the preceding
stages and paves the way for following periods of
development. In each stage, Erikson believed people
experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in
development.
 Stages of psychosocial development.
For example, the first stage of psychosocial development is
called the stage of trust / distrust, because it can result in one
of two results.
According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to
achieve ego identity, not genital sexuality.
It's not the sexual interests that matter, but who we consider
ourselves and what we stand for.

That is the reason why psychoanalysis is so

popular!
Stages of psychosocial development according to
supplementing the Freudian
Erikson -
concept of psychosexual development
The description of human
development is extended to the entire life cycle.
He distinguishes eight stages of psychosocial
development and the specific implications for each of
them, affecting the experiences in subsequent stages
as an intense influence on the future development of
personality. The Eriksson stages include:
It results in an optimistic, trusting attitude or
pessimism combined with a lack of confidence in
oneself and the environment(children from orphans)
Conflicts between trust and primary distrust. Oral-sensory phase,
infancy.

A newborn baby is totally dependent on his guardians.

Achieving a sense of trust is an indicator of the correct process of
adaptation.

Signs of child confidence: depth of sleep, ease of food intake and

excretion.

Trust is also expressed in its cognitive activity - it explores the

world exposing itself to unpleasant sensations and expecting
pleasant ones.

Teething - a critical moment in shaping trust; masochistic

tendencies may then be shaped (seeking relief of pleasure in
hurting yourself).
 
Autonomy stage vs. shame and uncertainty, lasting between two and three
years of age. It
results in the ability to make decisions and
control one's will and behavior, or a sense of shame
combined with oversensitivity, an overly developed
conscience or tenacity.
Muscle-anal phase, early childhood:
o The child learns to control his body.
o It begins to differentiate its own internal states and control them, it becomes
more independent.
o A sense of self-autonomy is born out of a sense of self-control.
o Loss of self-control causes shame and self-doubt.
o The feeling of shame defines Erikson as a reaction to a situation in which a
person is viewed by others when he does not feel ready to be viewed. Feeling
ashamed can cause hostility to oneself, one wants to be invisible, decrease or
disappear.
o Doubting in your own autonomy - loss of self-control or excessive parental
control.
o Consequences of the conflict related to the formation of a sense of autonomy:
excessive, obsessive tendency to self-control and self-manipulation (obsessive-
compulsive disorder), paranoid fears, persecution delusions.
 
Initiative stage vs. guilt lasting between 4 and 5 years of age. It
results in a positive approach to competition, targeted
action and achieving goals, or a sense of guilt about your
own achievements or plans
Conflict between initiative and guilt. Locomotion and genital
phase, age of play:
o The child, under the influence of the environment, perceives the
tempting possibilities of "conquering the world", develops the
ability to observe and direct himself, shows initiative in action.
o A child's own autonomous behavior collides with the
autonomous behavior of other people. There is a conflict of
interest, the child loses. There is frustration, guilt and a desire to
withdraw from the activity.
o The child differentiates people according to sex, identifies with
the same-sex parent and competes with him for the feeling of
adored parent of the opposite sex. Failure leads to guilt and fear
of punishment.
o The child undertakes non-conflicting initiatives - using tools,
toys, caring for younger children.
o The pathological solution to the crisis is expressed in hysterical
repression of one's desires and drives.
 
4.Diligence stage vs. feelings of inferiority, (school age)
lasting in the latency phase. It results in the joy of the In this phase, fun gives way to learning,
work done and the ability to engage in creative activity, the child learns diligence. Awarded for
or the belief that it is impossible to finish work combined this, he derives satisfaction from
perseverance and diligence.
with a sense of inferiority=
If attention is paid to what the child
The crisis between productivity and a sense of inferiority
produces, a sense of diligence arises.
Latency phase:
Thanks to diligent work, the child
o The child enjoys using tools, learns to use symbols, trains
achieves a sense of competence and a
perseverance and patience.
further stage of professionalism.
o Failure and loss of status in a group evokes a sense of
Learning to grow up is not just about
inferiority and makes it difficult to identify with the group in
schooling. It is equally important to
which one worked.
introduce a child to household chores,
o The course of development in this phase determines the
sports activities and team games.
subsequent attitude towards work, to the people with whom you
Criticism and ridicule gives birth to a
work and the ability to succeed.
sense of inferiority in him, which can
o Maladjustment may consist in the inability to identify with the
significantly hinder the free exercise of
group and work, a sense of inferiority or self-limitation and
his dexterity and intelligence.
such a tightening of horizons that it does not fit anything
 
 5. Identity vs. confusion of identity (puberty transition from
childhood to adulthood,)
Adolescence is a time of shaping your own identity.
Man already knows that he is a one-of-a-kind person with specific
traits, skills and goals: begins to make career plans. It is a
difficult period of in many fields - physical, mental
and social. Sometimes they do not feel ready to make
important decisions, they can feel emptiness, chaos.
In confusion of identity, when he does not quite
know what roles to play, behavior is often
unpredictable and inconsistent. This is stages of
shaping a stable identity.
Crisis between identity and role diffusion. Blooming and
growing up.
o Rapid physical and physiological changes cause the
image of "I" to be shaken and the need to
confront what is thought about oneself with the ideas
that others have about man.
o 
5. Identity vs. confusion of identity (puberty transition from childhood to adulthood,)
o The most important tasks include choosing a profession and sexual partner.
Factors related to identity formation:
 Development of the time perspective - the ability to perceive one's life as running and limited in time.
 Confidence that you are yourself.
 Trying out roles.
 Anticipating success - allows you to determine your professional identity.
 Sexual identification.
 Leadership polarization - the
ability to submit to a leader and be a leader.
 Ideological polarization - determination of one's ideological affiliation.
o An unresolved conflict over identity is expressed in a sense of dispersion of the
roles it takes, in a dispersion of identity
o The most common manifestation of maladjustment is the inability to identify
with the profession, negative identities may also appear - determination by
negating positive expectations and social values ​(may be expressed in criminal
form, etc.).
 
Closeness stage vs. isolation, lasting during early adulthood
during early adulthood. It results in the ability
to absolutely engage in a relationship or work or a tendency
to be in a shallow relationship or to avoid professional obligations
to be in a shallow relationship or to avoid professional obligations5. Crisis between identity and role diffusion
Blossoming and growing up.
o Rapid physical and physiological changes cause the image of "I" to be shaken and the need to confront what is
thought about oneself with the ideas that others have about man.
o The most important tasks include choosing a profession and sexual partner.
o A sense of identity is formed - you are someone defined both in your own eyes and in the eyes of other people
o Factors related to identity formation:
 Development of the time perspective - the ability to perceive one's life as running and limited in time.
 Confidence that you are yourself.
 Trying out roles.
 Anticipating success - allows you to determine your professional identity.
 Sexual identification.
 Leadership polarization - the ability to submit to a leader and be a leader.
 Ideological polarization - determination of one's ideological affiliation.
o An unresolved conflict over identity is expressed in a sense of dispersion of the roles it takes, in a dispersion of
identity
o The most common manifestation of maladjustment is the inability to identify with the profession, negative identities
may also appear - determination by negating positive expectations and social values ​(may be expressed in criminal
form, etc.).
6.Closeness stage vs. isolation,
lasting during early adulthood
during early adulthood. It results in the ability
to absolutely engage in a relationship or work or a tendency
to be in a shallow relationship or to avoid professional obligations
At this stage of development, a young person is looking for
relationships, partnerships where he can realize his sexuality
with a person who loves and trusts. The danger is isolation
understood as avoiding relationships and unwillingness to
establish a close relationship. At this age, love appears as the
ability to care for others. All the achievements of this and
previous stages help create relationships to be able to raise
children and fulfill social roles.
. Conflict between intimacy and isolation]
• youth.
o Intimacy evokes fear because it is connected with the danger
of losing the sense of self in contact with a partner.
o This fear leads to a sense of isolation and avoiding
relationships that require intimacy.
o Achieving intimacy in marriage is also preparing the
foundations for healthy development of offspring.
7.The stage of ability to creative
action vs. stagnation, lasting during
adulthood. It results in full involvement in work
and relationships or inability to engage in them
 
It is a period in which we are interested in
what we create - children, products, ideas, as
well as passing them on to future generations
(e.g. teaching). If the ability to create is weak,
there is emptiness, a sense of impoverishment
and stagnation. Teaching enables the survival
of culture and society, but also shows people
that they are needed by others, which protects
against excessive self-absorption.
8.Integration stage vs. despair, lasting from later years
until death. It can result in a sense of completeness and satisfaction
with your own life or fear of death, combined with a bitter
assessment of your own biography.
The conflict between ego integrity and despair
Maturity.
o The integrity of the ego is based on the acceptance of humanity
and the acceptance of its own existence as necessary and unique.
o If a man is unable to accept his current life, he is also unable to
accept the fact of the finality of his existence. He would like to
start all over again, but he knows that life is too short. Despair and
fear of death are born.

In this stage, after experiencing previous stages, man can reap the fruits of his life. He experiences that his life
has a purpose and meaning. Although he knows that others may have different lifestyles, he follows his own.
Despair is despair, when one sees the change of fate, the fragility of life. It intensifies the fear of death.
Wisdom is born from the clash between despair and integrity, sense and meaninglessness. Erikson describes
her as an impartial interest in life itself, in the face of death itself. During this period, a person can experience
a sense of fullness and pass it on to others, which alleviates the feeling of despair and helplessness that
appears at the end of life.
Man's identity is shaped throughout his life, but the most important and crucial moment in the process of
identity formation is the period of growing up, especially his second phase around 16-20 years of age.
 
Karen Horney: optimism
Adopted a more optimistic view of human life with emphasis on human growth and self
actualization.
She said each sex has attributes to be admired by the other and neither sex can
be viewed as superior or inferior.
Women were more likely to be affected by social or cultural factors than biological
factors.
If parents behavior towards a child is diff. discouraging and erratic, the child feels
insecure and a feeling called basic anxiety results.