EE3706 - Chapter 8 - Second Order Circuits

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
Chapter 8: Second-order Circuits
I. Introduction.
II. Finding initial and final values.
III. The source free series/parallel RLC circuits.
IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuits.
V. General second-order circuits.
VI. Applications.
1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2019
Chapter 8: Second-order circuits
I. Introduction
 In the previous chapter, we considered circuits with a single storage element (C
or L). Such circuits are first-order because the differential equations describing
them are first-order.
 In this chapter, we will consider circuits containing two storage elements (known
as second-order circuits).
 A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation. It
consists of resistors and the equivalent of 02 energy storage elements.
 There are three kinds of second-order circuits: L
 Two storage elements of different type: L and C Vs

R
 Two storage elements of one type: L or C C
 An op amp circuit with 02 storage elements

Series RLC circuit
2
I. Introduction
R1 R2
 The analysis of second-order will be similar to that Vs L1 L2
used for first-order:

RL circuit
 First, consider circuits that are excited by the initial R
conditions of the storage elements  source free C1 C1

Vs
circuits give natural responses.
RC circuit
C2
 Second, with independent sources,
circuits will give both the nature R2 R1 4
7
response and the forced response. 3
C1
Vs
Op amp with 2 storage element

3
II. Finding initial and final values

 The major problem in handing second-order circuits is finding the initial and final
conditions on circuits variables:
 Easy to get the initial and final values of v and i
 Difficulte to find the initial values of their derivatives: dv/dt, di/dt
 02 key points in determining the initial conditions:

 First, carefully handle the polarity of voltage vC(t), and the directions of iL(t)
 Second, keep in mind that vC(t), iL(t) are always continuous:
VC (0)  VC (0) ; i L (0)  i L (0)

where:
t = 0: the time that the switching event takes place
t = -0: the time just before a switching event
t = +0: the time just after a switching event
4
II. Finding initial and final values R1

L
4Ω 0,25H
i
Ex 8.1: The switch has been closed for a long time, and t =0
+
C1
opens at t = 0. Find i(+0), v(+0), di(+0)/dt, dv(+0)/dt, i(∞), 12V v
0,1F
v(∞) 2Ω
R2 -
 t = -0: The circuit has reached DC steady state, so L acts

i L
like a short circuit, C acts like an open circuit R1
0,25H
4Ω
+ vL -
12
i (0)   2 A, v(0)  2.i (0)  4V C1 +
R1  R2 v
12V 0,1F
-
 As vC(t) and iL(t) cannot change abruptly
vC ( 0)  vC ( 0)  4V ; i L ( 0)  i L ( 0)  2 A
5
II. Finding initial and final values R1

L
4Ω 0,25H
Ex 8.1: The switch has been closed for a long time, and i t =0
+
opens at t = 0. Find i(+0), v(+0), di(+0)/dt, dv(+0)/dt, i(∞), 12V
C1
v
0,1F
v(∞) 2Ω
R2 -
dvC dv (0) iC ( 0) 2
 t = +0: iC  C  C    20V / s
dt dt C 0,1
i L
R1
 Applying KVL: 0,25H
4Ω
+ vL -
12  4i (0)  vL (0)  vC (0)  0  vL (0)  0 C1 +
v
di (0) vL (0) 12V 0,1F
-
   0A / s
dt L
 t > 0: the circuit undergoes transience
 t > ∞: Circuit reaches steady state again: i ()  0A, v()  12V
6
II. Finding initial and final values a R2 b
4Ω +
Ex 8.2: Find iL(+0), vC(+0), vR(+0), diL(+0)/dt, + v0 -
3u(t)A + C1 vC
dvC(+0)/dt, iL(∞), vC(∞), vR(∞) -
vR R1 0,5F L
2Ω
-
 For t = < 0 : 3.u(t) =0 0,6H
20V
iL
 At t = -0: Circuit has reached steady state
i L (0)  0, vR(0)  0, vC (0)  20V
 For t > 0: 3.u(t) = 3. Since iL and uC cannot change abruptly
i L (0)  i L (0)  0, vC (0)  vC (0)  20V
vR(0) v0 (0)
 Apply KCL at node a: 3   vR(0)  v0 (0)  4V
R1 R2
 Apply KVL to the middle mesh:
vC ( 0) 20V
vR( 0)  v0 (0)  vC ( 0)  20  0   vR(0)  v0 ( 0)
7
II. Finding initial and final values a R2 b
4Ω +
Ex 8.2: Find iL(+0), vC(+0), vR(+0), diL(+0)/dt, + v0 -
3u(t)A + C1 vC +
dvC(+0)/dt, iL(∞), vC(∞), vR(∞) -
vR R1 0,5F
vL
L
2Ω
di L (0) vL (0) -
 Since L.diL/dt = vL   0,6H
-
dt L 20V
iL
 Applying KVL in the right mesh gives:

di L (0)
vL (0)  vC (0)  20  20  20  0  0
dt
v0 (0) v0 ( 0)  4
 Apply KCL at node b:  iC (0)  i L (0) i L ( 0)  0
 i C (0)  1A
R2
dvC (0) iC (0) 1
    2V / s
dt C 0,5
 Apply KCL to node a, and taking the derivative of each term and setting t = +0:
vR v0 dvR(0) dv0 (0)
3  0 2 
R1 R2 dt dt
8
III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

III.1. The source-free series RLC circuit
 An understanding of the natural response of the series RLC circuit is a
necessary background for future studies in filter design and communications
networks. R L
 Consider the series RLC circuit that is excited by the I0 +

i V0 C
-
energy initially stored V0, and I0.
0
1
 At t = 0: v(0)  
C 
idt  V0 , i (0)  I 0
t
di 1 d2i R di 1
 Applying KVL to the loop: Ri  L   idt  0  2   i 0
dt C  dt L dt LC
 To solve a second-order differential equation it requires 02 initial conditions:
 i(+0) and i’(+0), or
 i(+0) and v(+0)

9

di (0) di (0) 1
 First, we find i’(+0): Ri (0)  L  V0  0     RI 0  V0 
dt dt L
R L
 The solution of the second-order equation is: i  A.e
st
I0 +
i V0 C
 Substituting the solution into the equation has: -
AR st A st
As2est  se  e 0  2
L LC R  R 1 R
s1    
 2L  LC     2
 0
2
 
st  2 R 1   2L   2L
 Ae  s  s   0 

 L LC 1
  2
R  R 1 0 
s 
characteristice equation
  1 
 2L  LC     2
 0
2
LC
 2L  
 roots s1 and s2 are called natural frequencies [Np/s]
 ɷ0 : resonant frequency (un-damped natural frequency, or damping factor)
10

R L
I0 +
i V0 C
 s     2   2 R 1 -
1 0  , 0 
 2L LC
 s2     2  02
 There are three types of solutions:

 If α > ω0: over damped case
 If α = ω0: critically damped case
 If α < ω0: under damped case
 02 values of s show that there are 02 possible solutions for i

i1  A1.es1t , i2  A2 .es2t  i (t )  A1.es1t  A2 .es2t
A1, A2 are determined from the initial values i(0) and di(0)/dt.
11

 Over damped case α > ω0  s1 and s2 are negative and real.
i (t )  A1.es1t  A2 .es2t
A typical over damped
response
Response decays and approaches zero as t increases.
 Critically damped case α = ω0
i (t )  ( A1.t  A2 ).e t
Response reaches a maximum value at t = 1/α, and then

A typical critically damped
decays all the way to zero. response
12

 Under damped case α < ω0:
 s      2   2     j
1 0 d ωd: damped natural frequency

 s2     02   2     jd ω0: un-damped natural frequencies

The natural response is:
i (t )  e t  B1 cosd t  B2 sin d t 
A typical under damped response
 The natural response is exponentially damped and oscillatory in nature.
 The response has a time constant of 1/α and a period of T = 2π/ωd

13

 Notes:
 Damping effect is due to the presence of R
 Damping factor α determines the rate at which the response is damped:
 α = 0: having LC circuit with 1/ LC as the un-damped natural frequency
 α < ω0: response is not only damped but also oscillatory.
 By adjusting R, response may be made un-damped, over damped, critically

damped, or under damped.
 Oscillatory response is possible due to the presence of L, C: They allows

the flow of energy back and forth.
 The critically damped case is the borderline between the under damped and
over damped cases.
14
III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit R1 t=0 R3 6Ω
4Ω +
III.1. The source-free series RLC circuit i
C1 v
Ex 8.3: Find i(t) in the circuit. Assume that the circuit
0,02F -
10V L
R2 0,5H
has reached steady state at t = -0. 3Ω
10
 For t < 0: i (0)   1A ; v(0)  i .R3  6V
R1  R3
 For t > 0: Source – free series RLC circuit
 The roots:
Req 9 1
   9, 0   10, s1,2     2  02  9  j 4,359
2L 2.0,5 LC
 The response is under damped: i (t )  e  A1 cos4,359t  A2 sin 4,359t 

9t
15
III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit v
III.2. The source-free parallel RLC circuit +

C
t 2 R V0
v 1 dv d v 1 dv 1 I0 -
 Applying KCL:   vdt  C  0  2   v0 L
R L  dt dt RC dt LC
1 1
s2  s 0
RC LC
1

1  1  1
2
2RC
 s1,2           2
 0
2
1
2RC  2RC  RC 0 
LC
 Over damped (  0 ) : v(t )  A1e 1  A2e 2
st st
A1, 2: determine
from the initial
 Critically damped (  0 ) : v(t )  ( A1  A2t )e
 t
conditions: v(0),
 Under damped (  0 ) : s1,2    j d , d    
2 2
0 dv(0)/dt
v(t )  e t  A1 cosd t  A2 sin d t 
16

i
R1 L
III.2. The source-free parallel RLC circuit 0,4H
30Ω t=0 C +v
R2
Ex 8.4: Find v(t) for t > 0 in the RLC circuit 40V S? 50Ω 20uF -
 When t < 0: The switch is opened.

R2 40
v(0)  40  25V, i (0)    0,5A
R1  R2 R1  R2
 At t = 0: Applying the KCL gives:
0
v(0) 1 dv(0) v(0) dv(0)
  vdt  C  0  i (0)  C 0
R L  dt R dt
dv(0) v(0)  Ri (0) 25  50.0,5

   6
0
dt RC 50.20.10
17
i
III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit R1 L
0,4H
30Ω t=0 C +
III.2. The source-free parallel RLC circuit R2 v
40V S? 50Ω 20uF -
Ex 8.4: Find v(t) for t > 0 in the RLC circuit
1 1
 When t > 0: The switch is closed.    500, 0   354
2RC LC
 s1  854
s1,2        
2 2
0  v(t )  A1e854t  A2e146t
s2  146
 v(0)  A1  A2  25
  A  5,16
At t = 0:  dv(0)  1
 dt  854 A1  146A2  0  A2  30,16
 The complete solution:

v(t )  5,16e854t  30,16e146t V
18
i
IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit t=0
R L
i
IV.1. Step response of a series RLC circuit +C

Vs
50Ω v
-
 For t > 0: Applying KVL around the loop
 di 2
L
 dt  Ri  v  V d v R dv v Vs
S
   vn(t): natural response
  dt 2 L dt LC LC
 dv vf(t): forced response
i C v(t )  vn (t )  v f (t )
 dt
 Over damped: v(t )  VS  A1es1t  A2es2t A1, 2: determine

from the initial
 Critically damped: v(t )  VS   A1  A2t  e
 t
conditions: v(0),
 Under damped: v(t )  VS   A1 cosd t  A2 sin d t  e t dv(0)/dt
19
IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit R1 i L

t=0
IV.1. Step response of a series RLC circuit 1H
C +
24V v R2
1Ω
Ex 8.5: Find v(t) and i(t) for t > 0 in the case of the 0,5F -
different values of R1 = 5Ω, 4Ω, 1Ω
 R1
 R1 = 5Ω     2,5
24 2 L
 For t = 0: i (0)   4 A, v(0)  1.i (0)  4V  
R1  R2 0  1  2
 s1  1  LC
 s1,2      0  
2 2
s2  4
t 4t t 4t
 For t > 0: v(t )  v f  A1e  A2e  24  A1e  A2e
 At t = 0: v(0)  24  A1  A2  4  A1  A2  20
dv(t )
i (t )  C  C   A1e t  4 A2e4t   i (0)  C   A1  4 A2   4
dt
4 dv 4

 v(t )  24  16e t  e4t V
3
 
 i (t )  C  4e t  e4t A
dt 3

20

t=0
C +
24V v R2
1Ω
 R1
 R1 = 4Ω
   2
24 2L
 For t = 0: i (0)   4,5A; v(0)  1.i (0)  4,5V  
R1  R2 0  1  2
 LC
2t 2t
 For t > 0: v(t )  v f  ( A1  A2t )e  24  ( A1  A2t )e
 At t = 0: v(0)  24  A1  4,5  A1  19,5
dv(t )
i (t )  C  C  2 A1  2tA2  A2  e2t  i (0)  C  2 A1  A2   4,5  A2  57
dt
dv
 v(t )  24   19,5  57t  e2t V  i (t )  C   4,5  28,5t  e2t A
dt
21

t=0
C +
24V v R2
1Ω
 R1
 R1 = 1Ω
    0,5
24 2L
 For t = 0: i (0)   12 A; v(0)  1.i (0)  12V  
R1  R2 0  1  2
 LC
 s1,2     2  02  0,5  j1,936
0,5t
 For t > 0: v(t )  24  ( A1 cos1,936t  A2 sin1,936t )e
 At t = 0: v(0)  24  A1  12  A1  12
dv(t )
 e0,5t (1,936 A1 sin1,936t  1,936 A2 cos1,936t )  0,5e0,5t  A1 cos1,936t  A2 sin1,936t 
dt
dv (0) i (0)
  1,936 A2  0,5 A1   24  A2  9,3
dt C
v(t )  24  (9,3sin 0t  12 cos 0t )e 0,5tV i (t )  (18,582sin 0t  24 cos 0t )e 0,5t A
22
IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit i

+C
IV.2. Step response of a parallel RLC circuit R L V
IS
t=0
-
 Applying KCL at the top node for t > 0
di 2
v dv v L d i 1 di i I
 i  C  I S  dt
 2   S
R dt dt RC dt RC LC
i n (t ) : natural response
 i (t )  i n (t )  i f (t )
i f (t ) : forced response
A1, 2: determine from
 Over damped: i (t )  I S  A1es1t  A2es2t
the initial conditions:
 Critically damped: i (t )  I S   A1  A2t  e i(0), di(0)/dt

 t
 Under damped: i (t )  I S   A1 cosd t  A2 sin d t  e t
23
IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit t=0 R2 20Ω

i iR
IV.2. Step response of a parallel RLC circuit +
C
L R1 V
Ex 8.6: Find i(t), iR(t) for t > 0 20H
20Ω 8mF -
4A 30u(-t)V
i (0)  4 A

 For t < 0:  R1 di (0) v(0)
 v (0)  30  15V    0,75
 R1  R2 dt L
R1 R2
 For t > 0: We have a parallel RCL circuit with current source R   10
R1  R2
1
  6,25
2RC  s1  11,978
 s1,2      0  
2 2
 i (t )  I f  A1e11,978t  A2e0,5218t
0 
1
 2,5 s2  0,5218
LC
 i (0)  4  4  A1  A2  A1   A2
  A1  0.0655
 At t = 0:  di (0) 
 dt  11,978A1  0,5218A2  0,75  A2  0.0655
1 di
i (t )  4  0.0655(e0.5218t  e11.978t ) A i R(t )  L  0,785e11,978t  0,0342e0,5218t A
20 dt 24
V. General second order circuits

 Give a second order circuit, the step response x(t) (current or voltage) can be
determined by taking the following 5 steps:
 Determine the initial conditions x(0) and dx(0)/dt and the final value x(∞)
 Find the natural response xn(t) (with 2 unknown constants) by turning off
independent sources and applying KCL and KVL.
 Obtain the forced response as: xf(t) = x(∞)
 The total response is the sum of the natural response and forced response
x(t) = xn(t) + xf(t)
 Determine the 2 unknown constants by imposing the initial conditions x(0)

and dx(0)/dt.
25
L R1
V. General second order circuits 1H
i 4Ω R2
Ex 8.7: Find the complete response v and i for t > 0. 2Ω
12V C
 Find the initial and final values:
0,5F
v(0)  12V v(0)  v(0)  12V t=0
 
i (0)  0  i (0)  i (0)  0
Applying KCL:
v(0) dv(0) i C (0)
i (0)  iC (0)   iC (0)  6A    12V / s
R2 dt C
12
i ( )   2 A, v( )  2.i ()  4V  v f (t )
R1  R2
 Find the natural response: Turn off the voltage source, and apply KCL, KVL
 v dv
 Ri   C d 2v dv
dt  5  6v  0

2
 dt 2
dt  vn (t )  Ae2t  Be3t
4i  L di  v  0 s2  5s  6  0
 dt
26
L R1
V. General second order circuits 1H
i 4Ω R2
2Ω
Ex 8.7: Find the complete response v and i for t > 0. 12V C
0,5F
 The complete response is: t=0
v(t )  vn (t )  v f (t )  4  A.e2t  B.e3t
 Imposing the initial condition gives:
A B  8
  A  12
 dv(0)    v(t )  4  12e2t  4e3t V, t  0
 dt   2 A  3B   12  B  4
v dv
i  C  2  6e2t  2e3t  12e2t  6e3t  2  6e2t  4e3t A, t  0
R2 dt
27
V. General second order circuits L1 R1

0,5H 3Ω
Ex 8.8: Find v0(t) for t > 0 7u(t)V
+ R2
L2
0,2H
i1 V0 i2
1Ω
 Obtain the initial and final values of 2 currents -
For t  0 : 7u(t )  0  i1 (0)  0  i2 (0)
i1(0)  i1(0)  0, i 2 (0)  i2 (0)  0

vL 2 (0)  v0 (0)  R2 i1 (0)  i2 (0)  0
 Applying KVL to the left loop at t = +0 di1 (0) vL1

  14V / s
dt L1
7  Ri1 1(0)  vL1(0)  v0 (0)  vL1 (0)  7V 
di2 (t ) vL 2
 0
7 dt L2
 As t  ∞: i1 ()  i2 ()   2,33A
R1
 di1
( R  R )i  R i  L  0 d 2
i1 di1
 Applying KVL to 2 meshes   1 2 1 2 2 1
dt  13  30i1  0
  dt 2
dt
to find natural responses:  R (i  i )  L 2  0di
s2  13s  30  0
 2 2 1 2
dt 28
V. General second order circuits L1 R1

0,5H 3Ω
Ex 8.8: Find v0(t) for t > 0 7u(t)V
+ R2
L2
0,2H
i1 V0 i2
 s  3 -
1Ω
s2  13s  30  0   1  i1n  Ae3t  Be10t
s2  10
 i1(t )  i1 f  i1n  2,33  Ae3t  Be10t
 Imposing the initial condition gives:

 A  B  2,33  0  A  1,33
   i1(t )  2,33  1,33e3t  e10t A
 3A  10B  14  B  1
 Applying KVL to loop

di1 di
7  4i1  i2  L1  i2  7  4i1  L1 1  2,33  3,33e3t  e10t A
dt dt
 v0 (t )  R2 i1(t )  i2 (t )  2  e3t  e10t  A
29
C2
V. General second order circuits 100μF
+V -
2
Ex 8.9: Find v0(t) for t > 0 10kΩ R1 1 R2 10kΩ 4
7
2
 Applying KCL: V1 + 20μF 3
V0 VO
v v dv v  v
C1
10u(t) mV -
At node 1: S 1  C2 2  1 0
R1 dt R2
v1  v0 dv dv
At node 2 :  C1 0  v1  v0  R2C1 0
R2 dt dt
v2  v1  v0 v v dv dv
  S 1  C2 2  C1 0
R1 dt dt
d2v0  1 1  dv0 v0 vS d2v0 dv0
 2       2
 2  5v0  5vS
dt RC
 1 2 R C
2 2  dt R R C C
1 2 1 2 R R C C
1 2 1 2 dt dt
 For the natural response, turning off the source: s  2s  5  0  s1,2  1  j 2

2
 v0n (t )  e t  A cos2t  B sin2t 
30
C2
V. General second order circuits 100μF
+V -
2
Ex 8.9: Find v0(t) for t > 0 10kΩ R1 1 R2 10kΩ 4
7
2
 As t ∞: v0 ( )  v1()  vS  v0 f  v0 ()  10mV V1 + 20μF 3
V0 C1 VO
10u(t) mV -
 The complete response is:
 v0 (t )  v0n  v0 f  10  e t  A cos2t  B sin2t 
 Find initial conditions:

v0 (0)  v2 (0)  0 dv (0) v1  v0
v0 (0)  v2 (0)  0   0  0
v1 (0)  v2 (0)  v0 (0)  0 dt R2C1
 v0 (0)  10  A  0  A  10

  dv0 (0)
 dt   A  2B  0  B  5
 The complete response becomes:

 v0 (t )  10  e t 10cos2t  5sin2t  mV
31
VI. Applications
 Practical applications of RLC circuits are found in control and communications
circuits, for examples:
 Ringing circuits
 Peaking circuits
 Resonant circuits
 Smoothing circuits
 Filters
 Automobile ignition
 Most of the circuits cannot be covered until we treat AC sources.
32

EE3706 - Chapter 8 - Second Order Circuits

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EE3706 - Chapter 8 - Second Order Circuits

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FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Chapter 8: Second-order Circuits

II. Finding initial and final values.

III. The source free series/parallel RLC circuits.

IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuits.

V. General second-order circuits.

 There are three kinds of second-order circuits: L

 Two storage elements of different type: L and C Vs

 Two storage elements of one type: L or C C

 An op amp circuit with 02 storage elements

used for first-order:

conditions of the storage elements  source free C1 C1

Op amp with 2 storage element

II. Finding initial and final values

 02 key points in determining the initial conditions:

VC (0)  VC (0) ; i L (0)  i L (0)

II. Finding initial and final values R1

 t = -0: The circuit has reached DC steady state, so L acts

vC ( 0)  vC ( 0)  4V ; i L ( 0)  i L ( 0)  2 A

II. Finding initial and final values R1

II. Finding initial and final values a R2 b

II. Finding initial and final values a R2 b

 Applying KVL in the right mesh gives:

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 Consider the series RLC circuit that is excited by the I0 +

 i(+0) and i’(+0), or

 i(+0) and v(+0)

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 ɷ0 : resonant frequency (un-damped natural frequency, or damping factor)

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 There are three types of solutions:

 If α = ω0: critically damped case

 If α < ω0: under damped case

 02 values of s show that there are 02 possible solutions for i

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 Over damped case α > ω0  s1 and s2 are negative and real.

 Critically damped case α = ω0

Response reaches a maximum value at t = 1/α, and then

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

The natural response is:

i (t )  e t  B1 cosd t  B2 sin d t 

A typical under damped response

 The natural response is exponentially damped and oscillatory in nature.

 The response has a time constant of 1/α and a period of T = 2π/ωd

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 Damping factor α determines the rate at which the response is damped:

 α = 0: having LC circuit with 1/ LC as the un-damped natural frequency

 α < ω0: response is not only damped but also oscillatory.

 By adjusting R, response may be made un-damped, over damped, critically

 Oscillatory response is possible due to the presence of L, C: They allows

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit R1 t=0 R3 6Ω

 For t > 0: Source – free series RLC circuit

 The response is under damped: i (t )  e  A1 cos4,359t  A2 sin 4,359t 

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit v

III.2. The source-free parallel RLC circuit +

III. The source-free series/parallel RLC circuit

 When t < 0: The switch is opened.

 At t = 0: Applying the KCL gives:

dv(0) v(0)  Ri (0) 25  50.0,5

 The complete solution:

IV.1. Step response of a series RLC circuit +C

 Over damped: v(t )  VS  A1es1t  A2es2t A1, 2: determine

IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit R1 i L

IV. Step response of a series/parallel RLC circuit R1 i L