Geohydraulic Design Criteria: 02 - Fundamentals

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Geohydraulic Design Criteria

02_Fundamentals
Dr.-Ing. Peter Grubert, M.Sc.

www.ggu-software.com

Fundamentals
1. Geotechnical Fundamentals
Fundamentos Teóricos de Geotecnia
2. Geohydraulic Fundamentals
Fundamentos Teóricos geohideraulicos
3. Stability Analysis
Analisis de Estabilidad
4. Examples
Ejemplos de Aplicación

Fundamentals
Soil Characteristics
⚫ Description
⚫ Granulometry, U = d60/d10
I C = 0.54
⚫ Plasticity Ip
Consistency I C = 0.54
very stiff stiff firm soft very soft
very stiff stiff firm soft very soft
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25
Plasticity range (w L bis w P ) [%]

Plasticity range (w L bis w P ) [%]
⚫ Consistency Ic
wP wL
wP wL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plasticity diagram
⚫ Classification
Plasticity diagram
50
80
Cl = Clay
Si = Silt
70 L = low
M = mittel 40
H = hoch highly
⚫ Properties
60
Plasticity index IP [%]

V = very high plastic
U
Plasticity index IP [%]

ClV clays TA
A 0)
50 30 -2
(w L
3*
medium plastic
clays TM 0 ,7
40 =
ClH IP
SiV e Clays with organic
20 O
X L in
slightly
A- components, organic clays OT
30 and hightly
plastic Silts plastic silts UA
clays TL with organ-
ClM
20 O
X SiH Sand-clay-
ic components-
10 and organo-
mixtures ST
ClL 7 genic silts OU
Intermediate area and medium plastic
10 SiM 4
Sand-silt- slightly plas- silts UM
ClL-SiL mixtures SU tic silts UL
SiL 0
0 0 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit w L [%]
Liquid limit w L [%]

Fundamentals
Soil Characteristics
⚫ Description
⚫ Classification
⚫ Soil Groups, Classes
⚫ DIN, EC, ASTM, …
⚫ Properties

Fundamentals
Soil Groups,
Soil Classes
DIN 18196

Fundamentals
Soil Groups,
Soil Classes
DIN 18196

Fundamentals
Soil Groups,
Soil Classes
DIN 18196

Fundamentals
Soil Groups, Soil Classes

ASTM

Fundamentals
Soil Groups,
Soil Classes
ASTM

Fundamentals
o Soil Groups, Soil Classes Coarse grained soils

o Gravel , Sand G, S
o Grading W, P, I
Fine grained Soils
o Clay, Silt C, U
o Plasticity H, M, L
Mixed soils

Fundamentals
Soil Properties
⚫ Volume and specific weight
⚫ Compressibility and Deformation Usability Issues
⚫ Shear Strength and Failure Stability Issues (Resistance)
⚫ Permeability and Seepage Geohydraulic (Action)

Fundamentals
Soil Properties: Stress and Deformation

⚫ Stress distribution
⚫ Compressibility
⚫ Settlement
⚫ Consolidation Time (logarithmic)
Normal stress [kN/m²] (Logarithmic)
5'' 15'' 30'' 1' 2' 5' 15' 30' 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500
0.00 0.0
0.02 0.2
0.04
Settlement [mm]
0.4 Erstbelastung
Settlement [%]
0.06
0.6
0.08
0.8
0.10
1.0
0.12
1.2
0.14

Fundamentals
⚫ Compressibility Normal stress [kN/m²] (Logarithmic)

Constrained Modulus
1 Es 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500
0.0
0.2
Settlement [mm]
0.4 Erstbelastung
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

Fundamentals
⚫ Consolidation
Consolidation coefficient Cv
Time (logarithmic)
5'' 15'' 30'' 1' 2' 5' 15' 30' 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
0.00
0.02
0.04
Settlement [%]
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14

Fundamentals
Soils Properties: Shear Stress and Failure

⚫ Failure Condition, Mohr‘s Circle
⚫ Shear test (A: triaxial, B: direct)

Fundamentals
Soils Properties: Shear Stress and Failure

⚫ Shear stress
τ = tan φ‘ + c‘
⚫ Shear strength
Friction angle φ‘
Cohesion c‘

Summary: Soil Mechanics Fundamentals
▪ Soils Parameters
▪ Grain size curve, U
▪ Plasticity Ip, Consistency Ic
▪ Soil Classification
▪ Groups SW, CL etc.
▪ Mechanical Soil Parameters
▪ Specific weight ρ, γ
▪ Compressibility Es
▪ Shear strength: Friction angle φ‘, Cohesion c‘

Fundamentals
Geohydraulic Issues
⚫ Water in porous media
⚫ Hydrostatics
⚫ Water pressures, Pore water pressures -> Acting Forces
(Uplift, etc. )
⚫ Hydrodynamics
⚫ Flow in porous media -> Flow Forces
(Heave, Hydraulic failure, Erosion etc.)

Fundamentals
Geohydraulic Parameters
⚫ Water level, Ground water level GWL
⚫ Potential H
⚫ Gradient i
⚫ Water pressure, Pore water Pressure u
⚫ Flow velocity, Filter velocity v
⚫ Seepage quantity q
⚫ Seepage path, flow path

Flow Law
Theoretical Setup
Potential H
Difference ∆H
Gradient i = ∆H/L
F20

Flow Law
Darcy‘s Law
Q = A * k * ∆H / L
v= Q/A, i = ∆H / L
v=k*i
F21

Flow Law
Limits of
Darcy‘s Law
F22

Flow Law
Limits of
Darcy‘s Law
F23

Permeability
Test setup constant head

Q/A* L/∆H = k
V/i=k
F24

Permeability
Test setup variable head
F25

Permeability
Empirical Correlation
⚫ Sieve curve
Derivation of Compression test

⚫ Consolidation Coefficient
F26

Flow velocity
⚫ V = seepage velocity
⚫ Vp = pore velocity = v/n
⚫ Va = apparent velocity
⚫ Vw = true velocity
F27

Mathematical Model
Darcy Flow Law:

h h
vx = −k x v y = −k y
x y
Continuity Law:
vx v y
+ =0
x y
Laplace Differential Equation
δ 2h δ 2h
kx  + ky  =0
δx 2 δy 2
F28

Mathematical Model: Differential Equations
𝛿2𝐻 𝛿2𝐻 2D-Vertical
𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑥 ∙ + 𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑦 ∙ +Q=0
𝛿𝑥 2 𝛿𝑦 2
Vertical plane system
h h 2 2
for dam and dike modelling 
kk


tan
+k
k  +Q=
0
r tan2 r rad
rad 2
2D-Vertical-rot-sym
x=
T xd
k ,Ty=yd
k
hTh
 +
2
+=
2
 
T Q0 2D-Horizontal
x 2 y 2
x y

h h 2
k 2

x 
 + ++− = v 2D-Horizontal
Tx T Q(
H h
)
2 y
0 2
F29
y d v
leaky aquiifer

2D- vertical plane system with phreatic line
𝛿2𝐻 𝛿2𝐻
𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑥 ∙ + 𝑘 𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑦 ∙ +Q=0
Unsaturated zone
Negative Pore water pressure
Negative Pore water

pressures
Clay
Silt
F30

Potential
𝛿2𝐻 𝛿2𝐻
𝑢 = (𝐻 − 𝑦) ⋅ 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 = 𝑦 + 𝑢/𝛾𝑤 𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑥 ∙ + 𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑦 ∙ +Q=0
10 mNN 1
3
4 6 6 mNN
5 mNN 2
0 mNN 5
F31

Summary: Soil Mechanics and geohydraulics Fundamentals
▪ Soils Parameters
▪ Grain size curve, U
▪ Plasticity Ip, Consistency Ic
▪ Soil Classification
▪ Groups SW, CL etc.
▪ Mechanical Soil Parameters
▪ Specific weight ρ, γ
▪ Compressibility Es
▪ Shear strength: Friction angle φ‘, Cohesion c‘
▪ Geohydraulic Parameters
▪ Permeability k
▪ Unsaturated permability ratio kr
Thank you !
Dr.-Ing. Peter Grubert, M.Sc.
p.grubert@ggu.de

Geohydraulic Design Criteria: 02 - Fundamentals

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www.ggu-software.

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Dr.-Ing. Peter Grubert, M.Sc.

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Plasticity range (w L bis w P ) [%]

Plasticity index IP [%]

Plasticity index IP [%]

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Soil Groups, Soil Classes

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

o Soil Groups, Soil Classes Coarse grained soils

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Soil Properties: Stress and Deformation

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

⚫ Compressibility Normal stress [kN/m²] (Logarithmic)

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Soils Properties: Shear Stress and Failure

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Soils Properties: Shear Stress and Failure

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Test setup constant head

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Test setup variable head

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Derivation of Compression test

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Darcy Flow Law:

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Negative Pore water

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

Geohydraulic Design Criteria

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